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Mahvra (Sanskrit: "Great Hero", Kannada: Mahvra, Malayalam: Mahvran and Tamil: Aruka) is the name most commonly used to refer to the Indian sage Vardhamna (Sanskrit: ; traditionally 599527 BCE[1]) who established what are today considered to be the central tenets of Jainism. According to Jain tradition, he was the 24th and the last Tirthankara. In Tamil, he is referred to as Aruka or Arukadevan. He is also known in texts as Vira or Viraprabhu, Sanmati, Ativira,and Gnatputra. In the Buddhist Pali Canon, he is referred to as Nigantha Ntaputta and Gyatra Putta.

Mahv ra
24th Jain Tirthankara

Miniature painting of Mahvra

1 Life 1.1 Birth of Prince Vardhaman 1.2 Early years 1.3 Spiritual pursuit 1.4 Ascetic practices 1.5 Later years 2 Philosophy 3 Previous births 4 Texts 5 Quotes 6 See also 7 Notes 8 Further reading 9 External links

Details Alternate Vardhamana,Sanmatinayak,Vir,Mahaativeer, Shramana, Niggantha names: Historical 599527 BCE date: Family Father: Mother: Dynasty: Siddaratha Trishala (Priyakarni) Ikshvaku Places Birth: Nirvana: Kundalagrama near Vaishali Pavapuri, Nalanda district, Bihar Attributes

Birth of Prince Vardhaman

Colour: Symbol:

Yellow Lion

In a place called Kundalagrama (Vaishali district) situated 6 Feet Height: close to Besadha Patti, 27 miles from Patna in modern 72 years old Age At day Bihar, India, Mahavira was born in a royal family to Death: King Siddartha and Queen Trishala on the 13th day under the rising moon of Chaitra (12 April according to the Attendant Gods Gregorian calendar). While still in his mother's womb it is Yaksha: Matang believed he brought wealth and prosperity to the entire kingdom, which is why he was named Vardhaman. An Siddhayika Yaksini: increase of all good things, like the abundant bloom of beautiful flowers, was noticed in the kingdom after his conception. Trishala had a number of auspicious dreams before giving birth to Vardhaman (14 according to

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the Svetambaras and 16 according to the Digambaras), signs foretelling the advent of a great soul.He found "Nirvana" at the age of 72 in 527 BC near Rajgir, Bihar .Vardhaman's birthday is celebrated as Mahavir Jayanti, the most important religious holiday of Jains around the world.

Early years
As King Siddartha's son, he lived as a prince. However, even at that tender age he exhibited a virtuous nature. He started engaging in meditation and immersed himself in self-contemplation. He was interested in the core beliefs of Jainism and began to distance himself from worldly matters.

Spiritual pursuit
At the age of thirty Mahavira renounced his kingdom and family, gave up his worldly possessions, and spent twelve years as an ascetic. During these twelve years he spent most of his time meditating. He gave utmost regard to other living beings, including humans, animals and plants, and avoided harming them. He had given up all worldly possessions including his clothes, and lived an extremely austere life. He exhibited exemplary control over his senses while enduring the penance during these years. His courage and bravery earned him the name Mahavira. These were the golden years of his spiritual journey at the end of which he achieved arihant status.

Idol of Lord Mahavir

Jainism

Ascetic practices
The Venerable Ascetic Mahavira for a year and a month wore clothes; after that time he walked about naked, and accepted the alms in the hollow of his hand. For more than twelve years the Venerable Ascetic Mahivira neglected his body and abandoned the care of it; he with equanimity bore, underwent, and suffered all pleasant or unpleasant occurrences arising from divine powers, men, or animals. Kalpa Sutra 117 Henceforth the Venerable Ascetic Mahavira was houseless, circumspect in his walking, circumspect in his speaking, circumspect in his begging, circumspect in his accepting (anything), in the carrying of his outfit and drinking vessel; circumspect in evacuating excrements, urine, saliva, mucus, and uncleanliness of the body; circumspect in his thoughts, circumspect in his words, circumspect in his acts; guarding his thoughts, guarding his words, guarding his acts, guarding his senses, guarding his chastity; without wrath, without pride, without deceit, without greed; calm, tranquil, composed, liberated, free from temptations, without egoism, without property; he had cut off all earthly ties, and was not stained by any worldliness: as water does not adhere to a copper vessel, or collyrium to mother of pearl (so sins found no place in him); his course was unobstructed like that of Life; like the firmament he wanted no support; like the wind
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This article is part of a series on Jainism

Jain Prayers amkra mantra Micchami Dukkadam Philosophy Anekntavda Sydvda Nayavda Cosmology Ahimsa Karma Dharma Nirvana Kevala Jna Moka Dravya Navatattva Asteya Aparigraha Gunasthana Samsara Major figures The 24 Tirthankaras Rishabha Mahavira Acharya Ganadhara Siddhasena Divakara Haribhadra Sects Digambara vtmbara Texts Kalpa Stra gama Tattvartha Sutra Naaladiyar Sanmatti Prakaran Other

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he knew no obstacles; his heart was pure like the water (of Parasparopagraho_Jivanam Jain symbol Jain flag Timeline Topics list rivers or tanks) in autumn; nothing could soil him like the leaf of a lotus; his senses were well protected like those of a Festivals tortoise; he was single and alone like the horn of a Mahavir Jayanti Paryushana Diwali rhinoceros; he was free like a bird; he was always waking like the fabulous bird Bharundal, valorous like an elephant, Jainism Portal strong like a bull, difficult to attack like a lion, steady and firm like Mount Mandara, deep like the ocean, mild like the moon, refulgent like the sun, pure like excellent gold'; like the earth he patiently bore everything; like a well-kindled fire he shone in his splendour. Kalpa Sutra 118 Various literatures indicate the fact that Jamui was known as Jambhiyaagram. According to Jainism, the 24th Tirthankar lord Mahavir got divine knowledge in Jambhiyagram situated on the bank of river named Ujjihuvaliya. Another place of a divine light of Lord Mahavir was also traced as "Jrimbhikgram "on the bank of Rijuvalika river which resembles Jambhiyagram Ujjhuvaliya. The Hindi translation of the words Jambhiya and Jrimbhikgram is Jamuhi which is developed in the recent time as Jamui. With the prassage of time, the river Ujhuvaliya /Rijuvalika is supposed to be deoveloped as the river Ulai river is still flowing nearby Jamui. The old name of Jamui has been traced as Jambhubani in a copper plate which is kept in Patna Museum. This plate clarifies that in the 12th century, Jambudani was nothing but today's Jamui. Thus, the two ancient names as Jambhiyagram and Jambubani prove that this district was important as a religious place for Jains and it was also a place of Gupta dynasty in the 19th century. The historian Buchanan also visited this place in 1811 and found the historical facts. According to other historians Jamui was also famous in the era of Mahabharata. According to available literature, Jamui was related to Gupta and Pala rulers before 12th century. But after that this place became famous for Chandel rulers. Prior to Chandel Raj, this place was ruled by Nigoria, who was defeated by Chandels and the dynasty of Chandels founded in 13th century. The kingdom of Chandels spread over the whole of Jamui. Thus Jamui has a glorious history.

Later years
Mahavira devoted the rest of his life to preaching the eternal truth of spiritual freedom to people around India. He traveled barefoot and without clothes, enduring harshest of climates, meeting people from all walks of life who came to listen to his message. Mahavira's preaching and efforts to explain Jain philosophy is considered the real catalyst to the spread of this ancient religion throughout India. At the age of 72 years and 4 and a half months, he attained nirvana in the area known as Pava on the last day of the Indian and Jain calendars, Diwali. Jains celebrate this as the day he attained liberation or moksa. Jains believe Mahavira lived from 599527 BCE, though some scholars prefer 549477 BCE.[2]

Mahavira's philosophy has eight cardinal principals three metaphysical and five ethical. The objective is to elevate the quality of life. Mahavira preached that from eternity, every living being (soul) is in bondage to karmic atoms accumulated by good or bad deeds. In a state of karmic delusion, the individual seeks temporary and illusory pleasure in material possessions, which are the root causes of self-centered violent thoughts and deeds as well as anger, hatred, greed, and other vices. These result in further accumulation of karma. To liberate one's self, Mahavira taught the necessity of right faith (samyak-darshana), right knowledge (samyak-gyana), and right conduct (samyak-charitra'). At the heart of right conduct for Jains lie the five
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great vows: Nonviolence (Ahimsa) to cause no harm to any living being; Truthfulness (Satya) to speak the harmless truth only; Non-stealing (Asteya) to take nothing not properly given; Chastity (Bramacharya) to indulge in no sensual pleasure; Non-possession/Non-attachment (Aparigraha) to detach completely from people, places, and material things. These vows cannot be fully implemented without accepting the philosophy of non-absolutism (anekantavada) and the theory of relativity (sydvda, also translated "qualified prediction"). Monks and nuns adhere strictly to these vows, while the laypeople observe them as best they can. Mahavira taught that men and women are spiritual equals and that both may renounce the world in search of moksha or ultimate happiness.

The Consecration of Mahavira

Mahavira attracted people from all walks of life, rich and poor, men and women, touchable and untouchable. He organized his followers into a fourfold order; monk (sdhu), nun (sdhv), layman (r vaka), and laywoman (rvik). This order is known as Chaturvidh Jain Sangha. Mahavira's sermons were preserved orally by his immediate disciples known as Ganadharas in the Jain Agamas. Through time many Agama Sutras have been lost, destroyed, or modified. About one thousand years after Mahavira's time the Agama Sutras were recorded on palm leaf paper. Svetambaras accept these sutras as authentic teachings while Digambaras use them as a reference. Jainism existed before Mahavira, and his teachings were based on those of his predecessors. Thus Mahavira was a reformer and propagator of an existing religion, rather than the founder of a new faith. He followed the well established creed of his predecessor Tirthankara Parshva. However, Mahavira did reorganize the philosophical tenets of Jainism to correspond to his times. A few centuries after Mahavira's Nirvana, the religious order grew more and more complex. There were schisms on minor points, although they did not affect Mahavira's original doctrines. Later generations saw the introduction of rituals and complexities that some criticize as placing Mahavira and other Tirthankaras on the throne similar to those of Hindu deities.

Mahaviras previous births are discussed in many Jain texts like Trisastisalakapurusa Charitra and Uttarapurana. While a soul undergoes countless reincarnations in transmigratory cycle of samsara, the births of a Tirthankara are reckoned from the time he secures samyaktva or Tirthankar-nam-and-gotra-karma. Jain texts discuss 26 births of Mahavira prior to his incarnation as a Tirthankara.[3] They are:[4] 1. Nayasara A village headman who secured or partial enlightenment in this birth on account of preaching of true dharma by Jain monks. 2. Demi-god in First Saudharma (Name of Heaven as per Jain cosmology) 3. Prince Marichi Grandson of Rishabha, the first Tirthankara. 4. Demi-god in Fifth Brahma (Name of heaven as per Jain cosmology) 5. Kaushika A Brahmin 6. Pushyamitra A Brahmin 7. Demi-god in First Saudharma 8. Agnidyota A Brahmin

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9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27.

Demi-god in Second Ishana (Name of heaven as per Jain cosmology) Agnibhuti A Brahmin Demi-god in Third Saudharma Bharadwaja A Brahmin Demi-god in Fourth Mahendra (Name of Heaven as per Jain cosmology) Sthavira A Brahmin Demi-god in Fifth Brahma Prince Vishvabhuti Demi-god in Seventh Mahashukra (Name of heaven as per Jain cosmology) Triprishtha Vasudeva First Vasudeva of this half-time-cycle Naraka in the seventh hell A lion Naraka in the fourth hell A human being (Prince Vimal) Priyamitra A Chakvartin (The universal ruler of seven continents) Demi-god in Seventh Mahashukra (Name of heaven as per Jain cosmology) Prince Nandana Accepted the vow of self control and gained Tirthankara nama karma. Demi-god in tenth Pranata (Name of heaven as per Jain cosmology) Vardhamana Mahavira (The final birth)

There are various Jain texts describing the life of Lord Mahavira. The most notable of them is Kalpasutra by Acharya Bhadrabahu I. The first Sanskrit biography of Mahavira was Vardhamacharitra by Asaga in 853 CE[5]

"Once when he sat [in meditation]... they cut his flesh... tore his hair... picked him up and... dropped him... the Venerable One accepted the pain." (from the Acaranga Sutra)

Folio from a Kalpasutra (Book of Sacred Precepts) by Acharya Bhadrabahu, c. 1400 CE

Tirthankara Jain philosophy Jainism History of Jainism Trishala

1. ^ "Mahavira." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopdia Britannica, Inc., 2006. Answers.com 28 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/mahavira 2. ^ The Perennial Dictionary of World Religions. Keith Crim, editor. Harper & Row Publishers: New York, 1989. 451. 3. ^ Glasenapp, Helmuth von; (Tr.) Shridhar B. Shrotri (1999) (in English, translated from German). Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 81-208-1376-6. p. 327 4. ^ Helen, Johnson (2009) [1931]. Muni Samvegayashvijay Maharaj. ed (in English. Trans. From Prakrit). Trisastialkpurusacaritra of Hemacandra: The Jain Saga. Part 3. Baroda: Oriental Institute.

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ISBN 978-81-908157-0-3. pp. 318333 5. ^ Jain, Kailash Chand (1991). Lord Mahvra and his times, Lala S. L. Jain Research Series (http://books.google.co.in/books?id=0UCh7r2TjQIC&pg=PA341&lpg=PA341& dq=asaga+9th+century+poet#v=onepage&q=&f=false) . Motilal Banarsidass. p. 59. ISBN 81-208-0805-3. http://books.google.co.in/books?id=0UCh7r2TjQIC&pg=PA341&lpg=PA341& dq=asaga+9th+century+poet#v=onepage&q=&f=false.

"Sraman Mahavira" by Acharya Mahapragya "Lord Mahavira and his times" by Kailash Chand Jain (1991) Motilal Banarsidass Publishers PVT LTD Delhi (India) "Lord Mahavira (A study in historical perspective)" by Bool Chand ( 1987 ) P.V. Research Institute I.T.I Road Varanasi 5 (India) "Lord Mahavira in the eyes of foreigners" by Akshaya Kumar Jain ( 1975 ) Meena Bharati New Delhi 110003 (India)vaibhav singh 8th

http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/mahavira.html Shri Mahavir Swami Jain temple in Osiya (http://www.shriosiyamataji.org /mahavirswamitemplehistory.html) Bhagwan Mahavir Swami's Message (http://www.jainreligion.in/Jain-Tirth/Bhagwan-Mahavir-SwamiMessage-Urjayant-sagar.asp) Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahavira&oldid=499043719" Categories: 527 BC deaths 599 BC births Ascetics Founders of religions Indian religious leaders People from Bihar Tirthankars Sanskrit words and phrases Nonviolence advocates Jain pacifists Indian Jains 6th-century BC philosophers Jain deities This page was last modified on 23 June 2012 at 21:37. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of use for details. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

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