I.
JURISDICTION,DEFINITION,
NATURE
A. Definition and Nature of Special
Proceedings and Rules Applicable
Rule1,Sec.3.Casesgoverned.TheseRules
shallgoverntheproceduretobeobservedin
actions,civilorcriminal,andspecial
proceedings.
(c)Aspecialproceedingisaremedybywhich
apartyseekstoestablishastatus,aright,or
aparticularfact.
Rule72,Sec.1.Subjectmatterofspecial
proceedings.Rulesofspecialproceedingsare
providedforinthefollowingcases:
(a)Settlementofestateofdeceasedpersons;
(b)Escheat;
(c)Guardianshipandcustodyofchildren;
(d)Trustees;
(e)Adoption;
(f)Rescissionandrevocationofadoption;
(g)Hospitalizationofinsanepersons;
(h)Habeascorpus;
(i)Changeofname;
(j)Voluntarydissolutionofcorporations;
(k)Judicialapprovalofvoluntaryrecognition
ofminornaturalchildren;
(l)Constitutionoffamilyhome;
(m)Declarationofabsenceanddeath
(n)Cancellationorcorrectionofentriesinthe
civilregistry.
Rule2,Sec.1.Ordinarycivilactions,basisof.
Everyordinarycivilactionmustbebasedon
acauseofaction.(n)
Sec.2.Causeofaction,defined.Acauseof
actionistheactoromissionbywhichaparty
violatesarightofanother.(n)
B. SubjectMattersofSpecial
Proceedings
Rule73,Sec.1.Whereestateofdeceased
personssettled.Ifthedecedentisan
inhabitantofthePhilippinesatthetimeof
hisdeath,whetheracitizenoranalien,his
willshallbeproved,orlettersof
administrationgranted,andhisestate
settled,intheRegionalTrialCourtinthe
provinceinwhichheresidesatthetimeof
hisdeath,andifheisaninhabitantofa
foreigncountry,theRegionalTrialCourtof
anyprovinceinwhichhehadestate.The
courtfirsttakingcognizanceofthe
settlementoftheestateofadecedent,shall
exercisejurisdictiontotheexclusionofall
othercourts.Thejurisdictionassumedbya
court,sofarasitdependsontheplaceof
residenceofthedecedent,orofthelocation
ofhisestate,shallnotbecontestedinasuit
orproceeding,exceptinanappealfromthat
court,intheoriginalcase,orwhenthewant
ofjurisdictionappearsontherecord.
C. JurisdictionofSpecialProceedings
BP129,asamendedbyRA7691
Sec.19.Jurisdictionincivilcases.Regional
TrialCourtsshallexerciseexclusiveoriginal
jurisdiction.
(2)Inallcivilactionswhichinvolvethetitle
to,orpossessionof,realproperty,orany
interesttherein,wheretheassessedvalueof
thepropertyinvolvedexceedsTwenty
thousandpesos(P20,000,00)or,forcivil
actionsinMetroManila,wheresuchvalue
exceedsFiftythousandpesos(P50,000.00)
exceptactionsforforcibleentryintoand
unlawfuldetaineroflandsorbuildings,
originaljurisdictionoverwhichisconferred
upontheMetropolitanTrialCourts,Municipal
TrialCourts,andMunicipalCircuitTrial
Courts;
(4)Inallmattersofprobate,bothtestateand
intestate,wherethegrossvalueoftheestate
exceedsOnehundredthousandpesos
(P100,000.00)or,inprobatemattersinMetro
Manila,wheresuchgrossvalueexceedsTwo
Hundredthousandpesos(P200,000.00);
(6)Inallcasesnotwithintheexclusive
jurisdictionofanycourt,tribunal,personor
bodyexercisingjurisdictionofanycourt,
tribunal,personorbodyexercisingjudicialor
quasijudicialfunctions;
(7)Inallcivilactionsandspecialproceedings
fallingwithintheexclusiveoriginal
jurisdictionofaJuvenileandDomestic
RelationsCourtandoftheCourtofAgrarian
Relationsasnowprovidedbylaw;and
(8)Inallothercasesinwhichthedemand,
exclusiveofinterest,damagesofwhatever
kind,attorney'sfees,litigationexpenses,and
costsorthevalueofthepropertyin
controversyexceedsOnehundredthousand
pesos(P100,000.00)or,insuchothercasesin
MetroManila,wherethedemandexclusiveof
theabovementioneditemsexceedsTwo
Hundredthousandpesos(P200,000.00).
Sec.33.JurisdictionofMetropolitanTrial
Courts,MunicipalTrialCourtsandMunicipal
CircuitTrialCourtsinCivilCases.
MetropolitanTrialCourts,MunicipalTrial
Courts,andMunicipalCircuitTrialCourts
shallexercise:
(1)Exclusiveoriginaljurisdictionovercivil
actionsandprobateproceedings,testateand
intestate,includingthegrantofprovisional
remediesinpropercases,wherethevalueof
thepersonalproperty,estate,oramountofthe
demanddoesnotexceedOnehundred
thousandpesos(P100,000.00)or,inMetro
Manilawheresuchpersonalproperty,estate,
oramountofthedemanddoesnotexceedTwo
hundredthousandpesos(P200,000.00),
exclusiveofinterest,damagesofwhatever
kind,attorney'sfees,litigationexpenses,and
costs,theamountofwhichmustbespecifically
alleged:Provided,Thatinterest,damagesof
whateverkind,attorney'sfees,litigation
expenses,andcostsshallbeincludedinthe
determinationofthefilingfees:Provided,
further,Thatwherethereareseveralclaims
orcausesofactionsbetweenthesameor
differentparties,embodiedinthesame
complaint,theamountofthedemandshallbe
thetotalityoftheclaimsinallthecausesof
action,irrespectiveofwhetherthecausesof
actionaroseoutofthesameordifferent
transactions
D. ApplicabilityofRulesofCivil
Action
Rule72,Sec.2.Applicabilityofrulesofcivil
actions.Intheabsenceofspecialprovisions,
therulesprovidedforinordinaryactionsshall
be,asfaraspracticable,applicableinspecial
proceedings.
II. RULESCONFERRINGPOWERON
ONEOVERTHEPROPERTYOF
ANOTHER
A. SettlementofEstateofDeceased
Persons
1. VenueandJurisdiction
Rule73,Sec.1.Whereestateofdeceased
personssettled.Ifthedecedentisan
inhabitantofthePhilippinesatthetimeofhis
death,whetheracitizenoranalien,hiswill
shallbeproved,orlettersofadministration
granted,andhisestatesettled,intheRegional
TrialCourtintheprovinceinwhichheresides
atthetimeofhisdeath,andifheisan found,probateproceedingsshallreplaceit
inhabitantofaforeigncountry,theRegional
TrialCourtofanyprovinceinwhichhehad
estate.Thecourtfirsttakingcognizanceofthe
settlementoftheestateofadecedent,shall
exercisejurisdictiontotheexclusionofall
othercourts.Thejurisdictionassumedbya
court,sofarasitdependsontheplaceof
residenceofthedecedent,orofthelocationof
hisestate,shallnotbecontestedinasuitor
proceeding,exceptinanappealfromthat
court,intheoriginalcase,orwhenthewantof
jurisdictionappearsontherecord.
Sec.2.Whereestatesettledupondissolution
ofmarriage.Whenthemarriageisdissolved
bythedeathofthehusbandorwife,the
communitypropertyshallbeinventoried,
administered,andliquidated,andthedebts
thereofpaid,inthetestateorintestate
proceedingsofthedeceasedspouse.Ifboth
spouseshavedied,theconjugalpartnership
shallbeliquidatedinthetestateorintestate
proceedingsofeither.
Sec.3.Process.Intheexerciseofprobate
jurisdiction,RegionalTrialCourtmayissue
warrantsandprocessnecessarytocompelthe
attendanceofwitnessesortocarryintoeffect
theirordersandjudgments,andallother
powersgrantedthembylaw.Ifapersondoes
notperformanorderorjudgmentrenderedby
acourtintheexerciseofitsprobate
jurisdiction,itmayissueawarrantforthe
apprehensionandimprisonmentofsuch
personuntilheperformssuchorderor
judgment,orisreleased.
Notes:
DefinitionaSPforsettlementofestateis
intendedtosettletheentireestateofthe
deceased;itseekstoestablishastatus,a
right,orparticularfact,i.e.thefactofdeath,
toberecognizedasheirsofthedeceasedso
thattheycouldvalidlyexercisetheirrightto
participateinthesettlementandliquidation
oftheestateofthedecedentconsistentwith
thelimitedandspecialjurisdictionofthe
probatecourt
Testateproceedingwhenthedeceasedlefta
will
Intestateproceedingwhenthedeceasedleft
nowill,or,ifthereisawill,suchisdeclared
nullandvoid
ConversionofanIntestateintotestate
proceedingTheprobateofawillis
mandatory.IfinthecourseoftheIP,awillis
evenifanadministratorhadalreadybeen
appointed,withoutprejudicetocircumstances
whichrendertheproceedingstocontinueas
anintestacy.TheIPshallbeconsolidatedwith
theTPandthejudgeassignedtothelatter
shouldcontinuehearingthe2proceedings.
WhethertheIPalreadycommencedshouldbe
discontinuedandanewprocunderaseparate
no.andtitleshouldbeconstitutedisentirelya
matterofformandliesw/inthesound
discretionofthecourt.Innomannerdoesit
prejudicethesubstantialrightsofanyofthe
heirsorcreditors.
Caveat:Themerediscoveryofadoc
purportingtobealastwillandtestamentof
thedecedentafterapptofanadminand
assumptionthatthedecedentdiesintestate
doesnot,ipsofacto,nullifytheLOAalready
issuedorevenauthorizetheirrevocationuntil
thewillhasbeenprovedandallowed.
JurisdictionofMeTC,MTC,MCTCvalueof
estatedoesnotexceed100k,orinMetroMla,
doesnotexceed200k(Sec.3,RA7691)
Whereproceedingscommenced,R73.1relates
tovenueandnotjurisdictionTheplaceof
residenceofthedeceasedinthesettlementof
hisestate,theprobateofhiswill,and
issuanceofLOAdoesnotconstitutean
elementofjurisdictionoverthesubjmatter
butonlyconstitutiveofvenue.Hence,wrong
venueisawaivableproceduraldefect,and
suchwaivermayoccurbylaches.
Meaningofresidesthepersonal,actual,or
physicalhabitationofaperson;actual
residenceorplaceofabode.Itsignifies
physicalpresenceinaplaceandactualstay
thereat.Residence(personalresidence)require
bodilypresenceasaninhabitantinagiven
place,asopposedtodomicile(legalresidence)
whichrequiresbodilypresenceinaparticular
placeandanintentiontomakesuchplace
onesdomicile.Theresnoparticularlengthof
timeofresidencerequiredbutitmustmore
thantemporary.
PrimacyofFirstCourtthecourtfirsttaking
cognizanceofthesettlementoftheestateofa
decedentshallexercisejurisdictiontothe
exclusionofallothercourts
PowersandDutiesofProbateCourt
Orderstheprobateofthedecedentswill
Grantslettersofadministrationorletters
testamentary
Supervisesandcontrolsallactsof
administration
Hearsandprovesclaimsagainstthe
estateofthedeceased
Orderspaymentoflawfuldebts
Authorizedsale,mortgage,orany
encumbranceofrealstate
Directsthedeliveryoftheestatetothose
entitledthereto
Otherincidentalandcollateralmatters
Thecourtactsasatrustee;hence,itisduty
boundtoguardtheestateandseetoitthatit
iswiselyandeconomicallyadministeredand
notdissipated.
JurisdictionofProbateCourt:Limited,
Special,andExclusivethejurisdictionof
thePCdoesnotextendtothedeterminationof
questionsofownershipthatariseduringthe
SP.ThePCmaypassuponthetitletoa
certainpropforpurposesofdeterminingWON
itshouldbeincludedintheinventorybutsuch
determinationisnotconclusiveandissubject
tothefinaldecisioninaseparateactionre:
ownershipwhichmaybeconstitutedbythe
parties.
cannotexpandtocollateralmattersnot
arisingoutoforinanywayrelatedtothe
settlementandadjudicationofthe
propertiesofthedeceasedwhichshouldbe
threshedoutinanordinarycivilaction
theapprovalofthePCoftheconditional
saleofapropertyisnotconclusive
determinationoftheintrinsicorextrinsic
validityofsuchsalebutamere
recognitionoftherightofanheirto
disposeofherrightsandinterestsover
herinheritanceevenbeforepartition.
(RamosvsCA).
However,thepurchaserofpropunder
adminisaforcedintervenorintheIP.The
PC,havingauthorizedthesale,should
resolvetheissueastoitsvalidity.(Planvs
IAC)
DeterminationofOwnership
Thequesofownershipisasrule,an
extraneousmatterinaPPrestrictedto
theextrinsicvalidityofthewill,i.e.,
whetherthetestator,beingofsoundmind,
freelyexecutedthewillinaccordancewith
theformalitiesprescribedbylawhence,
thePCcannotresolveitwithfinality.
Claimsfortitleto,orrightofpossession
of,personalorrealproperty,madebythe
heirsthemselves,bytitleadversetothat
ofthedeceased,ormadebythirdpersons,
cannotbeentertainedbytheprobatecourt
(CortesvsCA)
Same;ExceptionThePChasjurisdictionto
resolvetheissueofownershipwhen:
(a) Thepartiesinterestedareallheirsof
thedeceased;
(b) Theyconsenttotheassumptionof
jurisdictionbythePC;
(c) Theysubmittedthequesoftitletothe
prop,w/oprejudicetotherightsof3rd
persons;
(d) Orthequestionisoneofcollationor
advancement
Same;Same;ExceptionwherethePC
allowedtheintroofevidenceonownershipfor
thesolepurposeofdeterminationofits
inclusion/exclusionintheinventory
OrdersofInclusionorExclusionofProperties
fromAdministratorsInventoryare
Provisional,notFinal,andInterlocutoryif
thereisadispute,thepartiesmustresortto
anordinaryactionforafinaldeterminationof
theconflictingclaimsoftitle
Same;DistinguishedfromCollationanorder
ofcollationbeforeanorderofdistributionis
merelyanordertoincludethepropsinthe
inventoryandismerelyinterlocutory;WON
collationexistsisanissuetobedetermined
laterwhenanorderfordistributionofthe
estateafteritsnetremainderhasbeen
arrivedat
Noexecutionmayissuewherethereisadverse
claimantthedeterminationofthequesof
titlebeingprovisional,itisnotbindingona
personpurportinganadversetitlebechis
possessoryrights,ifany,havenotyetbeen
ventilated
JurisdictiontodetermineHeirsexclusively
withintherangeoftheadministration
proceedingsandcannotproperlybemadean
independentaction
JurisdictiontoDistributeEstatehaspower
todeterminetheproportionorpartstow/c
eachdistributeisentitled;toholdthata
separateandindependentactionisnecessary
tothateffectwouldbecontrarytothegeneral
tendencyofthejurisprudencere:avoiding
multiplicityofsuits,andisexpensive,
dilatory,andimpractical
JurisdictiontoAwardAttysFeesapplication
maybemadebeforeandpasseduponbythe
PCinthesameproceedingswhereattys
serviceswererendered
SettlementuponDissolutionofMarriage
governedbythelawsofintestatesuccessionin
SpecProcs
Whenthemarriageisdissolvedbythe
deathofthehusbandorwife,the
communitypropertyshallbeinventoried,
administered,andliquidated,andthe
debtsthereofpaid,intheTPorIPofthe
deceasedspous
Theentireconjugalpartnershipproperty
ofthemarriageandnotjusttheportion
belongingtothedeceasedisunder
administration
Cf.Arts.103104,130132,FamilyCode
2. Presumptionofdeath
Rule73,Sec.4.Presumptionofdeath.For
purposesofsettlementofhisestate,aperson
shallbepresumeddeadifabsentandunheard
fromfortheperiodsfixedintheCivilCode.
Butifsuchpersonprovestobealive,heshall
beentitledtothebalanceofhisestateafter
paymentofallhisdebts.Thebalancemaybe
recoveredbymotioninthesameproceeding.
CC,Art.390.Afteranabsenceofsevenyears,
itbeingunknownwhetherornottheabsentee
still lives, he shall be presumed dead for all
purposes,exceptforthoseofsuccession.
Theabsenteeshallnotbepresumeddeadfor
thepurposeofopeninghissuccessiontillafter
an absence of ten years. If he disappeared
aftertheageofseventyfiveyears,anabsence
offiveyearsshallbesufficientinorderthat
hissuccessionmaybeopened.(n)
CC,Art.391.Thefollowingshallbepresumed
deadforallpurposes,includingthedivisionof
theestateamongtheheirs:
(1)Aperson onboarda vessel lostduring a
seavoyage,oranaeroplanewhichismissing,
whohasnotbeenheardofforfouryearssince
thelossofthevesseloraeroplane;
(2) A person in the armed forces who has
takenpartinwar,andhasbeenmissingfor
fouryears;
(3)Apersonwhohasbeenindangerofdeath
under other circumstances and his existence
hasnotbeenknownforfouryears.(n)
FC, Art. 41. A marriage contracted by any
person during subsistence of a previous
marriageshallbenullandvoid,unlessbefore
the celebration of the subsequent marriage,
the prior spouse had been absent for four
consecutiveyearsandthespousepresenthas
a wellfounded belief that the absent spouse
was already dead. In case of disappearance
where there is danger of death under the
circumstances set forth in the provisions of
Article 391 of the Civil Code, an absence of
onlytwoyearsshallbesufficient.
Forthepurposeofcontractingthesubsequent
marriage underthepreceding paragraphthe
spouse present must institute a summary
proceeding as provided in this Code for the
declaration of presumptive death of the
absentee, without prejudice to the effect of
reappearanceoftheabsentspouse.(83a)
Notes:
NOIndependentactionforDeclarationof
PresumptionofDeathdisputable
presumptionsofdeathintheRoCmaybe
invokedeitherinanactionorinaspecial
proceedingw/cistriedorheardbyand
submittedfordecisiontoacompetentcourt
PresumptionofDeathunderA391,CCmust
yieldtopreponderanceofevidencedepending
onthecircumstance,apersonmayalreadybe
considereddeadforallpurposesw/owaiting
forthepdtoexpireandbepresumeddead
3. GeneralRuleonSettlementofEstates
Rule78,Sec.6.Whenandtowhomlettersof
administrationgranted.Ifnoexecutoris
namedinthewill,ortheexecutororexecutors
areincompetent,refusethetrust,orfailto
givebond,orapersondiesintestate,
administrationshallbegranted:
(a)Tothesurvivinghusbandorwife,asthe
casemaybe,ornextofkin,orboth,inthe
discretionofthecourt,ortosuchpersonas
suchsurvivinghusbandorwife,ornextofkin,
requeststohaveappointed,ifcompetentand
willingtoserve;
(b)Ifsuchsurvivinghusbandorwife,asthe
casemaybe,ornextofkin,ortheperson
selectedbythem,beincompetentorunwilling,
orifthehusbandorwidow,ornextofkin,
neglectsforthirty(30)daysafterthedeathof
thepersontoapplyforadministrationorto
requestthatadministrationbegrantedto
someotherperson,itmaybegrantedtooneor
moreoftheprincipalcreditors,ifcompetent
andwillingtoserve;
(c)Ifthereisnosuchcreditorcompetentand
willingtoserve,itmaybegrantedtosuch
otherpersonasthecourtmayselect.
Notes:
GeneralRulewhenapersondiesleaving
property,thesameshouldbejudicially
administeredandthecompetentcourtshould
appointaqualifiedadministratorintheorder
providedbyR78.6,incasethedeceasedleftno
will,orincasehehadleftone,hefailedto
nameandexecutortherein
OrderofPreferencerequiredtobeobserved;
theCourtwillbecommittingGADifitsets
asideandignoressuchorderw/oanyvalid
andsufficientreasontherefor
InterestinEstateisthePRINCIPAL
CONSIDERATIONtheunderlying
assumptionbehindthisruleisthatthosewho
willreapthebenefitofawise,speedy,and
economicaladministrationoftheestate,oron
theotherhand,suffertheconsequencesof
waste,improvidence,ormismanagement,
havethehighestinterestandmostinfluential
motivetoadministertheestatecorrectly
PreferenceforWidowhastherightof
successionoveraportionoftheexclusiveprop
ofthedecedent,asidefromhershareinthe
conjugalpartnership
OrderofPreferencemaybewaivedtherule
isnotabsoluteandmaybedisregardedfora
validcausedespitethemandatorytenorofthe
rule
MerefailuretoapplyforLetterof
AdministrationdoesnotRemovePreference
theremustbeaverystrongcasetojustifythe
exclusionofthewidowfromthe
administrationoftheestate
30dayPeriodmaybewaivedtoneofthe
ruleispermissive
PeriodtoFilePetitionbyCreditordutyto
presenthisclaimw/inareasonabletimeafter
thedeathofthedecedentintheestate
proceedings
CoAdministratorsMaybeAppointedforthe
benefitofthestateandthoseinterested
therein,suchislegallypermissibleand
sanctionedinpractice
Same;Reasons
(1) Tohavethebenefitoftheirjudgmentand
atalltimestohavediffinterests
represented
(2) Wherejusticeandequitydemandthat
opposingpartiesorfactionsbe
representedinthemgtoftheestateofthe
deceased
(3) Wheretheestateislarge,or,fromany
cause,anintricateandperplexingoneto
settle
(4) Tohaveallinterestedpersonssatisfied
andtherepresentativestoworkin
harmonyforthebestinterestsofthe
estate
(5) Whenapersonentitledtothe
administrationofanestatedesirestohave
anothercompetentpersonassociatedwith
himintheoffice
JointAdministrationPreferredwhenthe
appointmentofjustonewillnotbesufficient
toensuretheprotectionoftherightsof
everyoneconcernedwiththesettlementofthe
estateofthedecedent
TheCourtmayRejecttheOrderofPreference
incasethepersonswhohavethepreferential
righttobeappointedarenotcompetentorare
unwillingtoserve
EffectofAppealAppointingNew
Administratorintheabsenceofanyorder
fortheimmediateexecutionoftheorderof
substitution,theoldadministratorhasthe
righttocontinueassuchuntiltheappealis
finallydisposedof(ReluciovsSanJose).
LimitorExtentofAdministrationonlytothe
assetsofadecedentfoundwithinthestateor
countrywhereitwasgranted
4. ExceptionstotheGeneralRuleon
SettlementofEstates
DifferentModesofSettlementofEstateof
DeceasedPersons
(a) ExtrajudicialsettlementofEstate
(b) Partition
(c) SummarySettlementofEstatesofSmall
Value
(d) ProbateofWill
(e) PetitionforLettersofAdministrationin
casesofintestacy
a. ExtrajudicialSettlementbyAgreement
among/betweenHeirs
Rule74,Sec.1.Extrajudicialsettlementby
agreementbetweenheirs.Ifthedecedentleft
nowillandnodebtsandtheheirsareallof
age,ortheminorsarerepresentedbytheir
judicialorlegalrepresentativesduly
authorizedforthepurpose,thepartiesmay,
withoutsecuringlettersofadministration,
dividetheestateamongthemselvesasthey
seefitbymeansofapublicinstrumentfiledin
theofficeoftheregisterofdeeds,andshould
theydisagree,theymaydosoinanordinary
actionofpartition.Ifthereisonlyoneheir,he
mayadjudicatetohimselftheentireestateby
meansofanaffidavitfiledintheofficeofthe
registerofdeeds.Thepartiestoan
extrajudicialsettlement,whetherbypublic
instrumentorbystipulationinapending
actionforpartition,orthesoleheirwho
adjudicatestheentireestatetohimselfby
meansofanaffidavitshallfile,
simultaneouslywithandasacondition
precedenttothefilingofthepublic
instrument,orstipulationintheactionfor
partition,oroftheaffidavitintheofficeofthe
registerofdeeds,abondwiththesaidregister
ofdeeds,inanamountequivalenttothevalue
ofthepersonalpropertyinvolvedascertified
tounderoathbythepartiesconcernedand
conditioneduponthepaymentofanyjust
claimthatmaybefiledundersection4ofthis
rule.Itshallbepresumedthatthedecedent
leftnodebtsifnocreditorfilesapetitionfor
lettersofadministrationwithintwo(2)years
afterthedeathofthedecedent.
Thefactoftheextrajudicialsettlementor
administrationshallbepublishedina
newspaperofgeneralcirculationinthe
mannerprovidedinthenextsucceeding
section;butnoextrajudicialsettlementshall
bebindinguponanypersonwhohasnot
participatedthereinorhadnonoticethereof.
Notes:
JudicialAdministrationNotFavoredthere
isnothingw/cprohibitstheheirsfrom
institutionSPfortheadministrationoftheIE,
iftheycannotagreeintheextrajudicial
partitionandapportionmentofthesame
Whenapersondiesw/oleavingpending
obligationstobepaid,hisheirs,whether
ofageornot,arenotboundtosubmitthe
propertytoaJA,ortoapplyfortheappt
ofanadministratorbytheCourt.Ifthere
arenodebts,thereisnoreasonwhythe
estateshouldbeburdenedwiththecost
andexpensesofanadministrator
ThereMustbeaGoodreasontoWarrant
JudicialAdministrationR74.1doesnot
precludetheheirsfrominstitutingadminproc
eveniftherearenodebtsorobligations,if
theydonotdesiretoresortforgoodreasonsto
anordinaryactionforpartition
GoodReasondependsontheCircumstanceof
EachCase
(a) Disputeamongheirsisnotagoodreason
questionsastoownershipofthe
propertybelongingtothedeceasedmaybe
ventilatedinthepartitionproceedings
(b) Multiplicityofsuitsnotagoodreason
sameobjectivecanbeachievedinaR69
action
(c) Tohavelegalcapacitytoappearisnota
goodreason
ValidityofOralPartitionthereisnolaw
thatrequirespartitionamongheirstobein
writingforittobevalid
Theobjectofputtingthepartitioninapub
docandregistrationserveasconstructive
noticetoothers.Theintrinsicvalidityof
partitionnotexecutedwiththeprescribed
formalitiesdoesnotcomeintoplaywhen
therearenocreditorsortherightsof
creditorsarenotaffected.Wherenosuch
rightsareinvolved,itiscompetentforthe
heirsofanestatetoenterintoan
agreementfordistributioninamanner
anduponaplandifferentfromthose
providedbylaw
ValidityofCompromiseAgreementsuchis
bindinguponthepartiesupontheperfection
ofthecontract,evenwithoutpreviousCourt
authority
HeirsCannotDivesttheCourtofItsAlready
AcquiredJurisdictionfilingoftheappfor
probateofwillandpubthereofbythemere
factofdividinganddistributing
extrajudiciallytheestateofthedeceased
amongthemselves;iftheextrajudicial
partition(EP)madebytheheirsissubmitted
tothecurtandapprovedafterverification
thatitdoesnotprejudicetherightsof3rd
parties,theTPpendingwouldhavebeen
legallyterminated
AnEPoftheestateofadeceasedbythe
heirsbecomeajudicialpartitionafterits
approvalbythecourtw/chadpreviously
acquiredjurisoftheestate,butastheTP
isterminatedw/othenecessarypubof
noticetocreditorsandotherinterested
personsintheestatereqinaregJA,the
effectsofsuchpartitionwouldbethesame
asifithadbeeneffectedextrajudicially
w/otheinterventionofthecourtunder
R74.1,subjecttotheclaimsagainstthe
distributesbypersonsmentioninR74.4
and.5
b. Summary Settlement of Estates of Small
Value
Rule74,Sec.2.Summarysettlementof
estatesofsmallvalue.Wheneverthegross
valueoftheestateofadeceasedperson,
whetherhediedtestateorintestate,doesnot
exceedtenthousandpesos,andthatfactif
madetoappeartotheRegionalTrialCourt
havingjurisdictionoftheestatebythe
petitionofaninterestedpersonandupon
hearing,whichshallbeheldnotlessthanone
(1)monthnormorethanthree(3)months
fromthedateofthelastpublicationofanotice
whichshallbepublishedonceaweekforthree
(3)consecutiveweeksinanewspaperof
generalcirculationintheprovince,andafter
suchothernoticetointerestedpersonsasthe
courtmaydirect,thecourtmayproceed
summarily,withouttheappointmentofan
executororadministrator,andwithoutdelay,
togrant,ifproper,allowanceofthewill,ifany
therebe,todeterminewhoarethepersons
legallyentitledtoparticipateintheestateand
toapportionanddivideitamongthemafter
thepaymentofsuchdebtsoftheestateasthe
courtshallthenfindtobedue;andsuch
persons,intheirownright,iftheyarelawful
ageandlegalcapacity,orbytheirguardians
ortrusteeslegallyappointedandqualified,if
otherwise,shallthereuponbeentitledto
receiveandenterintothepossessionofthe
portionsoftheestatesoawardedtothem
respectively.Thecourtshallmakesuchorder
asmaybejustrespectingthecostsofthe
proceedings,andallordersandjudgments
madeorrenderedinthecoursethereofshall
berecordedintheofficeoftheclerk,andthe
orderofpartitionoraward,ifitinvolvesreal
estate,shallberecordedintheproper
registersoffice.
Notes:
ProceedingisunderthejurisoftheMeTC,
MTC,MCTCwherevalueoftheestatedoes
notexceed100k;or200kifinMetroMla
2)RemediesagainstExtrajudicialSettlement
(orPartition)
a) Contribution from Distribution, Execution
against Bond or Sale of Realty of Decedent
Rule74,Sec.3.Bondtobefiledby
distributees.Thecourt,beforeallowinga
partitioninaccordancewiththeprovisionsof
theprecedingsection,mayrequirethe
distributees,ifpropertyotherthanrealisto
bedistributed,tofileabondinanamountto
befixedbycourt,conditionedforthepayment
ofanyjustclaimwhichmaybefiledunderthe
nextsucceedingsection.
Sec.4Liabilityofdistributeesandestate.If
itshallappearatanytimewithintwo(2)
yearsafterthesettlementanddistributionof
anestateinaccordancewiththeprovisionsof
eitherofthefirsttwosectionsofthisrule,that
anheirorotherpersonhasbeenunduly
deprivedofhislawfulparticipationinthe
estate,suchheirorsuchotherpersonmay
compelthesettlementoftheestateinthe
courtsinthemannerhereinafterprovidedfor
thepurposeofsatisfyingsuchlawful
participation.Andifwithinthesametimeof
two(2)years,itshallappearthatthereare
debtsoutstandingagainsttheestatewhich
havenotbeenpaid,orthatanheirorother
personhasbeenundulydeprivedofhislawful
participationpayableinmoney,thecourt
havingjurisdictionoftheestatemay,byorder
forthatpurpose,afterhearing,settlethe
amountofsuchdebtsorlawfulparticipation
andorderhowmuchandinwhatmannereach
distributeeshallcontributeinthepayment
thereof,andmayissueexecution,if
circumstancesrequire,againstthebond
providedintheprecedingsectionoragainst
therealestatebelongingtothedeceased,or
both.Suchbondandsuchrealestateshall
remainchargedwithaliabilitytocreditors,
heirs,orotherpersonsforthefullperiodof
two(2)yearsaftersuchdistribution,
notwithstandinganytransfersofrealestate
thatmayhavebeenmade.
Notes:
RuleonLimitationsNotApplicableToThose
WhoHadNoKnowledgeofSettlementR74.4
isonlyabaragainstthepartieswhohad
takenpartintheextrajudicialproceedings,
butnotagainst3rdpersonsnotpartiesthereto
PrescriptivePeriodtoAnnulSettlement
ItwaspreviouslyheldinGeronavs.De
Guzmanthattheactiontoannuladeedof
extrajudicialsettlementuponthegroundof
fraudmaybefiledw/in4yearsfromthe
discoveryofthefraud.Suchdiscoveryis
deemedtohavetakenplacewhensaid
instrumentwasfiledwithRegisterofDeeds
andnewcertificatesoftitlewereissued.
Inactionandneglectofapartytoasserta
rightcanconvertavalidclaimintoastalea
demand.
However,theSCinAmerolvs.Bagumbaran,
clarifiedthatbeforetheeffectivityoftheNCC,
theoldCodeofCivilProceduregoverned
prescriptionwhichprovidedthatanactionfor
reliefonthegroundoffraudshallbebrought
w/in4yrsupondiscoveryofthefraud.Inthe
presentCC,justasanimpliedorconstructive
trustisanoffspringofthelaw(A1456),sois
thecorrespondingobligationtoreconveythe
propandthetitletheretoinfavorofthetrue
owner.Inthiscontext,A1144isapplicable.
A1144provides:
Theff.actionsmustbebroughtw/in10yrs
fromthetimetherightofactionaccrues:
(1) uponawrittencontract;
(2) uponanobligationcreatedbylaw;
(3) uponajudgment.
Hence,anactionforreconveyancebasedonan
implied/constructivetrustprescribesin10yrs
fromaccrualoftherightofaction.Geronawas
decidedthatwaybecofthelawinforceatthat
time.
TheAlmeroldoctrinewasreiteratedin
Marquezvs.CA,Carovs.CA,andAlfredovs.
Borras
When10yrperiodreckonedfromthealleged
fraudulentregistrationordateofissuanceof
thecertificateoftitleovertheproperty(GSIS
vsSantiago)
Same;Exceptionprescriptivepdforthe
filingoftheaxnforreconveyancebasedonan
impliedtrustshouldbereckonedfromthe
actualdiscoveryofthefraudwrtthe
registrationofthetitlewhensuchwastainted
withbadfaith
RescissionasRemedyforPreterition
providedinA1104,CC:apartitionmadewith
preteritionofanyofthecompulsoryheirs
shallnotberescinded,unlessitbeprovedthat
therewasbadfaithorfraudonthepartofthe
otherpersonsinterested
ExceptiontoPrescriptionofActionswhen
theplaintiffisinpossessionofthelandtobe
reconveyed.Actionforreconveyancemaybe
fileddespitethelapseofthe10yrpd,when
basedonfraud,isimprescriptibleaslongas
thelandhasnotpassedtoaninnocent
purchaserforvalue.
b)PetitionforRelief
Rule38
SECTION1.Petitionforrelieffromjudgment,
order,orotherproceedingsWhenajudgment
orfinalorderisentered,oranyother
proceedingisthereaftertakenagainstaparty
inanycourtthroughfraud,accident,mistake,
orexcusablenegligence,hemayfileapetition
insuchcourtandinthesamecasepraying
thatthejudgment,orderorproceedingbeset
aside.(2a)
SEC.2.Petitionforrelieffromdenialof
appealWhenajudgmentorfinalorderis
renderedbyanycourtinacase,andaparty
thereto,byfraud,accident,mistake,or
excusablenegligence,hasbeenpreventedfrom
takinganappeal,hemayfileapetitionin
suchcourtandinthesamecaseprayingthat
theappealbegivenduecourse.(1a)
SEC.3.Timeforfilingpetition;contentsand
verification.Apetitionprovidedforineither
oftheprecedingsectionsofthisRulemustbe
verified,filedwithinsixty(60)daysafterthe
petitionerlearnsofthejudgment,finalorder,
orotherproceedingtobesetaside,andnot
morethansix(6)monthsaftersuchjudgment
orfinalorderwasentered,orsuchproceeding
wastaken;andmustbeaccompaniedwith
affidavitsshowingthefraud,accident,
mistake,orexcusablenegligencereliedupon,
andthefactsconstitutingthepetitionersgood
andsubstantialcauseofactionordefense,as
thecasemaybe.(3)
SEC.4.OrdertofileananswerIfthe
petitionissufficientinformandsubstanceto
justifyrelief,thecourtinwhichitisfiled,
shallissueanorderrequiringtheadverse
partiestoanswerthesamewithinfifteen(15)
daysfromthereceiptthereof.Theordershall
beservedinsuchmannerasthecourtmay
direct,togetherwithcopiesofthepetitionand
theaccompanyingaffidavits.(4a)
SEC.5.Preliminaryinjunctionpending
proceedings.Thecourtinwhichthepetition
isfiled,maygrantsuchpreliminaryinjunction
asmaybenecessaryforthepreservationof
therightsoftheparties,uponthefilingbythe
petitionerofabondinfavoroftheadverse
party,conditionedthatifthepetitionis
dismissedorthepetitionerfailsonthetrialof
thecaseuponitsmerits,hewillpaythe
adversepartyalldamagesandcoststhatmay
beawardedtohimbyreasonoftheissuanceof
suchinjunctionortheotherproceedings
followingthepetition;butsuchinjunction
shallnotoperatetodischargeorextinguish
anylienwhichtheadversepartymayhave
acquireduponthepropertyofthepetitioner.
(5a)
SEC.6.Proceedingsafteranswerisfiled.
Afterthefilingoftheanswerortheexpiration
oftheperiodtherefor,thecourtshallhearthe
petitionandifaftersuchhearing,itfindsthat
theallegationsthereofarenottrue,the
petitionshallbedismissed;butifitfindssaid
allegationstobetrue,itshallsetasidethe
judgmentorfinalorderorotherproceeding
complainedofuponsuchtermsasmaybejust.
Thereafterthecaseshallstandasifsuch
judgment,finalorderorotherproceedinghad
neverbeenrendered,issuedortaken.The
courtshallthenproceedtohearand
determinethecaseasifatimelymotionfora
newtrialorreconsiderationhadbeengranted
byit.(6a)
SEC.7.Procedurewherethedenialofan
appealissetaside.Wherethedenialofan
appealissetaside,thelowercourtshallbe
requiredtogiveduecoursetotheappealand
toelevatetherecordoftheappealedcaseasif
atimelyandproperappealhadbeenmade.
(7a)
c)ReopeningbyInterventionwithin
ReglementaryPeriod
Rule19
SECTION1.Whomayintervene.Aperson
whohasalegalinterestinthematterin
litigation,orinthesuccessofeitherofthe
parties,oraninterestagainstboth,orisso
situatedastobeadverselyaffectedbya
distributionorotherdispositionofpropertyin
thecustodyofthecourtorofanofficerthereof
may,withleaveofcourt,beallowedto
interveneintheaction.Thecourtshall
considerwhetherornottheinterventionwill
undulydelayorprejudicetheadjudicationof
therightsoftheoriginalparties,andwhether
ornottheintervenorsrightsmaybefully
protectedinaseparateproceeding.(2[a],[b]a,
R12)
SEC.2.Timetointervene.Themotionto
intervenemaybefiledatanytimebefore
renditionofjudgmentbythetrialcourt.A
copyofthepleadingininterventionshallbe
attachedtothemotionandservedonthe
originalparties.(n)
SEC.3.Pleadingsinintervention.The
intervenorshallfileacomplaintin
interventionifheassertsaclaimagainst
eitheroralloftheoriginalparties,oran
answerininterventionifheuniteswiththe
defendingpartyinresistingaclaimagainst
thelatter.(2[c]a,R12)
SEC.4.Answertocomplaintinintervention.
Theanswertothecomplaintinintervention
shallbefiledwithinfifteen(15)daysfrom
noticeoftheorderadmittingthesame,unless
adifferentperiodisfixedbythecourt.(2[d]a,
R12)
d)NewActiontoAnnulSettlementwithin
ReglementaryPeriod
4. Period for Claim of Minor or Incapacitated
Person
Rule74,Sec.5.Periodforclaimofminoror
incapacitatedperson.Ifonthedateofthe
expirationoftheperiodoftwo(2)years
prescribedintheprecedingsectiontheperson
authorizedtofileaclaimisaminoror
mentallyincapacitated,orisinprisonor
outsidethePhilippines,hemaypresenthis
claimwithinone(1)yearaftersuchdisability
isremoved.
5.ProbateProceedings
1) Jurisdiction and Venue
BP129,Sec.19.Jurisdictionincivilcases.
RegionalTrialCourtsshallexercise
exclusiveoriginaljurisdiction.
(4)Inallmattersofprobate,bothtestate
andintestate,wherethegrossvalueofthe
estateexceedsOnehundredthousand
pesos(P100,000.00)or,inprobatematters
inMetroManila,wheresuchgrossvalue
exceedsTwoHundredthousandpesos
(P200,000.00)
Sec.33.JurisdictionofMetropolitanTrial
Courts,MunicipalTrialCourtsand
MunicipalCircuitTrialCourtsinCivil
Cases.MetropolitanTrialCourts,
MunicipalTrialCourts,andMunicipal
CircuitTrialCourtsshallexercise:
(1)Exclusiveoriginaljurisdictionovercivil
 actionsandprobateproceedings,testate
andintestate,includingthegrantof
provisionalremediesinpropercases,
wherethevalueofthepersonalproperty,
estate,oramountofthedemanddoesnot
exceedOnehundredthousandpesos
(P100,000.00)or,inMetroManilawhere
suchpersonalproperty,estate,oramount
ofthedemanddoesnotexceedTwo
hundredthousandpesos(P200,000.00),
exclusiveofinterest,damagesofwhatever
kind,attorney'sfees,litigationexpenses,
andcosts,theamountofwhichmustbe
specificallyalleged:Provided,That
interest,damagesofwhateverkind,
attorney'sfees,litigationexpenses,and
costsshallbeincludedinthe
determinationofthefilingfees:Provided,
further,Thatwherethereareseveral
claimsorcausesofactionsbetweenthe
sameordifferentparties,embodiedinthe
samecomplaint,theamountofthe
demandshallbethetotalityoftheclaims
inallthecausesofaction,irrespectiveof
whetherthecausesofactionaroseoutof
thesameordifferenttransactions;
(2)Exclusiveoriginaljurisdictionover
casesofforcibleentryandunlawful
detainer:Provided,Thatwhen,insuch
cases,thedefendantraisesthequestions
ofownershipinhispleadingsandthe
questionofpossessioncannotberesolved
withoutdecidingtheissueofownership,
theissueofownershipshallberesolved
onlytodeterminetheissueofpossession;
and
(3)Exclusiveoriginaljurisdictioninall
civilactionswhichinvolvetitleto,or
possessionof,realproperty,orany
interestthereinwheretheassessedvalue
ofthepropertyorinterestthereindoesnot
exceedTwentythousandpesos
(P20,000.00)or,incivilactionsinMetro
Manila,wheresuchassessedvaluedoes
notexceedFiftythousandpesos
(P50,000.00)exclusiveofinterest,
damagesofwhateverkind,attorney'sfees,
litigationexpensesandcosts:Provided,
Thatincasesoflandnotdeclaredfor
taxationpurposes,thevalueofsuch
propertyshallbedeterminedbythe
assessedvalueoftheadjacentlots.
2) Allowance/Disallowance of Will; Process
Rule75,Sec.1.Allowancenecessary.
Conclusiveastoexecution.Nowillshall
passeitherrealorpersonalestateunless
itisprovedandallowedintheproper
court.Subjecttotherightofappeal,such
allowanceofthewillshallbeconclusiveas
toitsdueexecution.
CC,Art.783.Awillisanactwherebya
personispermitted,withtheformalities
prescribedbylaw,tocontroltoacertain
degreethedispositionofthisestate,to
takeeffectafterhisdeath.
Notes:
DefinitionofaWillapersonal,solemn,
revocableandfreeactbywhichacapacitated
persondisposesofhispropertyandrightsand
declaresorcomplieswithdutiestotakeeffect
afterhisdeath(VitugvsCA).
ProbateofWillisMANDATORYnoproperty
shallpasseitherrealorpersonalproperty
unlessitisprovedandallowedinaccordance
withtheRoC
Same;Rationaleunlessthewillisprobated
andnoticethereofisgiventothewholeworld,
therightofthepersontodisposeofhis
propertybywillmayberenderednugatory
Same;ExceptionA1056,CC:Ifthetestator
shouldmakeapartitionofhispropertiesby
anactintervivos,orbywill,suchpartition
shallstandinsofarasitdoesnotprejudice
thelegitimeoftheforcedheir.
ProbateDoesNotLookIntoIntrinsicValidity
GR:thecourtsauthorityinprobateproc
arelimitedonlytopassingupontheextrinsic
validityofthewillsoughttobeprobated,the
dueexecutionthereof,thetestators
testamentarycapacity,andthecompliance
withtherequisitesorsolemnitiesprescribed
bylaw.Thequestionoftheintrinsicvalidityof
awillnormallycomesonlyafterthecourthas
declaredthatthewillhasbeenduly
authenticated.
ExtrinsicValidityoftheWillwhetherthe
testator,beingofsoundmind,freelyexecuted
thewillinaccordancewiththeformalities
prescribedbylaw
Same;HowDetermined
(a) SubstantialComplianceissufficient
wherethepurposeofthelawhasbeen
satisfied,thereasonbeingthatthe
solemnitiessurroundingtheexecutionof
willsareintendedtoprotectthetestator
fromallkindsoffraudandtrickerybut
neverintendedtobesorigidandinflexible
astodestroythetestamentaryprivilege
(b) FormalImperfectionstobeBrushedAside
whentheydonotaffectitspurposeand
 which,whentakenintoaccount,mayonly
defeatthetestatorswill
EXCEPTION:WhenProbateCourtMayPass
UponIntrinsicValidityTHEPRINCIPLE
OFPRACTICALCONSIDERATIONS
whenremandofthecasewillresultwasteof
time,effort,expense,plusaddedanxiety
(Nuguidvs.Nuguid).
WherecircumstancesdemandthatIVof
testamentaryprovsbepasseduponbefore
theECofthewillisresolved(Cayetano
vs.Leonides).
Same;RemedyofCertiorariandProhibitionis
Availablewherethegroundsfordismissal
areindubitable,inordertocorrecta
GADALEJcommittedbytheTCwhenit
dismissedthecase,evenifremedyofappeal
exists,wherepracticalconsiderationsdemand
it,e.g.theprobateofawillbecomesanidle
ceremonybectheWillisintrinsicallyvoid
Same;PrincipleNotAppliedwheremeatof
controversyisnotintrinsicvalidity
DismissalImproperWhereIssuesare
Controversiale.g.preteritionandvalidityof
disinheritance
PrincipleApplicableOnlyWhereIntrinsic
InvalidityisApparentontheFaceoftheWill
asenunciatedinManinangvs.CA
DecreeofProbateisConclusiveastoItsDue
Executioncannotbeimpugnedonanyofthe
groundsauthorizedbylaw,exceptthatof
fraud,inanyseparateorindependentaction
orproceeding,forreasonsofpublicpolicy,
judicialorderliness,economyandjudicial
time,andtheinterestsoflitigants,aswellas
thepeaceandorderofsocietywhichrequires
thatstabilitybeaccordedthefinaljudgments
ofthecourts(appliesevenifthedecisionis
incorrect)
Probateduringthelifetimeofthetestator
isordinarilyterminatedafterthewillis
allowedtoprobate
Rule76,Sec.1.Whomaypetitionforthe leasttwenty(20)daysbeforethehearing,if
allowanceofwill.Anyexecutor,devisee,or
legateenamedinawill,oranyotherperson
interestedintheestate,may,atanytimeafter
thedeathofthetestator,petitionthecourt
havingjurisdictiontohavethewillallowed,
whetherthesamebeinhispossessionornot,
orislostordestroyed.
Thetestatorhimselfmay,duringhislifetime,
petitionthecourtfortheallowanceofhiswill.
SEC.2.Contentsofpetition.Apetitionfor
theallowanceofawillmustshow,sofaras
knowntothepetitioner:
(a)Thejurisdictionalfacts;
(b)Thenames,ages,andresidencesofthe
heirs,legatees,anddeviseesofthetestatoror
decedent;
(c)Theprobablevalueandcharacterofthe
propertyoftheestate;
(d)Thenameofthepersonforwhomletters
areprayed;
(e)Ifthewillhasnotbeendeliveredtothe
court,thenameofthepersonhavingcustody
ofit.
Butnodefectinthepetitionshallrendervoid
theallowanceofthewill,ortheissuanceof
letterstestamentaryorofadministrationwith
thewillannexed.
SEC.3.Courttoappointtimeforprovingwill.
Noticethereoftobepublished.Whenawill
isdeliveredto,orapetitionfortheallowance
ofawillisfiledin,thecourthaving
jurisdiction,suchcourtshallfixatimeand
placeforprovingthewillwhenallconcerned
mayappeartocontesttheallowancethereof,
andshallcausenoticeofsuchtimeandplace
tobepublishedthree(3)weekssuccessively,
previoustothetimeappointed,ina
newspaperofgeneralcirculationinthe
province.
Butnonewspaperpublicationshallbemade
wherethepetitionforprobatehasbeenfiled
bythetestatorhimself.
SEC.4.Heirs,devisees,legatees,and
executorstobenotifiedbymailorpersonally.
Thecourtshallalsocausecopiesofthe
noticeofthetimeandplacefixedforproving
thewilltobeaddressedtothedesignatedor
otherknownheirs,legatees,anddeviseesof
thetestatorresidentinthePhilippinesat
theirplacesofresidence,anddepositedinthe
postofficewiththepostagethereonprepaidat
suchplacesofresidencebeknown.Acopyof
thenoticemustinlikemannerbemailedto
thepersonnamedasexecutor,ifhebenotthe
petitioner,also,toanypersonnamedasco
executornotpetitioning,iftheirplacesof
residencebeknown.Personalserviceofcopies
ofthenoticeatleastten(10)daysbeforethe
dayofhearingshallbeequivalenttomailing.
Ifthetestatorasksfortheallowanceofhis
ownwill,noticeshallbesentonlytohis
compulsoryheirs.
SEC.9.Groundsfordisallowingwill.The
willshallbedisallowedinanyofthefollowing
cases:
(a)Ifnotexecutedandattestedasrequiredby
law;
(b)Ifthetestatorwasinsane,orotherwise
mentallyincapabletomakeawill,atthetime
ofitsexecution;
(c)Ifitwasexecutedunderduress,orthe
influenceoffear,orthreats;
(d)Ifitwasprocuredbyundueandimproper
pressureandinfluence,onthepartofthe
beneficiary,orofsomeotherpersonforhis
benefit;
(e)Ifthesignatureofthetestatorwas
procuredbyfraudortrick,andhedidnot
intendthattheinstrumentshouldbehiswill
atthetimeoffixinghissignaturethereto.
CC,Art.838.Nowillshallpasseitherrealor
personalpropertyunlessitisprovedand
allowedinaccordancewiththeRulesofCourt.
Thetestatorhimselfmay,duringhislifetime,
petitionthecourthavingjurisdictionforthe
allowanceofhiswill.Insuchcase,the
pertinentprovisionsoftheRulesofCourtfor
theallowanceofwillsafterthetestator'sa
deathshallgovern.
TheSupremeCourtshallformulatesuch
additionalRulesofCourtasmaybenecessary
fortheallowanceofwillsonpetitionofthe
testator.
Subjecttotherightofappeal,theallowanceof
thewill,eitherduringthelifetimeofthe
testatororafterhisdeath,shallbeconclusive
astoitsdueexecution.(n)
Art.839.Thewillshallbedisallowedinanyof
thefollowingcases:
(1)Iftheformalitiesrequiredbylawhavenot
beencompliedwith;
(2)Ifthetestatorwasinsane,orotherwise
mentallyincapableofmakingawill,atthe
timeofitsexecution;
(3)Ifitwasexecutedthroughforceorunder
duress,ortheinfluenceoffear,orthreats;
(4)Ifitwasprocuredbyundueandimproper
pressureandinfluence,onthepartofthe
beneficiaryorofsomeotherperson;
(5)Ifthesignatureofthetestatorwas
procuredbyfraud;
(6)Ifthetestatoractedbymistakeordidnot
intendthattheinstrumenthesignedshould
behiswillatthetimeofaffixinghissignature
thereto.(n)
Notes:
MeaningofInterestedPartyonewhowould
bebenefitedbytheestatesuchasanheir,or
onewhohasaclaimagainstitlikeacreditor.
Hence,onewhoisonlyindirectlyinterestedin
awillmaynotinterfereinitsprobate
Jurisdiction;HowAcquired
(1) AttachingofMereCopyofWillis
Sufficienttheoriginalneednotbe
attachedtothepetitionforprobate,but
thisiswithoutprejudicetoitsproduction
atthehearingorwhenthecourtrequires
it;annexingoftheoriginalwillisnota
jurisdictionalrequirement
(2) DeliveryofWillSufficientevenifNo
petitionfiledjurisdictionisonthecourt
upondeliveryofthewillevenifthe
petitionitselfisfiledlater.Uponthe
depositoftheWill,thecourtcouldmotu
proprio,havetakenstepstofixthetime
andplaceforprovingthewill,andissue
thecorrespondingnoticesprescribed
(3) Thecourtacquiresjurisuponthefilingof
theorigpetandcompliancew/R76.3and.
4
Jurisdictionalfactsmustbeestablishedfirst
beforethecourtacquirejurisovertheprobate
andadminprocs,theappmustallegetheJF
whichare:
(a) Factofdeathofthedecedent
(b) Hisresidenceatthetimeofhisdeathin
theprovinceofwheretheprobatecourtis
sitting;or,ifheisaninhabitantofa
foreigncountry,hisleavinghisestatein
suchprovince
ProbateoftheWillisInRemthenoticeby
publicationasaprereqtotheallowanceofa
willisconstructivenoticetothewholeworld,
andwhenprobateisgranted,thejudgmentis
bindinguponeverybody,evenagainstthe
State.Thus,thePCmustcausenoticethrough
pubofthepetafterreceivingit;otherwise,the
procforthesettlementoftheestateisvoid
andshouldbeannulled
NoticeofHearingtothedesignatedheirs,
legatees,devisees,executorsRequiredbymail
orpersonally
GroundsforDisallowanceCf.Arts.787788,
791,795798,802,804819oftheCivilCode
Same;ListinR76.9andA839oftheCCis
Exclusivenoothergroundscanserveto
disallowawill
ComplianceWithFormalitiesRequired
Whilepublicpolicyfavorstheprobateofa
will,itdoesnotfollowthateverywill
presentedforprobateshouldbeallowed
Same;NotarialWillsformalsolemnities
providedbyArts.805and806,CCmustbe
compliedwith
Same;HolographicWillswhatassures
authenticityisthereqthattheybetotally
autographicorhandwrittenbythetestator
himself(A810,CC)
A813affectsthevalidityofthe
dispositionscontainedintheHWbutnot
itsprobate.Formaldefectswillrender
dispositionineffectivebutthewholewill
notbenecessarilyinvalidated.
TheHWcanstillbeadmittedtoprobate
evenifA814ofCChasnotbeencomplied
with
Same;TheSubstantialComplianceRuleIf
thewillhasbeenexecutedinsubstantial
compliancewiththeformalitiesofthelaw,
andthepossibilityofbadfaithandfraudis
obviated,theWillshouldbeadmittedto
probate
SeparateWillsmaybeProbatedJointly
whatthelawprohibitsisthemakingofjoint
wills,eitherforthetestatorsreciprocal
benefitorforthebenefitof3rdpersons(see
Sps.Cunanancase)
3) Duty of Custodian/Executor of Will
Rule75,Sec.2.Custodianofwillto
deliver.Thepersonwhohascustodyofa
willshall,withintwenty(20)daysafterhe
knowsofthedeathofthetestator,deliver
thewilltothecourthavingjurisdiction,or
totheexecutornamedInthewill.
SEC.3.Executortopresentwilland
acceptorrefusetrust.Apersonnamed
asexecutorinawillshall,withintwenty
(20)daysafterheknowsofthedeathof
thetestator,orwithintwenty(20)days
afterheknowsthatbeisnamedexecutor
ifheobtainedsuchknowledgeafterthe
deathofthetestator,presentsuchwillto
thecourthavingjurisdiction,unlessthe
willhasreachedthecourtinanyother
manner,andshall,withinsuchperiod,
signifytothecourtinwritinghis
acceptanceofthetrustorhisrefusalto
acceptit.
SEC.4.Custodianandexecutorsubjectto
fineforneglect.Apersonwhoneglects
anyofthedutiesrequiredinthetwolast
precedingsectionswithoutexcuse
satisfactorytothecourtshallbefinednot
exceedingtwothousandpesos.
SEC.5.Personretainingwillmaybe
committed.Apersonhavingcustodyofa
willafterthedeathofthetestatorwho
neglectswithoutreasonablecauseto
deliverthesame,whenorderedsotodo,to
thecourthavingjurisdiction,maybe
committedtoprisonandtherekeptuntil
hedeliversthewill.
Notes:
FailuretoAttachOriginalWilltothePetition
notcriticalwherewillitselfwasadducedin
evidence
4) ProofofWill
Rule76.Sec.5.Proofathearing.What
sufficientinabsenceofcontest.Atthe
hearingcompliancewiththeprovisionsofthe
lasttwoprecedingsectionsmustbeshown
beforetheintroductionoftestimonyinsupport
ofthewill.Allsuchtestimonyshallbetaken
underoathandreducedtowriting.Ifno
personappearstocontesttheallowanceofthe
will,thecourtmaygrantallowancethereofon
thetestimonyofoneofthesubscribing
witnessesonly,ifsuchwitnesstestifythatthe
willwasexecutedasisrequiredbylaw.
Inthecaseofaholographicwill,itshallbe
necessarythatatleastonewitnesswhoknows
thehandwritingandsignatureofthetestator
explicitlydeclarethatthewillandthe
signatureareinthehandwritingofthe
testator.Intheabsenceofanysuchcompetent
witness,andifthecourtdeemitnecessary,
experttestimonymayberesortedto.
SEC.6.Proofoflostordestroyedwill.
Certificatethereupon.Nowillshallbe
provedasalostordestroyedwillunlessthe
executionandvalidityofthesamebe
establishedandthewillisprovedtohavebeen
inexistenceatthetimeofthedeathofthe
testator,orisshowntohavebeenfraudulently
oraccidentallydestroyedinthelifetimeofthe
testatorwithouthisknowledge,norunlessits
provisionsareclearlyanddistinctlyprovedby
atleasttwo(2)crediblewitnesses.Whenalost
willisproved,theprovisionsthereofmustbe
distinctlystatedandcertifiedbythejudge,
underthesealofthecourt,andthecertificate
mustbefiledandrecordedasotherwillsare
filedandrecorded.
SEC.7.Proofwhenwitnessesdonotresidein
province.Ifitappearsatthetimefixedfor
thehearingthatnoneofthesubscribing
witnessesresidesintheprovince,butthatthe
depositionofoneormoreofthemcanbetaken
elsewhere,thecourtmay,onmotion,directIt
tobetaken,andmayauthorizeaphotographic
copyofthewilltobemadeandtobepresented
tothewitnessonhisexamination,whomaybe
askedthesamequestionswithrespecttoit
andtothehandwritingofthetestatorand
others,aswouldbepertinentandcompetentif
theoriginalwillwerepresent.
SEC.8.Proofwhenwitnessesdeadorinsane
ordonotresideinthePhilippines.Ifit
appearsatthetimefixedforthehearingthat
thesubscribingwitnessesaredeadorinsane,
orthatnoneofthemresidesinthe
Philippines,thecourtmayadmitthe
testimonyofotherwitnessestoprovethe
sanityofthetestator,andthedueexecutionof
thewill;andasevidenceoftheexecutionof
thewill,itmayadmitproofofthehandwriting
ofthetestatorandofthesubscribing
witnesses,orofanyofthem.
SEC.12.Proofwheretestatorpetitionsfor
allowanceofholographicwill.Wherethe
testatorhimselfpetitionsfortheprobateofhis
holographicwillandnocontestisfiled,the
factthatheaffirmsthattheholographicwill
andthesignatureareinhisownhandwriting,
shallbesufficientevidenceofthegenuineness
anddueexecutionthereof.Iftheholographic
williscontested,theburdenofdisprovingthe
genuinenessanddueexecutionthereofshall
beonthecontestantThetestatormay,inhis
turn,presentsuchadditionalproofasmaybe
necessarytorebuttheevidenceforthe
contestant.
SEC.13.Certificateofallowanceattachedto
provedwill.ToberecordedintheOfficeof
RegisterofDeeds.Ifthecourtissatisfied,
uponprooftakenandfiled,thatthewillwas
dulyexecuted,andthatthetestatoratthe
timeofitsexecutionwasofsoundand
disposingmind,andnotactingunderduress,
menace,andundueinfluence,orfraud,a
certificateofitsallowance,signedbythe
judge,andattestedbythesealofthecourt
shallbeattachedtothewillandthewilland
certificatefiledandrecordedbytheclerk.
Attestedcopiesofthewilldevisingrealestate
andofcertificateofallowancethereof,shallbe
recordedintheregisterofdeedsofthe
provinceinwhichthelandslie.
Notes:
FactswhichMUSTbeprovedforallowanceof
lost/destroyedWill
(1) Thatthewillhasbeendulyexecutedby
thetestator;
(2) Thatthewillwasinexistencewhenthe
testatordied,orifitwasnot,thatithas
beenfraudulentlyoraccidentally
destroyedinthelifetimeofthetestator
withouthisknowledge;and
(3) Thattheprovisionsofthewillareclearly
establishedbyatleast2credible
witnesses.
The1stand3rdfactsconstitutesecondary
evidenceinlieuoftheoriginalofthewill.But
beforesecondaryevidencemaybeadmitted,
thelossofthewillmustbeproved.The2nd
factisrequiredtobeprovedtoprecludethe
inferencethatthetestatordestroyedhisown
will.Inotherwords,ifthewilldidnotexistat
timeofthetestatorsdeath,andthereisno
proofthatithasbeendestroyedbyanother
withoutthetestatorhimselfdestroyinghis
ownwill,thus,revokingit.
WeightofTestimonialevidenceawillmaybe
allowedevenifsomewitnessesdonot
rememberhavingattestedtoit,ifother
evidencesatisfactorilyshowdueexecution
Same;TestWONawitnessisdeemedtohave
signedinthepresenceofeachothernot
whetherhedidseethesigningofthewillbut
whetherhewasinapositiontoseeifhechose
todoso
5) ContestofWill
Rule76,Sec.10.Contestanttofilegroundsof
contest.Anyoneappearingtocontestthewill
muststateinwritinghisgroundsforopposing
itsallowance,andserveacopythereofonthe
petitionerandotherpartiesinterestedinthe
estate.
SEC.11.Subscribingwitnessesproducedor
accountedforwherewillcontested.Ifthe
williscontested,allthesubscribingwitnesses,
andthenotaryinthecaseofwillsexecuted
undertheCivilCodeofthePhilippines,if
presentinthePhilippines,andnotinsane,
mustbeproducedandexamined,andthe
death,absence,orinsanityofanyofthem
mustbesatisfactorilyshowntothecourt.Ifall
orsomeofsuchwitnessesarepresentinthe
Philippinesbutoutsidetheprovincewhere
thewillhasbeenfiled,theirdepositionmust
betaken.Ifanyorallofthemtestifyagainst
thedueexecutionofthewill,ordonot
rememberhavingattestedtoit,orare
otherwiseofdoubtfulcredibility,thewillmay,
nevertheless,beallowedifthecourtis
satisfiedfromthetestimonyofotherwitnesses
andfromalltheevidencepresentedthatthe
willwasexecutedandattestedinthemanner
requiredbylaw.
Ifaholographicwilliscontested,thesame
shallbeallowedifatleastthree(3)witnesses
whoknowthehandwritingofthetestator
explicitlydeclarethatthewillandthe
signatureareinthehandwritingofthe
testator;intheabsenceofanycompetent
witness,andifthecourtdeemitnecessary,
experttestimonymayberesortedto.
Notes:
WhenAuthenticityofWillNotQuestioned
notnecessarytopresentthe3witnesses
requiredbyA811oftheCC
6) AllowanceofWillProvedOutsideofthe
PhilippinesandAdministrationofState
Rule77
SECTION1.WillprovedoutsidePhilippines
maybeallowedhere.Willsprovedand
allowedinaforeigncountry,accordingtothe
lawsofsuchcountry,maybeallowed,filed,
andrecordedbytheproperRegionalTrial
CourtinthePhilippines.
SEC2.Noticeofhearingforallowance.
Whenacopyofsuchwillandoftheorderor Philippinesifmadewiththeformalities
decreeoftheallowancethereof,bothduly
authenticated,arefiledwithapetitionfor
allowanceinthePhilippines,bytheexecutor
orotherpersoninterestedinthecourthaving
jurisdiction,suchcourtshallfixatimeand
placeforthehearing,andcausenoticethereof
tobegivenasincaseofanoriginalwill
presentedforallowance.
SEC.3.Whenwillallowed,andeffectthereof.
Ifitappearsatthehearingthatthewill
shouldbeallowedinthePhilippines,thecourt
shallsoallowit,andacertificateofits
allowance,signedbythejudge,andattested
bythesealofthecourt,towhichshallbe
attachedacopyofthewill,shallbefiledand
recordedbytheclerk,andthewillshallhave
thesameeffectasiforiginallyprovedand
allowedinsuchcourt.
SEC.4.Estate,howadministered.Whena
willisthusallowed,thecourtshallgrant
letterstestamentary,orlettersof
administrationwiththewillannexed,and
suchletterstestamentaryorof
administration,shallextendtoalltheestate
ofthetestatorinthePhilippines.Suchestate,
afterthepaymentofjustdebtsandexpenses
ofadministration,shallbedisposedof
accordingtosuchwill,sofarassuchwillmay
operateuponit;andtheresidue,ifany,shall
bedisposedofasisprovidedbylawincasesof
estatesinthePhilippinesbelongingtopersons
whoareinhabitantsofanotherstateor
country.
CC, Art.
17. The forms and solemnities of
contracts,wills,andotherpublicinstruments
shallbegovernedbythelawsofthecountryin
whichtheyareexecuted.
Whentheactsreferredtoareexecutedbefore
the diplomatic or consular officials of the
Republic of the Philippines in a foreign
country, the solemnities established by
Philippine laws shall be observed in their
execution.
Prohibitivelawsconcerningpersons,theiracts
orproperty,andthosewhichhave,fortheir
object,publicorder,publicpolicyandgood
customsshallnotberenderedineffectiveby
lawsorjudgmentspromulgated,orby
determinationsorconventionsagreeduponin
aforeigncountry.(11a)
Notes:
GRArt.816oftheCivilCodemustbe
compliedwith.Itprovides:Thewillofanalien
whoisabroadproduceseffectinthe
prescribedbythelawoftheplaceinwhichhe
resides,oraccordingtotheformalities
observedinhiscountry,orinconformitywith
thosewhichthisCodeprescribes.
Evidencenecessaryforthereprobateor
allowanceofwillswhichhavebeenprobated
outsideofthePhilippines
(1) thedueexecutionofthewillinaccordance
withtheforeignlaws;
(2) thetestatorhashisdomicileintheforeign
countryandnotinthePhilippines;
(3) thewillhasbeenadmittedtoprobatein
suchcountry
(4) thefactthattheforeigntribunalisa
probatecourt;and
(5) thelawsofaforeigncountryonprocedure
andallowanceofwill
Same;RulesofEvidenceR132onpresenting
officialrecordsnotkeptinthePHLmustbe
compliedwith:
SEC.24.Proofofofficialrecord.Therecord
ofpublicdocumentsreferredtoinparagraph
(a)ofSection19,whenadmissibleforany
purpose,maybeevidencedbyanofficial
publicationthereoforbyacopyattestedby
theofficerhavingthelegalcustodyofthe
record,orbyhisdeputy,andaccompanied,if
therecordisnotkeptinthePhilippines,with
acertificatethatsuchofficerhasthecustody.
Iftheofficeinwhichtherecordiskeptisina
foreigncountry,thecertificatemaybemade
byasecretaryoftheembassyorlegation,
consulgeneral,consul,viceconsul,orconsular
agentorbyanyofficerintheforeignserviceof
thePhilippinesstationedintheforeign
countryinwhichtherecordiskept,and
authenticatedbythesealofhisoffice.(25a)
SEC.25.Whatattestationofcopymuststate.
Wheneveracopyofadocumentorrecordis
attestedforthepurposeofevidence,the
attestationmuststate,insubstance,thatthe
copyisacorrectcopyoftheoriginal,ora
specificpartthereof,asthecasemaybe.The
attestationmustbeundertheofficialsealof
theattestingofficer,iftherebeany,orifhebe
theclerkofacourthavingaseal,underthe
sealofsuchcourt.(26a)
Same;RationalePhilippinecourtscannot
takeJNofforeignlaws
NoticeofHearingforAllowanceRequired
wrtnotices,thewillprobatedabroadshould
betreatedasifitwereanoriginalwillora
willthatispresentedforprobateforthefirst
time.R76.3and.4mustbefollowed.
TerritorialLimitsofAdministration
administrationextendsonlytotheassetsof
thedecedentfoundwithinthestateorcountry
whereitwasgranted;hasnopoweroverprop
inanotherstate/country
AncillaryAdministrationNecessaryforprop
ofadecedentwhoownspropertysituatedin
thecountryofhisdomicileaswellasina
foreigncountry,administrationshallbehad
inbothcountry.Thatwhichisgrantedinthe
decedentsdomicileistheprincipal
administrationwhileanyotheradminis
ancillary.
6.LettersTestamentaryandAdministration
1) ExecutorsandAdministrators
Rule78,Sec.1.Whoareincompetenttoserve
asaexecutorsoradministrators.Noperson
iscompetenttoserveasexecutoror
administratorwho:
(a)Isaminor;
(b)IsnotaresidentofthePhilippines;and
(c)Isintheopinionofthecourtunfitto
executethedutiesofthetrustbyreasonof
drunkenness,improvidence,orwantof
understandingorintegrity,orbyreasonof
convictionofanoffenseinvolvingmoral
turpitude.
SEC.2.Executorofexecutornottoadminister
estate.Theexecutorofanexecutorshallnot,
assuch,administertheestateofthefirst
testator.
SEC.3.Marriedwomenmayserve.A
marriedwomanmayserveasexecutrixor
administratrix,andthemarriageofasingle
womanshallnotaffectherauthoritysoto
serveunderapreviousappointment
SEC4Letterstestamentaryissuedwhenwill
allowed.Whenawillhasbeenprovedand
allowed,thecourtshallissueletters
testamentarythereontothepersonnamedas
executortherein,ifheiscompetent,accepts
thetrust,andgivesbondasrequiredbythese
rules
SEC.5.Wheresomecoexecutorsdisqualified
othersmayact.Whenalloftheexecutors
namedinawillcannotactbecauseof
incompetency,refusaltoacceptthetrust,or
failuretogivebond,onthepartofoneormore
ofthem,letterstestamentarymayissueto
suchofthemasarecompetent,acceptand
givebond,andtheymayperformtheduties
anddischargethetrustrequiredbythewill.
SEC.6.Whenandtowhomlettersof
administrationgranted.Ifnoexecutoris
namedinthewill,ortheexecutororexecutors
areincompetent,refusethetrust,orfailto
givebond,orapersondiesintestate,
administrationshallbegranted:
(a)Tothesurvivinghusbandorwife,asthe
casemaybe,ornextofkin,orboth,inthe
discretionofthecourt,ortosuchpersonas
suchsurvivinghusbandorwife,ornextofkin,
requeststohaveappointed,ifcompetentand
willingtoserve;
(b)Ifsuchsurvivinghusbandorwife,asthe
casemaybe,ornextofkin,ortheperson
selectedbythem,beincompetentorunwilling,
orifthehusbandorwidow,ornextofkin,
neglectsforthirty(30)daysafterthedeathof
thepersontoapplyforadministrationorto
requestthatadministrationbegrantedto
someotherperson,itmaybegrantedtooneor
moreoftheprincipalcreditors,ifcompetent
andwillingtoserve;
(c)Ifthereisnosuchcreditorcompetentand
willingtoserve,itmaybegrantedtosuch
otherpersonasthecourtmayselect.
Rule88,Sec.15.Timeforpayingdebtsand
legaciesfixed,orextendedafternotice,within
whatperiods.Ongrantingletters
testamentaryoradministrationthecourtshall
allowtotheexecutororadministratoratime
fordisposingoftheestateandpayingthe
debtsandlegaciesofthedeceased,whichshall
not,inthefirstinstance,exceedone(1)year;
butthecourtmay,onapplicationofthe
executororadministratorandafterhearingon
suchnoticeofthetimeandplacetherefor
giventoallpersonsinterestedasitshall
direct,extendthetimeasthecircumstancesof
theestaterequirenotexceedingsix(6)months
forasingleextensionnorsothatthewhole
periodallowedtotheoriginalexecutoror
administratorshallexceedtwo(2)years.
SEC.16.Successorofdeadexecutoror
administratormayhavetimeextendedon
noticewithincertainperiod.Whenan
executororadministratordies,andanew
administratorofthesameestateisappointed,
thecourtmayextendthetimeallowedforthe
paymentofthedebtsorlegaciesbeyondthe
timeallowedtotheoriginalexecutoror
administrator,notexceedingsix(6)monthsat
atimeandnotexceedingsix(6)months
Beyondthetimewhichthecourtmighthave
allowedtosuchoriginalexecutoror
administrator;andnoticeshallbegivenofthe
timeandplaceforhearingsuchapplication,as
requiredinthelastprecedingsection.
Notes:
GroundsforDisqualification
NegativefactorsforselectionofAdministrator
(1) Minorsandnonresidentsdisqualified
(2) Drunkennesswhattherule
contemplatesisthatexcessive,inveterate,
andcontinueduseofintoxicants,tosuch
anextentastorenderthesubjectofthe
habitasunsafetoentrustwiththecareof
propertyorthetransactionofbusiness
(3) Improvidencethatwantofcareand
foresightinthemgtofpropertywhich
wouldlikelytorendertheestateand
effectsoftheintestateunsafe,andliable
tobelostordiminishedinvalue,incase
theadministrationshouldbecommittedto
theimprovidentperson
SymptomsofImprovidencecarelessness,
indifference,prodigality,wastefulness,or
negligenceinreferencetothecare,mgt,
andpreservationofproperty;e.g.
gamblinghabitsmightestablish
improvidence
(4) WantofUnderstandingwhereit
amountstolackofintelligenceasto
subjectonetosinisterinfluenceor
coercionagainstthegeneralinterestofthe
estatewillconstituteasufficientobjection;
weaknessofmindperse,however,isnot
anautomaticgroundfordisqualification
(5) WantofIntegrityaccusationmustbe
certainandgraveinnature,established
byproofwhichwouldatleastapproach
thecertaintyrequireforconvictionofa
crimeinorderforthegroundtobe
sustained
(6) Moralturpitudeanactofbaseness,
vileness,ordepravityintheprivateand
socialdutieswhichamanoweshis
fellowmen,tosocietyingeneral,contrary
totheacceptedandcustomaryruleof
rightanddutybetweenmanandwoman
orconductcontrarytojustice,honesty,
modestyorgoodmorals
Same;Courtcannotaddnewcausesof
disqualificationnoauthoritytodisqualifyif
groundisnotprovidedinthestatute
Same;AntagonisticInterestgenerally,the
courtsdonotregardonewhosepersonal
interestsaresoadversetotheinterestsofa
decedentsestateandofthoseentitledtoits
distributionthatbothcannotbefairly
preventedbythesamepersonasaproper
persontoadministertheestate.
Same;SameAnadministratorshouldbe
abletodevotehistimeandmindtothe
burdenofhistrust;assuch,hecannotbein
oneplacewhiletheestateadministeredisin
anotherplaceforhecannotefficiently
dischargehisduties
AdministratorMayBeaStrangertothe
Decedenthedoesnthavetobeanheir
2) OppositiontoIssuance
Rule79
SECTION1.Oppositiontoissuanceofletters
testamentary.Simultaneouspetitionfor
administration.Anypersoninterestedina
willmaystateinwritingthegroundswhy
letterstestamentaryshouldnotissuetothe
personsnamedthereinasexecutors,oranyof
them,andthecourt,afterhearinguponnotice,
shallpassuponthesufficiencyofsuch
grounds.Apetitionmay,atthesametime,be
filedforlettersofadministrationwiththewill
annexed.
SEC.2.Contentsofpetitionforlettersof
administration.Apetitionforlettersof
administrationmustbefiledbyaninterested
personandmustshow,sofarasknowntothe
petitioner.
(a)Thejurisdictionalfacts;
(b)Thenames,ages,andresidencesofthe
heirs,andthenamesandresidencesofthe
creditors,ofthedecedent;
(c)Theprobablevalueandcharacterofthe
propertyoftheestate;
(d)Thenameofthepersonforwhomlettersof
administrationareprayed.
Butnodefectinthepetitionshallrendervoid
theissuanceoflettersofadministration.
SEC.3.Courttosettimeforhearing.Notice
thereof.Whenapetitionforlettersof
administrationisfiledinthecourthaving
jurisdiction,suchcourtshallfixatimeand
placeforhearingthepetition,andshallcause
noticethereoftobegiventotheknownheirs
andcreditorsofthedecedent,andtoanyother
personsbelievedtohaveaninterestinthe
estate,intheMannerprovidedinsections3
and4ofRule76.
SEC.4.Oppositiontopetitionfor
administration.AnyInterestedpersonmay,
byfilingawrittenopposition,contestthe
petitiononthegroundoftheincompetencyof
thepersonforwhoselettersareprayed
therein,oronthegroundofthecontestants
ownrighttotheadministration,andmaypray
thatletterissuetohimself,ortoany
competentpersonorpersonsnamedInthe
opposition.
SEC.5.Hearingandorderforletterstoissue.
Atthehearingofthepetition,itmustfirst
beshownthatnoticehasbeengivenas
hereinaboverequired,andthereafterthecourt
shallheartheproofsofthepartiesinsupport
oftheirrespectiveallegations,andifsatisfied
thatthedecedentleftnowill,orthatthereis
nocompetentandwillingexecutor,itshall
ordertheissuanceoflettersofadministration
tothepartybestentitledthereto.
SEC.6.Whenlettersofadministration
grantedtoanyapplicant.Lettersof
administrationmaybegrantedtoany
qualifiedapplicant,thoughitappearsthat
thereareothercompetentpersonshaving
betterrighttotheadministration,ifsuch
personsfailtoappearwhennotifiedandclaim
theissuanceofletterstothemselves.
Notes:
JurisdictionalfactsMustbeestablisheda
partymaynotbeallowedtodefeatthe
purposeofanessentiallyvalidpetitionforthe
settlementoftheestateofadecedentby
raisingmattersthatareirrelevantand
immaterialtothepetition
Interest;NOTajurisdictionalelementitis
considered,instead,alackoflegalcapacityto
instituteproceedingsforwhichaMTDmaylie
Same;Requirementmustbematerialand
direct,notmerelycontingentorindirect
Failuretoallegelackofinterest;consequences
maybebarredbywaiverorestoppels
DefectsinPetition;Curebyfailuretomakea
timelyobjection
NoticeandHearingisJurisdictionalThePC
mustcausenoticethroughpublicationofthe
petitionafteritreceivesthesame.The
purposeofthisnoticeistobringallthe
interestedpersonswithinthecourts
jurisdictionsothatjudgmentthereinbecomes
bindingonalltheworld.Thenoticeis
essentialtotheprocsvalidityinorderthatno
personmaybedeprivedofhisrightto
propertywithoutdueprocessoflaw.Failure
tocomplywiththisrequirementwillrender
thesettlementproceedingvoid.
3) SpecialAdministrators
Rule80,Sec.1.Appointmentofspecial
administrator.Whenthereisdelayin
grantingletterstestamentaryorof
administrationbyanycauseincludingan
appealfromtheallowanceordisallowanceofa
will,thecourtmayappointaspecial
administratortotakepossessionandchargeof
theestateofthedeceaseduntilthequestions
causingthedelayaredecidedandexecutorsor
administratorsappointed.
SEC.2.Powersanddutiesofspecial
administrator.Suchspecialadministrator
shalltakepossessionandchargeofthegoods,
chattels,rights,credits,andestateofthe
deceasedandpreservethesameforthe
executororadministratorafterwards
appointed,andforthatpurposemay
commenceandmaintainsuitsas
administrator.Hemaysellonlysuch
perishableandotherpropertyasthecourt
orderssold.Aspecialadministratorshallnot
beliabletopayanydebtsofthedeceased
unlesssoorderedbythecourt.
SEC.3.Whenpowersofspecialadministrator
cease.Transferofeffects.Pendingsuits.
Whenletterstestamentaryorof
administrationaregrantedontheestateof
thedeceased,thepowersofthespecial
administratorshallcease,andheshall
forthwithdelivertotheexecutoror
administratorthegoods,chattels,money,and
estateofthedeceasedinhishands.The
executororadministratormayprosecuteto
finaljudgmentsuitscommencedbysuch
specialadministrator.
Rule86,Sec.8.Claimofexecutoror
administratoragainstanestate.Ifthe
executororadministratorhasaclaimagainst
theestateherepresents,heshallgivenotice
thereof,inwriting,tothecourt,andthecourt
shallappointaspecialadministrator,who
shall,intheadjustmentofsuchclaim,have
thesamepowerandbesubjecttothesame
liabilityasthegeneraladministratoror
executorinthesettlementofotherclaims.The
courtmayordertheexecutororadministrator
topaytothespecialadministratornecessary
fundstodefendsuchclaim.
Notes:
NoticeandPublicationmustbecomplied
withfirstbeforejurisdictionisacquirebythe
probatecourt
SpecialAdministratortherepresentativeof
thedecedentappointedbythePCtocarefor
andpreservehisestateuntilanexecutoror
generaladministratorisappointed
Same;DutieswhileSAsmayhaverespective
intereststoprotect,theyareofficersofthe
court,subjecttothesupervisionandcontrolof
thePCandareexpectedtoworkinthebest
interestsoftheentireestate,itssmooth
administration,anditsearliestsettlement;
whateverdifferencetheremaybebetween
themshallbeironedoutfairlyandobjectively
fortheattainmentofthatend
Same;Same;SubmissionofInventoryhasto
beperformedwithinareasonableperiod,if
notassoonaspracticable,inordertopreserve
theestate,andprotecttheheirsofthe
deceased
Same;WhenOneMaybeAppointedwhen
thereisdelayingrantingletterstestamentary
orofadministrationoccasionedbyanappeal
fromtheallowanceordisallowanceofawillor
someothercause,
e.g.qualificationsofthe
executor/administratorisquestioned;appeal
pendingre:removalofanE/A;partiescannot
agreeamongthemselves
Same;Appointmentliesentirelyinthe
sounddiscretionofthecourt.Thepriorityof
certainpersonsapptasadministratordoes
notapplytotheselectionofaSA
OrderofAppointmentDiscretionarybutthe
judgeisnotallowedtobeparties,ortomake
hispersonallikesanddislikesprevailover,or
hispassiontorulehisjudgment
Same;NeedtobeRepresentedintheMgtof
theEstatetheexecutrixschoiceofSA,
consideringherowninabilitytoserveandthe
widelatitudeofdiscretiongivenherbythe
testatrixinherWillisentitledtothehighest
consideration
Same;LimitsofDiscretionsound,not
whimsicalorcontrarytoreason,justice,
equity,orlegalprinciple
NatureofOrderAppointingSA
interlocutory;hence,noappealliesfromthe
apptofaSA
4) Duties/General Powers of Executors,
Administrators and Special Administrators
Rule84,Sec.1.Executororadministratorto
haveaccesstopartnershipbooksand
property.Howrightenforced.Theexecutor
oradministratoroftheestateofadeceased
partnershallatalltimeshaveaccessto,and
mayexamineandtakecopiesof,booksand
papersrelatingtothepartnershipbusiness,
andmayexamineandmakeinvoicesofthe
propertybelongingtosuchpartnership;and
thesurvivingpartnerorpartners,onrequest,
shallexhibittohimallsuchbooks,papers,
andpropertyintheirhandsorcontrol.Onthe
writtenapplicationofsuchexecutoror
administrator,theCourthavingjurisdictionof
theestatemayorderanysuchsurviving
partnerorpartnerstofreelypermitthe
exerciseoftherights,andtoexhibitthebooks,
papers,andproperty,asinthissection
provided,andmaypunishanypartnerfailing
todosoforcontempt.
SEC.2.Executororadministratortokeep
buildingsinrepair.Anexecutoror
administratorshallmaintainintenantable
repairthehousesandotherstructuresand
fencesbelongingtotheestate,anddeliverthe
sameinsuchrepairtotheheirsordevisees
whendirectedsotodobythecourt.
SEC.3.Executororadministratortoretain
wholeestatetopaydebts,andtoadminister
estatenotwilled.Anexecutoror
administratorshallhavetherighttothe
possessionandmanagementoftherealaswell
asthepersonalestateofthedeceasedsolong
asitisnecessaryforthepaymentofthedebts
andtheexpensesofadministration.
Rule81,Sec.1.Bondtobegivenbefore
issuanceofletters.Amount.Conditions.
Beforeanexecutororadministratorenters
upontheexecutionofhistrust,andletters
testamentaryorofadministrationissue,he
shallgiveabond,insuchsumasthecourt
directs,conditionedasfollows:
(a)Tomakeandreturntothecourt,within
three(3)months,atrueandcomplete
inventoryofallgoods,chattels,rights,credits,
andestateofthedeceasedwhichshallcometo
hispossessionorknowledgeortothe
possessionofanyotherpersonforhim;
(b)Toadministeraccordingtotheserules,
and,ifanexecutor,accordingtothewillofthe
testator,allgoods,chattels,rights,credits,
andestatewhichshallatanytimecometohis
possessionortothepossessionofanyother
personforhim,andfromtheproceedstopay
anddischargealldebts,legacies,andcharges
onthesame,orsuchdividendsthereonas
shallbedecreedbythecourt;
(c)Torenderatrueandjustaccountofhis
administrationtothecourtwithinone(1)
year,andatanyothertimewhenrequiredby
thecourt;
(d)Toperformallordersofthecourtbyhimto
beperformed.
SEC.2.Bondofexecutorwheredirectedin
will.Whenfurtherbondrequired.Ifthe
testatorinhiswilldirectsthattheexecutor
servewithoutbond,orwithonlyhis
Individualbond,hemaybeallowedbythe
courttogivebondinsuchsumandwithsuch
suretyasthecourtapprovesconditionedonly
topaythedebtsofthetestator;butthecourt
mayrequireoftheexecutorafurtherbondin
caseofachangeinhiscircumstances,orfor
othersufficientcause,withtheconditions
namedinthelastprecedingsection.
SEC.3.Bondsofjointexecutorsand
administrators.Whentwoormorepersons
areappointedexecutorsoradministratorsthe
courtmaytakeaseparatebondfromeach,or
ajointbondfromall.
SEC.4.Bondofspecialadministrator.A
specialadministratorbeforeenteringuponthe
dutiesofhistrustshallgiveabond,insuch
sumasthecourtdirects,conditionedthathe
willmakeandreturnatrueinventoryofthe
goods,chattels,rights,credits,andestateof
thedeceasedwhichcometohispossessionor
knowledge,andthathewilltrulyaccountfor
suchasarereceivedbyhimwhenrequiredby
thecourt,andwilldeliverthesametothe
personappointedexecutororadministrator,or
tosuchotherpersonasmaybeauthorizedto
receivethem.
Rule83,Sec.1.Inventoryandappraisaltobe
returnedwithinthreemonths.Withinthree
(3)monthsafterhisappointmentevery
executororadministratorshallreturntothe
courtatrueinventoryandappraisalofallthe
realandpersonalestateofthedeceasedwhich
hascomeintohispossessionorknowledge.In
theappraisementofsuchestate,thecourt
mayorderoneormoreoftheinheritancetax
appraiserstogivehisortheirassistance.
Notes:
LimitsofPowers
1)Cannotexercisetherightoflegal
redemptionoveraportionoftheproperty
ownedincommonsoldbyoneoftheotherco
ownerssincethisisnotwithinthepowersof
administration
2)Whereestateofadeceasedpersonis
alreadythesubjectofatestateorintestate
proceeding,theadministratorcannotenter
intoanytransactioninvolvingitwithoutany
priorapprovaloftheCourt
3)TherightofanE/Atothepossessionand
mgtoftherealandpersonalpropofthe
deceasedisnotabsoluteandcanonlybe
exercisedsolongasnecessaryforthepayment
ofthedebtsandexpensesofadministration
AdministratorsBondStatutory;conditions
prescribedbystatuteformspartofthebond
agreement
TermsandeffectivityoftheBonddoesnot
dependonpaymentofpremiumanddoesnot
expireuntiltheadministrationisclosed.For
aslongasPCsjurisisretained,thebond
contemplatesacontinuingliability
AdministratorsLiabilitypersonaland
exclusiveofthesureties
5) Accountability and Compensation of
Executors and Administrators
Rule85,Sec.1.Executororadministrator
chargeablewithallestateandincome.
Exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovidedinthe
followingsections,everyexecutoror
administratorischargeableinhisaccount
withthewholeoftheestateofthedeceased
whichhascomeintohispossession,atthe
valueoftheappraisementcontainedinthe
inventory;withalltheinterest,profit,and
incomeofsuchestate;andwiththeproceeds
ofsomuchoftheestateasissoldbyhim,at necessaryexpensesinthecase,management,
thepriceatwhichitwassold.
SEC.2.Nottoprofitbyincreaseorloseby
decreaseinvalue.Noexecutoror
administratorshallprofitbytheincrease,or
sufferlossbythedecreaseordestruction,
withouthisfault,ofanypartoftheestate.He
mustaccountfortheexcesswhenhesellsany
partoftheestateformorethanthe
appraisement,andifanyissoldforlessthan
theappraisement,heisnotresponsibleforthe
loss,ifthesalehasbeenjustlymade.Ifhe
settlesanyclaimagainsttheestateforless
thanitsnominalvalue,heisentitledtocharge
inhisaccountonlytheamountheactually
paidonthesettlement.
SEC.3.Whennotaccountablefordebtsdue
estate.Noexecutororadministratorshallbe
accountablefordebtsduethedeceasedwhich
remainuncollectedwithouthisfault.
SEC.4.Accountableforincomefromrealty
usedbyhim.Iftheexecutororadministrator
usesoroccupiesanypartoftherealestate
himself,heshallaccountforitasmaybe
agreeduponbetweenhimandtheparties
interested,oradjustedbythecourtwiththeir
assent;andifthepartiesdonotagreeupon
thesumtobeallowed,thesamemaybe
ascertainedbythecourt,whosedetermination
inthisrespectshallbefinal.
SEC.5.Accountableifheneglectsordelaysto
raiseorpaymoney.Whenanexecutoror
administratorneglectsorunreasonably
delaystoraisemoney,bycollectingthedebts
orsellingtherealorpersonalestateofthe
deceased,orneglectstopayoverthemoneyhe
hasinhishands,andthevalueoftheestateis
therebylessenedorunnecessarycostor
interestaccrues,orthepersonsinterested
sufferloss,thesameshallbedeemedwaste
andthedamagesustainedmaybecharged
andallowedagainsthiminhisaccount,and
heshallbeliablethereforonhisbond.
SEC.6.Whenallowedmoneypaidascosts.
Theamountpaidbyanexecutoror
administratorforcostsawardedagainsthim
shallbeallowedinhisadministrationaccount,
unlessitappearsthattheactionorproceeding
inwhichthecostsaretaxedwasprosecutedor
resistedwithoutjustcause,andnotingood
faith.
SEC.7.Whatexpensesandfeesallowed
executororadministrator.Nottochargefor
servicesasattorney.Compensationprovided
bywillcontrolsunlessrenounced.An
executororadministratorshallbeallowedthe
andsettlementoftheestate,andforhis
services,fourpesosperdayforthetime
actuallyandnecessarilyemployed,ora
commissionuponthevalueofsomuchofthe
estateascomesintohispossessionandis
finallydisposedofbyhiminthepaymentof
debts,expenses,legacies,ordistributive
shares,orbydeliverytoheirsordevisees,of
twopercentumofthefirstfivethousandpesos
ofsuchvalue,onepercentumofsomuchof
suchvalueasexceedsfivethousandpesosand
doesnotexceedthirtythousandpesos,one
halfpercentumofsomuchofsuchvalueas
exceedsthirtythousandpesosanddoesnot
exceedonehundredthousandpesos,andone
quarterpercentumofsomuchofsuchvalue
asexceedsonehundredthousandpesos.But
inanyspecialcase,wheretheestateislarge,
andthesettlementhasbeenattendedwith
greatdifficulty,andhasrequiredahigh
degreeofcapacityonthepartoftheexecutor
oradministrator,agreatersummaybe
allowed.Ifobjectiontothefeesallowedbe
taken,theallowancemaybereexaminedon
appeal.
Iftherearetwoormoreexecutorsor
administrators,thecompensationshallbe
apportionedamongthembythecourt
accordingtotheservicesactuallyrenderedby
themrespectively.
Whentheexecutororadministratorisan
attorney,heshallnotchargeagainstthe
estateanyprofessionalfeesforlegalservices
renderedbyhim.
Whenthedeceasedbywillmakessomeother
provisionforthecompensationofhisexecutor,
thatprovisionshallbeafullsatisfactionfor
hisservicesunlessbyawritteninstrument
filedinthecourtherenouncesallclaimtothe
compensationprovidedbythewill.
SEC.8.Whenexecutororadministratorto
renderaccount.Everyexecutoror
administratorshallrenderanaccountofhis
administrationwithinone(1)yearfromthe
timeofreceivingletterstestamentaryorof
administration,unlessthecourtotherwise
directsbecauseofextensionsoftimefor
presentingclaimsagainst,orpayingthedebts
of,theestate,orfordisposingoftheestate;
andheshallrendersuchfurtheraccountsas
thecourtmayrequireuntiltheestateis
whollysettled.
SEC.9.Examinationsonoathwithrespectto
account.Thecourtmayexaminethe
executororadministratoruponoathwith
respecttoeverymatterrelatingtoanyaccount
renderedbyhim,andshallsoexaminehimas
tothecorrectnessofhisaccountbeforethe
sameisallowed,exceptwhennoobjectionis
madetotheallowanceoftheaccountandits
correctnessissatisfactorilyestablishedby
competentproof.Theheirs,legatees,
distributees,andcreditorsoftheestateshall
havethesameprivilegeastheexecutoror
administratorofbeingexaminedonoathon
anymatterrelatingtoanadministration
account.
SEC.10.Accounttobesettledonnotice.
Beforetheaccountofanexecutoror
administratorisallowed,noticeshallbegiven
topersonsinterestedofthetimeandplaceof
examiningandallowingthesame;andsuch
noticemaybegivenpersonallytosuchpersons
interestedorbyadvertisementinanewspaper
ornewspapers,orboth,asthecourtdirects.
SEC.11.Suretyonbondmaybepartyto
accounting.Uponthe.settlementofthe
accountofanexecutororadministrator,a
personliableassuretyinrespecttosuch
accountmay,uponapplication,beadmittedas
partytosuchaccounting.
Rule88,Sec.16.Successorofdeadexecutoror
administratormayhavetimeextendedon
noticewithincertainperiod.Whenan
executororadministratordies,andanew
administratorofthesameestateisappointed,
thecourtmayextendthetimeallowedforthe
paymentofthedebtsorlegaciesbeyondthe
timeallowedtotheoriginalexecutoror
administrator,notexceedingsix(6)monthsat
atimeandnotexceedingsix(6)months
Beyondthetimewhichthecourtmighthave
allowedtosuchoriginalexecutoror
administrator;andnoticeshallbegivenofthe
timeandplaceforhearingsuchapplication,as
requiredinthelastprecedingsection.
Notes:
Accountliabilityforthewholeofdecedents
estatewhichhascomeintohispossession,
withalltheinterest,profit,andincome
thereof,andwiththeproceedsofsomuchof
suchestateasissoldbyhim,atthepriceat AlawyerofanE/Amaynotchargethe
whichitwassold
Administratorsliabilityfordamages
(1) Negligenceresultsinwastecommittedin
theestate
(2) Unlawful/illegalacts
CompensationInspecialcases,the
determinationofwhethertheadministration
andliquidationofanestateislarge,havebeen
attendedwithgreaterdifficulty,andhave
requiredahighdegreeofcapacityonthepart
oftheE/Aliesonthesounddiscretionofthe
court
NecessaryExpenses;RightThereto
Administratorisentitledtopossessand
managethedecedentsrealandpersonal
estateaslongasitisnecessaryforthe
paymentofthedebtsandexpensesof
administration.
Same;WhatareIncludedsuchexpensesas
areentailedforthepreservationand
productivityoftheestateandforitsmgtfor
purposeofliquidation,paymentofdebts,and
distributionoftheresidueamongpersons
entitledthereto
Same;ExampleExpensesfortherenovation
andimprovementofthefamilyresidence,
incurredtopreservethefamilyhomeandto
maintainthefamilyssocialstandinginto
communityallowablebecexpenseredounded
tobenefitofallthecoowners
Same;WhatareDisallowed
(1) Expensesontheannivofthedeathofthe
deceased
(2) Thoseincurredbyapresumptiveheirfor
herappearanceandthatofherwitnesses
atthetrialtoopposetheprobateofan
allegedwill
(3) Thosespentforthesettlementofthe
questionaswhoareentitletotheestate
leftbythedeceased
(4) ThoseincurredbytheE/Atoprocurea
bond
(5) Personalexpensesoftheoccupantofthe
heirofthefamilyresidence,e.g.salaryof
householdhelp,lightandwaterbills,cost
gas
(6) Expensesforstenographicnotesand
unexplainedrepresentationexpenses
AdministratormaynotrecoverAttysFees
fromtheEstatehiscompensationisinthe
natureofacommissionandnotofAF.
estateforhisfees,butrather,hisclient.
 WhenherenderedservicestotheE/Ato
assistintheexecutionofhistrust,hisAF
maybeallowedasexpensesof
administrationbuttheestateisnot
directlyliableforhisfees.Itspayment
thereforrestsprimarilyontheE/A.Ifthe
E/Ahadpaidthefees,hewouldbeentitle
toreimbursementfromtheestate.
ProcedureforCollectionofAttysFees
requesttheE/Atomakepaymentandfilean
actionagainsthiminhispersonalcapacity
andnotasanE/Ashouldhefailtopay.If
judgmentisunfavorabletotheE/Aandhe
pays,hemayincludethefeessopaidinhis
accttothecourt.Thelawyeralsomayfilea
petintheTPorIPaskingthatthecourt,after
noticetoallinterestedpersons,allowhis
claimanddirecttheE/Atopayitasan
expenseofadministration
RightofHeirsinquireintothevalueof
servicesofthelawyerandonthenecessityof
hisemployment
MandatoryRenderingofAccountingwithin
1yrfromhisappointment
Same;Naturenotamereincidentofan
adminproceedingwhichcanbewaivedor
disregardedwhenthesameisterminated,but
thatitisadutythathastobeperformedand
dulyacteduponbythecourtbeforethe
administrationisfinallyorderedclosedand
terminated
Same;Exceptionwhenthecourtotherwise
directsbecauseofextensionofthetimefor
presentingclaimsagainsttheestateorfor
payingthedebtsordisposingtheassetsofthe
estate
Same;ExaminationsonOathwithrespectto
everymatterrelatingtohisaccountingand
shallsoexaminehimastothecorrectnessof
theacctbeforethesameisallowed
Theheirs,legatees,distributes,and
creditorsoftheestateshallhavethesame
privilegeastheE/Aofbeingexaminedon
oathonanymatterrelatingtoanadmin
acct
Same;Same;Exceptionwhennoobjection
hasbeenmadetotheallowanceoftheaccount
anditscorrectnessissatisfactorilyestablished
bycompetentproof
6) Revocation of Administration; Death,
Resignation and Removal of Administrators
and Executors; Effects of Acts performed
before Removal, Resignation or Death
Rule82,Sec.2.Courtmayremoveoraccept
resignationofexecutororadministrator.
Proceedingsupondeath,resignation,or
removal.Ifanexecutororadministrator
neglectstorenderhisaccountandsettlethe
estateaccordingtolaw,ortoperformanorder
orjudgmentofthecourt,oradutyexpressly
providedbytheserule.,orabsconds,or
becomesinsane,orotherwiseincapableor
unsuitabletodischargethetrust,thecourt
mayremovehim,or,initsdiscretion,may
permithimtoresign.Whenanexecutoror
administratordies,resigns,orisremoved,the
remainingexecutor.oradministratormay
administerthetrustalone,unlessthecourt
grantsletterstosomeonetoactwithhim.If
thereisnoremainingexecutoror
administrator,administrationmaybegranted
toanysuitableperson.
SEC.3.Actsbeforerevocation,resignation,or
removaltobevalid.Thelawfulactsofan
executororadministratorbeforethe
revocationofhisletterstestamentaryorof
administration,orbeforehisresignationor
removal,shallhavethelikevalidityifthere
hasbeennosuchrevocationresignation,or
removal.
SEC.4.Powersofnewexecutoror
administrator.Renewaloflicensetosellreal
estate.Thepersontowhomletters
testamentaryorofadministrationaregranted
aftertherevocationofformerletters,orthe
death,resignation,orremovalofaformer
executororadministrator,shallhavethelike
powerstocollectandsettletheestatenot
administeredthattheformerexecutoror
administratorhad,andmayprosecuteof
defendactionscommencedbyoragainstthe
formerexecutororadministrator,andhave
executiononjudgmentsrecoveredinthename
ofsuchformerexecutororadministrator.An
authoritygrantedbythecourttotheformer
executoradministratorforthesaleor
mortgageofrealestatemayberenewedin
favorofsuchpersonwithoutfurthernoticeor
hearing.
Notes:
PurposeofAdministrationtheliquidationof
theestateanddistributionoftheresidue
amongtheheirsandlegatees.
Liquidationdeterminationofalltheassets
oftheestateandpaymentofalldebtsand
expenses.Approvaloftheprojectofpartition
doesnotnecessarilyterminateadministration.
DegreeofCareExpectedofAdministrator
Althoughhisisnotaguarantororinsurerof
thesafetyoftheestatenorisheexpectedtobe
infallible,yetthesamedegreeofprudence,
care,andjudgmentwhichapersonofafair
capacityandabilityexercisesinsimilar
transactionsofhisown,servesasthe
standardbywhichhisconductistojudged

Same;TestWONE/Aactedwithutmost
circumspectioninordertopreservetheestate
andguardagainstitsdissipationsoasnotto
prejudiceitscreditorsandtheheirsofthe
decedentwhoareentitledtothenetresidue
thereof

GroundsforRemoval
a. Neglectstorenderanaccountandsettle
theestateaccordingtolaw
b. Neglectstoperformanorderorjudgment
ofthecourt
c. Neglectstoperformadutyexpressly
providedbytheRoC
d. Absconds
e. Becomesinsane
f. Becomesotherwiseincapableor
unsuitabletodischargethetrustcatch
allground

Same;Enumerationnotexclusivee.g.appt
wasobtainedthrumisrepresentations

TemporaryAbsenceintheState/Temporary
residenceoutsideoftheStatenotaground
forremoval

RemovalisSubjecttoDiscretionoftheCourt
sufficiencyoftheground/smustbe
determinedbeforeremoval;theremustbe
evidencetojustifyremoval,i.e.,anactor
omissiononthepartoftheE/Anot
conformabletoorindisregardoftherulesor
theorderofthecourtwhichitdeems
sufficienttowarranthisremoval

EffectonPriorLawfulActsrevocationdoes
notaffecttheactsdoneingoodfaithbythe
E/Abeforehisremovalandsimilarprotection
willbeextendedtorightsacquiredundera
previousgrantofadministration

OrderofRemovalappealable