Chapter 3:Compass navigation= Compas navigaie

Marine compass= Prognoza Compass

In China compasses have been in use since the Han dynasty (2nd century BCE to 2nd century CE) when they were referred to as south-pointers. However at first these magnets were only used for geomancy much like in the art of Feng Shui.= n China compas au fost n uz din dinastia Han (secolul al 2lea BCE pentru a 2a secolul al CE), atunci cnd acestea au fost menionate n continuare "sudindicatori". Cu toate acestea, la prima aceti magnei au fost folosite doar pentru geomancy la fel ca n arta Feng Shui. Eventually, during the Sung dynasty (1000 CE) many trading ships were then able to sail as far as Saudi Arabia using compasses for marine navigation. Between 1405 and 1433, Emperor Chu Ti's Treasure Fleet of the Dragon Throne ruled the entire South Pacific and the Indian Ocean, a territory that ranges from Korea and Japan to the Eastern coast of Africa. = n cele din urm, n timpul dinastiei Sung (1000 CE) nave de tranzacionare de multe au fost apoi n msur s navigheze n msura n care Arabia Saudit folosind compasul pentru navigare marine. ntre 1405 i 1433, Comoara mpratului Chu Ti's flot de pe tron Dragon condus ntreaga Pacificului de Sud i Oceanul Indian, un teritoriu care se ntinde de la Coreea i Japonia, pn la coasta de est a Africii. At this time Western mariners were still rather ignorant of the navigational use of the magnet. Petrus Perigrinus van Maricourt wrote a first treatise on the magnet itself: De Magnete (1269). And though its nautical use was already mentioned in 1187 by the English monk Alexander Neckham, the use onboard only came about around the 13th and 14th century in the Mediterranean Sea. =n acest moment marinari de Vest au fost nc destul de ignorani cu privire la utilizarea de navigaie al unui magnet. Petrus Perigrinus van Maricourt a scris un tratat n primul rnd pe magnetul n sine: "De Magnete" (1269). i dei utilizarea sa marine a fost deja menionat n 1187 de catre calugarul englez Alexandru Neckham, de bord folosi doar despre a venit n jurul secolului al 14-lea i al 13-lea n Marea Mediteran.

Much later, in 1545, Pedro de Medina (Sevilla 1493-1567) wrote the Spanish standard work Arte de Navegar on marine compass navigation. This masterpiece was first translated in Dutch (1580) and was -O Irony- used by Jacob van Heemskerk when the Dutch destroyed the Spanish fleet near Gibraltar in 1607.

The drawback was of course Van Heemskerk's own death during this victory. = Mult mai trziu, n 1545, Pedro de Medina (Sevilla 1493-1567) a scris lucrarea spaniol standard "Arte de Navegar" de la marin busola de navigare. Aceast capodoper a fost tradus n limba olandez (1580) i a fost Ironia-O-utilizate de Jacob van Heemskerk n cazul n care olandez a distrus flota spaniol n apropierea din Gibraltar n 1607. Neajuns a fost, desigur, moartea Van Heemskerk proprii n aceast victorie.

Magnetic Variation= Variant magnetic

In the fin-de-sicle of the sixteenth century mariners believed that the magnetic north pole coincided with the geographic north pole. Any suggestion otherwise had been denied by Pedro de Medina. = n fin-de-sicle al marinarilor secolului XVI crede c polul magnetic de nord a coincis cu Polul Nord geografic.
4 15' W 2009 (8' E) on the Magnetic North arrow means Magnetic Variation 4 15' W in 2009 annual change 8' E (i.e. Magnetic Variation decreasing 8' annually to become 4 07' in 2010).

Orice sugestie altfel ar

fi fost refuzat de ctre Pedro de Medina.

Magnetic variation
4 15' W 2009 (8' Magnetic

E) on the Magnetic North arrow means Variation 4 15' W in 2009 annual change 8' E (i.e. Magnetic Variation decreasing 8' annually to become 4 07' in 2010).

Magnetic observations made by explorers in subsequent decades showed however that these suggestions were true. But it took until the early nineteenth century, to pinpoint the magnetic north pole somewhere in Arctic Canada (78 N , 104 W). From then on the angle between the true North and the Magnetic North could be precisely corrected for. This correction angle is called magnetic variation or declination. = Magnetice observaiile fcute de exploratori din ultimele decenii ulterioare au artat, totui, c aceste sugestii au fost adevrate. Dar a avut, pn la nceputul secolului al XIX-lea, pentru a indica polul nord magnetic undeva n zona arctic Canada (78 N, 104 W). De atunci unghiul dintre Nord adevrat i De

Nord magnetic ar putea fi corectat pentru precizie. Acest unghi de corecie se numete magnetic variaia sau de refuz. It is believed that the Earth's magnetic field is produced by electrical currents that originate in the hot, liquid, outer core of the rotating Earth. The flow of electric currents in this core is continually changing, so the magnetic field produced by those currents also changes. This means that at the surface of the Earth, both the strength and direction of the magnetic field will vary over the years. This gradual change is called the secular variation of the magnetic field. Therefore, variation changes not only with the location of a vessel on the earth but also varies in time. =Se crede c cmpul magnetic al Pamantului este produs de cureni electrici care provin din cele fierbinte, lichid, Core exterioar a Pmntului prin rotaie. Fluxul de cureni electrici n aceast baz se schimb continuu, astfel nct cmpul magnetic produs de cureni, de asemenea, aceste schimbri. Acest lucru nseamn c, la suprafata Pamantului, att puterea i direcia cmpului magnetic va varia-a lungul anilor. Aceast schimbare treptat este numit Variaia secular a cmpului magnetic. Prin urmare, modificrile variaie nu numai cu amplasarea unei nave de pe pmnt, dar, de asemenea, variaz n timp. The correction for magnetic variation for your location is shown on the nearest! nautical chart's compass rose. In this example we find a variation of 4 15' W in 2009, with an indicated annual correction of 0 08' E. Hence, in 2011 this variation is estimated to be 3 59', almost 4 West. This means that if we sail 90 on the chart (the true course), the compass would read 94. =De corecie pentru variaie magnetice pentru locaia dvs. este afiat pe cel mai apropiat! busol diagram nautice au crescut . n acest exemplu, vom gsi o variaie de W 4 15 'n 2009, cu o corecie a indicat anuale de 0 08' E. Prin urmare, n 2011, aceast variant este estimat a fi de 3 59 ', aproape 4 Vest. Acest lucru nseamn c, dac vom naviga 90 pe diagram (curs adevrat), busola-ar citi 94 .

Another example: let's say the compass rose gives a variation of 2 50' E in 2007, with a correction of 0 04' E per year. In 2009 this variation is estimated to be 2 58', almost 3 East. Now, if we sail 90 on the chart, the compass would read 87.= Un alt exemplu: sa spunem Compass Rose ofer o variaie de 2 50 'E n 2007, cu o corecie de 0 04' E pe an. n 2009, aceast variant este estimat la 2 58 ', aproape 3 Est. Acum, dac vom interveni 90 pe diagram, busola-ar citi 87 .

Correcting for variation= Corectarea de variaie

These overlayed compass roses show the difference between true north and magnetic north when the magnetic variation is 10 West. = Aceste trandafiri Innobilate busola arat diferena dintre nordul geografic i nord magnetic cazul n care modificarea magnetic este de 10 Vest. From the image we find: tc = cc + var in which cc and tc stand for compass course and true course, respectively. = De la imaginea gsim: TC = cc + var , n care "Cc"i"tc"Stand pentru" busola curs "i" desigur adevrat ", respectiv. To convert a true course into a compass course we need first assign a - to a Western and a + to a Eastern variation. Note that this makes sense! because of the clockwise direction of the compass rose. Here, the inner circle is turned 10 anticlockwise, hence -10 . = Pentru a converti o Desigur adevrat ntr-un compas curs avem nevoie de atribui n prima, o "-" la o Vest i un "+" la o variaie de Est. Reinei c acest lucru are sens! , din cauza sensul acelor de ceasornic a Compass Rose. Aici, cercul interior este pornit 10 anticlockwise, prin urmare,

--10

Now, use the same but re-written equation: cc = tc - var 235 = 225 - (-10) So, to sail a true course of 225, the helmsman has to steer a compass course of 235. = Acum, utilizai la fel, dar re-ecuaia scris: CC = TC - var 235 = 225 - (-10 )

Deci, pentru a naviga un curs adevrat de 225 , crmaci trebuie s orienteze un compas curs de 235 . To convert a compass course into a true course we can use the original equation. If we have steered a compass course of 200, we have to plot a true course of 203 in the chart if the variation is 3 East or a true course of 190 if the variation is 10 West . = Pentru a converti o compas desigur ntr-un curs de adevrat putem folosi ecuaia iniial. n cazul n care ne-am orientat un compas curs de 200 , avem de a parcelei adevrat un curs de 203 n graficul de variaie n cazul n care este de 3 Est sau un curs adevrat de 190 n cazul n care variaia este de 10 Vest .

Magnetic deviation= Deviere magnetic

Magnetic deviation is the second correctable error. The deviation error is caused by magnetic forces within your particular boat. Pieces of metal, such as an engine or an anchor, can cause magnetic forces. And also stereo and other electric equipment or wiring, if too close to the compass, introduce errors in compass heading. = Abaterea magnetic este eroarea dou correctable. Abaterea de eroare este cauzat de forele magnetice n termen de barca ta special. Piese de metal, cum ar fi un motor sau o ancor, pot cauza forelor magnetice. i, de asemenea, stereo i a altor echipamente electrice sau cablajul, dac sunt prea aproape de compas, s introduc erori n busola poziie. Furthermore, the deviation changes with the ship's heading, resulting in a deviation table as shown below. The vertical axis states the correction in degrees West or East, where East is again positive. =Mai mult, modificrile deviere cu nava lui poziie, rezultnd ntr-un tabel deviaie dup cum se arat mai jos. Axa vertical, statele de corecie n grade Vest sau de Est, n cazul n care de Est este din nou pozitiv.

The horizontal axis states the ship's heading in degrees divided by ten. Thus, when you sail a compass course of 220, the deviation is 4 W. (Note, that on most

modern sailing yachts the deviation is usually not larger than 3). = Axa orizontal Statele navei la poziia n grade mprit la zece. Astfel, atunci cnd navigheaz un compas curs de 220 , abaterea este de 4 W. (Reinei, c, la cele mai multe iahturi care navigheaz moderne abaterea este de obicei, nu mai mari de 3 ). When a compass is newly installed it often shows larger deviations than this and needs compensation by carefully placing small magnets around the compass. It is the remaining error that is shown in your deviation table. = Atunci cnd o busol este nou instalat-o de multe ori arat abaterile mai mare dect aceasta i are nevoie de compensare prin plasarea cu atenie i magneii de dimensiuni mici n jurul busola. Este eroarea rmase, care este prezentat n tabelul de deviere dumneavoastr. You can check your table every now and then by placing your boat in the line of a pair of leading lights and turning her 360 degrees. = Putei verifica masa ta fiecare acum i apoi prin plasarea barca dumneavoastr n linia de o pereche de lumini de conducere si transformarea ei 360 de grade.

Correcting for both deviation and variation=Corectarea att pentru devierea i de variaie
Converting a compass course into a true course, we can still use our equation but we need to add the correction for deviation: cc + var + dev = tc =Convertirea unei compas desigur ntr-un curs de adevrat , Putem folosi n continuare ecuaia noastre, dar avem nevoie pentru a aduga corectare pentru devierea: CC + var + dev = TC

Example 1: The compass course is 330, the deviation is +3 (table) and the variation is +3 (chart); 330 cc + 3 var + 3 dev = ? tc giving a true course of 336 which we can plot in our chart =Exemplul 1: Compass curs este de 330 , abaterea este de 3 (tabelul), precum i variaia este de 3 (grafic); 330 cc + 3 var + 3 dev =? TC oferind un curs adevrat de 336 pe care le putem complot n diagram noastre

Example 2: The compass course is 220, the deviation is -4 (table) and the variation is still +3 (chart).

220 cc + 3 var + -4 dev = ? tc giving a true course of 219. =Exemplul 2: Compass curs este de 220 , abaterea este de -4 (tabelul), precum i variaia este nc 3 (graficul). 220 cc + 3 var + -4 dev =? TC

Example 3: The compass course is still 220, therefore the deviation is still -4 (table) but let's use a variation of -10 this time. 220 cc + -10 var + -4 dev = ? tc giving a true course of 206. =Exemplul 3: Cursul Compass este nc 220 , prin urmare, abaterea este nc -4 (tabelul), dar hai sa utilizeze o variaie de la -10 acest timp. 220 cc -10 + var + -4 dev =? TC oferind un curs adevrat de 206 .

Converting a true course into a compass course is a little less straight forward, but it is still done with the same equation. = Convertirea unei Desigur adevrat ntr-un compas curs este un pic mai puin drept nainte, dar este nc fcut cu aceeai ecuaie.

Example 4: The true course from the chart is 305 and the variation is +3 (chart), yet we don't know the deviation; ? cc + 3 var + ? dev = 305 tc Luckily, we can rewrite this so this reads: cc + dev = 305 tc - + 3 var = 302 =Exemplul 4: Cursul adevrat din diagram este de 305 i variaia este de 3 (graficul), dar nu tim abaterea; ? CC + 3 var +? dev = 305 TC Din fericire, putem rescrie acest lucru pentru acest prevede: CC + dev = 305 TC - + 3 var = 302 In plain English: the difference between the true course and the variation (305 - + 3) = 302 should also be the summation of the compass course and the deviation. So, we can tell our helms person to steer 300, since with a cc of 300 we have a deviation of +2 (As can be deduced from the deviation table above). = n limba englez simplu: diferena dintre cursul adevrat i variaia (305 - + 3) = 302 ar trebui s fie, de asemenea, nsumarea busol cursului i abaterea. Deci, putem spune persoana noastr Helms pentru a pilota 300 , deoarece cu un cc de 300 avem o deviere de 2 (Dup cum se poate deduce din tabelul de abaterea de mai sus).

Example 5: The true course from the chart is 150 and we have a Western variation of 7 degrees (-7). We will use the rewritten equation to get:

150 tc - - 7 var = cc + dev = 157 From the deviation table we find a compass course of 160 with a deviation of -3. =Exemplul 5: Cursul adevrat din diagram este de 150 i avem o variaie de Vest din data de 7 grade (-7 ). Vom folosi ecuaia rescrise pentru a obine: TC 150 - - 7 var = CC + dev = 157 Din tabelul de devierea vom gsi o busol curs de 160 , cu o deviere de -3 . Voil!

Magnetic course=Curs magnetic

sailingissues.com The magnetic course (mc) is the heading after magnetic variation has been considered, but without compensation for magnetic deviation. This means that we are dealing with the rewritten equation from above: tc - var = cc + dev = mc. =The magnetic cursul (MC) este poziia dup ce variaia magnetic a fost luat n considerare, dar fr compensaie pentru devierea magnetice. Acest lucru nseamn c avem de-a face cu ecuaia rescris de mai sus: TC - var = CC + dev = mc. Magnetic courses are used for three reasons: =Cursuri de magnetice sunt utilizate

pentru trei motive: 1. To convert a true course into a compass course like we saw in the last paragraph. = Pentru a transforma un curs adevrat ntr-un compas curs ca si cum am vzut n ultimul paragraf. 2. On vessels with more than one steering compass, also more deviation tables are in use; hence only a magnetic or true course is plotted in the chart. = Pe navele cu mai mult de o busola de direcie, de asemenea, mai multe tabele abaterea sunt n uz, prin urmare, doar un curs de magnetice sau adevrat este n grafic n diagram. 3. Bearings taken with a handheld compass often don't require a correction for deviation, and are therefore useful to plot in the chart as magnetic courses. = Palier luate cu un handheld compas de multe ori nu necesit o corecie

pentru devierea i, prin urmare, sunt utile pentru complot n diagram i cursuri de magnetice.

Note, that the actual course lines the navigator draws in the chart are always true courses! These can subsequently be labeled with the true course or the corresponding magnetic or compass course if appropriate. In the next chapter we will be plotting courses in the chart. = Reinei, c liniile de real cursul Navigator atrage n diagram sunt ntotdeauna cursuri de adevrat! Acestea pot fi, ulterior, etichetate cu cursul adevrat sau magnetice corespunztoare sau busol Desigur, dac este cazul. In capitolul urmtor vom fi trasarea cursuri n diagram. To summarise, we have three types of north (true, magnetic and compass north) like we have three types of courses: tc, mc and cc. All these are related by deviation and variation. = Pentru a rezuma, avem trei tipuri de "Nord" (adevrat, magnetic i busola nord) ca avem trei tipuri de cursuri: TC, MC i cc. Toate acestea sunt legate de deviere i de variaie.

Glossary

Maps with isogonic lines World World World World -

: =Harti cu linii isogonic

overview 2000 =World - privire de ansamblu 2000 detailed 2000 = World - detaliate 2000 detailed 2005 =World - detaliate 2005 animated in time =World - animat n timp

Variation: The angle between the magnetic north pole and the geographic north pole. Also called the magnetic declination . = Variant: Unghiul dintre polul nord magnetic si Polul Nord geografic. De asemenea, numit Declinaie magnetic .

Secular variation: The change of magnetic declination in time with respect to both strength and direction of its magnetic field. = Variaie Secular: Schimbare de Declinaie magnetic n timp, att n ceea ce privete puterea i direcia de domeniul su magnetic.

West (-) , East (+): Western variations or deviations are designated with a negative sign by convention due to the compass card's clockwise direction. = Occidentul (-) , East (+): Variaii de Vest sau abateri sunt desemnate cu un semn

negativ, prin convenie, datorit compas direcia cardului sensul acelor de ceasornic.

Deviation: The error in compass heading caused by electric magnetic currents and or metal objects. = Deviaia: Eroare n Compass poziia cauzate de curenii magnetice i electrice sau obiecte de metal.

Deviation table: A table containing deviations in degrees versus the ship's heading (compass course) in degrees. Usually plotted in a graph. = Tabelul Deviaia: Un tabel care conine abateri n grade fa de poziia navei (compas desigur), n grade. De obicei, reprezentate grafic ntr-un grafic.

True course: Course plotted in the chart i.e. course over the ground or course made good. The course corrected for compass errors. = Bineneles Adevarat: Curs grafic, n cursul adic graficul pe sol sau "curs fcut bine". Cursul corectat pentru busola erori.

Compass course: The course (ship's heading) without the correction for compass errors. = Desigur Compas: Curs (navei rubrica), fr de corecie pentru busola erori.

cc + var + dev = tc : This equation shows the connection between the compass course, its errors and the true course. It can also be read as: tc - var = cc + dev. = CC + var + dev = TC : Aceast ecuaie arat legtura dintre cursul busola, erorile sale i cursul de adevrat. Acesta poate fi citit, de asemenea, ca: TC - var = CC + dev.

http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/geomag/field/magdec_e.php

Geomagnetism

Magnetic declination Geomagnetism Declinaie magnetic

Over much of the Earth's surface, compass needles point roughly north. However, because of the complex shape of the Earth's magnetic field there are few places where a compass needle will point exactly north. A compass lines up with the horizontal component (http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/geomag/field/comp_e.php)of the magnetic field in a direction called magnetic north. True north, on the other hand is the direction from a given location to the north geographic pole. The angle between magnetic north and true north is called magnetic declination. Many people believe that a compass needle points at the North Magnetic Pole. (http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/geomag/field/arctics_e.php) This is not true; if you follow your compass needle you will eventually arrive at the North Magnetic Pole, but not by the most direct route. Peste o mare parte din suprafaa Pmntului, busola ace punct de aproximativ nord. Cu toate acestea, din cauza formei complexe ale cmpului magnetic al Pamantului, exist cteva locuri n cazul n care un ac de busola va indica exact spre nord. O busol linii de sus cu component orizontal a cmpului magnetic ntr-o direcie numit nord magnetic. Spre nord-adevr, pe de alt parte este direcia de la o locaie dat la Polul Nord geografic. Unghiul dintre nordul magnetic i nordul adevrat se numete Declinaie magnetic. Multi oameni cred ca un compas puncte de ac, la Polul Nord magnetic. Acest lucru nu este adevrat, i dac vei urma dvs. de busol acul va ajunge n cele din urm la Polul Nord magnetic, dar nu i pe calea cea mai direct.

Terminology Both declination and variation are used to describe the angle between magnetic north and true north. The term deviation is also used from time to time. Here is an explanation of the differences between the three terms. Ambele refuzate i variaie sunt folosite pentru a descrie unghiul dintre nordul magnetic i nord adevrat. Abaterea Termenul este folosit, de asemenea, din timp n timp. Aici este o explicaie a diferenelor ntre cele trei termeni.

Declination: This is the term preferred by those who study the magnetic field; it is also the term most commonly used by land navigators. Sometimes the term "magnetic declination" is used. Acesta este termenul preferat de cei care studiu cmpul magnetic, este, de asemenea, termenul cel mai frecvent utilizate de ctre navigatori teren. Uneori, termenul de "Declinaie magnetic" este folosit. Variation: This term is preferred by mariners and pilots because the word "declination" also has an astronomical usage - the angle of a star or planet above the celestial equator. However, the word "variation" is used by geomagneticians to refer to time changes in the magnetic field. Acest termen este preferat de marinari i piloi, deoarece cuvntul "refuz", de asemenea, are o utilizare astronomic - unghiul de o stea sau planet de mai sus ecuatorul ceresc. Cu toate acestea, cuvntul "variaia" este folosit de geomagneticians pentru a se referi la schimbrile de timp n cmpul magnetic. Deviation: In a vehicle such as a ship or aircraft, a compass is influenced by the magnetism of the iron used in the construction of the vehicle as well as the Earth's magnetic field. This causes the compass needle to point in the wrong direction. This directional error is called "deviation". Many people incorrectly use deviation when they mean declination. ntr-un vehicul, cum ar fi o nav sau aeronav, un compas este influenat de magnetismul de fier utilizate n construcia vehiculului, precum i cmpul magnetic al Pamantului. Acest lucru face ca acul busolei la punctul

n direcia greit. Aceasta eroare de direcie se numeste "deviaie". Multe persoane utilizeaz n mod incorect, atunci cnd abaterea medie de refuz. The first known determination of magnetic declination was made by the Chinese in about 720 AD. In Europe, the concept of declination was known in the early 1400s, but the first precise measurement of declination was not made until 1510, when Georg Hartman determined the declination in Rome. The importance of declination for navigation was obvious. Mariners quickly devised methods for determining it and began compiling declination values from locations around the world. In 1700 Edmund Halley came up with the idea of showing declination as contour lines on a map ; he used this novel concept to produced the first declination chart of the Atlantic Ocean. Declination charts have been produced on a regular basis ever since. Determinarea primul cunoscut de Declinaie magnetic a fost fcut de chinezi n aproximativ 720 AD. n Europa, conceptul de refuz a fost cunoscut n anii 1400 la nceput, dar prima msurare precis a Declinaie nu a fost fcut pn n 1510, cnd Georg Hartman determinat refuz de la Roma. Importana Declinaie pentru navigare a fost evident. Marinari rapid conceput metode de stabilire a acestuia i a nceput compilarea valorile Declinaie din locaii din ntreaga lume. n 1700 Edmund Halley a venit cu ideea de a arta Declinaie ca linii de contur pe o hart, el a folosit acest concept nou pentru a produs primul grafic Declinaie din Oceanul Atlantic. Diagramele Declinaie au fost produse n mod regulat de atunci.

Figure 16: Halley map Harta Halley The secular variation(http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/geomag/field/sec_e.php) of the magnetic field causes declination to change with time. Changes in declination can be quite large. At Yellowknife, NWT, for example, the declination is changing by more than one degree every three years. On the other hand, at Ottawa, the yearly change in declination is almost zero. The diagram shows the change in declination at several locations in Canada. The Variaia secular a cmpului magnetic cauzele Declinaie pentru a schimba cu timpul. Modificri n declin pot fi destul de mari.

La Yellowknife, NWT, de exemplu, Declinaie este n continu schimbare de mai mult de un grad la fiecare trei ani. Pe de alt parte, la Ottawa, se schimba anual n Declinaie este aproape de zero. Diagrama arat schimbare n declin n mai multe localiti n Canada.

Figure 17: Secular variation Variaia Secular Magnetic declination also undergoes changes that are much more rapid than secular variation and are a result of magnetic activity(http://www.spaceweather.gc.ca/svr-eng.php). These variations can be smooth and cyclic, with amplitudes of several minutes of arc in southern Canada, or, during magnetic storms, large and erratic. Declinaie magnetic, de asemenea, sufer schimbri, care sunt mult mai rapid dect variaie secular i sunt un rezultat al magnetice de activitate. Aceste variaii pot fi netede i ciclice, cu amplitudinile de mai multe minute de arc n Canada de sud, sau, n timpul furtunilor magnetice, mari i neregulat. Changes in declination become increasingly as one approaches the North Magnetic Pole, (http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/geomag/field/compass_e.php) a result of the weak horizontal component of the magnetic field. The number of times per year that a compass user will be affected by changes in declination caused by magnetic storms will depend both on the user's application and location. The diagram shows the percentage of days in a typical year during which magnetic declination will fluctuate by more than a given amount from its normal value. Modificri n declin deveni din ce n ce ca fiind unul se apropie de Polul Nord magnetic, Un rezultat al slab

component orizontal a cmpului magnetic. Numrul de ori pe an, pe care un utilizator busol vor fi afectate de schimbrile n Declinaie cauzate de furtunile magnetice va depinde att cu privire la cererea utilizatorului i de locaie. Diagrama arat procentajul de zile ntr-un an tipic n care Declinaie magnetic va fluctua cu mai mult de o anumit sum de la valoarea sa normal.

Figure 18: Probability of deviations Probabilitatea de abateri larger image

[GIF, 199.8 kb, 2177 X 1970, notice]

Most standard orienteering compasses have a precision of about 2 degrees. It can be seen that in Southern Canada users of such compasses will seldom experience fluctuations larger than 2 degrees. However, someone on a canoe trip in the NWT would find his or her compass in error by more than 2 degrees on more than 1 day in 4. Cele mai multe orientare standard busole au o precizie de aproximativ 2 grade. Se poate observa c, n sudul utilizatorii Canada a busole astfel de experienta rareori fluctuaii mai mari de 2 grade. Cu toate acestea, cineva intr-o

excursie n canoe NWT s-ar gsi busola lui sau ei n eroare de ctre mai mult de 2 grade pe mai mult de 1 zi, n 4.

How to determine declination There are several ways for compass users to determine declination: Exist mai multe moduri pentru a busola pentru a determina utilizatorii Declinaie: From a map: ... Dintr-o hart: Canadian topographic charts contain a diagram in the margin which gives the declination for the year in which the chart was published. Beneath the diagram is a statement informing the user about the annual change of declination. By multiplying the annual change by the number of years that have elapsed since the chart was published and adding the total change to the published declination value, the user obtains the present day declination. Canadian diagramele topografice conin o diagram n marja de care d Declinaie pentru anul n care a fost publicata diagrama. Sub diagrama este o declaraie a informa utilizatorul despre schimbarea anual de refuz. Prin nmulirea modificare anual cu numrul de ani care au trecut de la graficul a fost publicat i adugarea de schimbarea total la valoarea publicat Declinaie, utilizatorul obine refuz de azi.

Figure 19: Topo declination diagramTopo diagrama Declinaie

Statement of magnetic declaration taken from Canadian topographic map: Declaraia de declaraie magnetice luate de la harta canadieni topografice: "Magnetic declination 1992 varies from 1605 easterly at centre of west edge to 1403 easterly at centre of east edge. Mean annual change decreasing 11.5." "Declinaie Magnetic 1992 variaz de la 16 05 'est, de la centrul de margine de la vest la 14 03' est, de la centrul de margine de est. Modificarea medie anual n scdere 11.5". " Here is an example: Aici este un exemplu: Declination in 1998: 13 15 W Declinaie n 1998: W 13 15 ' Annual change: decreasing 5 Schimba anual: descresctoare a 5 ' Since the annual change is decreasing, treat it as negative. Therefore Declination in 2003 is: Avnd n vedere c modificare anual este n scdere, trata-o ca negativ. Prin urmare, Declinaie n 2003 este: = 13 15 W - 5 x 5 = 13 15 W - 25 = 12 50 W It is important to remember that the annual change does not remain constant with time. Therefore, using the annual change to update the declination on an old map is likely to result in an error in the updated declination. Este important s ne amintim c schimbarea anual nu rmn constante n timp. Prin urmare, folosind modificare anual de actualizare a Declinaie pe o hart veche este de natur s conduc la o eroare n refuz actualizat. It is also important to know that the declination shown in the diagram on the topographic map is not the true declination. Declination is defined as the angle between magnetic north and the true north. However, the diagram on the topographic map sheet gives the value of the angle between magnetic north and grid north, which is referenced to the grid lines shown on the map. This angle is properly called grid declination. The angle between grid north and true north is called the convergence angle. To obtain the true declination it is necessary to add or subtract the convergence angle to the Grid Declination. The diagram illustrates four possible combinations. De asemenea, este important de tiut c Declinaie prezentat n diagrama de pe hart topografic refuz nu este adevrat. Declinaie este definit ca fiind unghiul dintre nordul magnetic i nord adevrat. Cu toate acestea, diagrama pe foaia de hart topografic d valoarea de unghiul dintre nordul magnetic i nordul reelei, care se face referire la liniile grila afiat pe hart. Acest unghi este numit n mod corespunztor refuz gril. Unghiul dintre nordul reea i nord adevrat se numete unghiul de convergen. Pentru a obine Declinaie adevrat, este necesar s se adauge sau scade unghiul de convergen pentru a Declinaie Grid. Diagrama ilustreaz patru combinaii posibile.

Figure 20: grid (square), true (star) and magnetic north (arrow) gril (ptrat), adevrate (stele) i polul nord magnetic (sgeata) In the diagram, n diagrama, -the star indicates true north; the stea indica adevrat latitudine nordic; -the square indicates grid north; the ptrat indica grila latitudine nordic; -the arrow indicates magnetic north; the sgeata indica magnetic latitudine nordic; -G refers to grid declination; G se refer la refuz reea; -C is the convergence angle; C este unghiul de convergen; -D refers to the declination. D. se refer la refuz. All quantities are considered positive. Four cases are illustrated: Toate cantitile sunt considerate pozitive. Patru cazuri sunt ilustrate: 1.Magnetic north west of true north; grid north west of true north; Magnetice la vest la nord de nord adevrat; gril nord-vest de nord adevrat;

2.Magnetic north west of true north; grid north east of true north; Magnetice la vest la nord de nord adevrat; gril nord-est de nord adevrat; 3.Magnetic north east of true north; grid north west of true north; Magnetice de nord-est de nord adevrat; gril de nord vest de nord adevrat; 4.Magnetic north east of true north; grid north east of true north. Magnetic nord-est de nord adevrat; gril nord-est de nord adevrat. Declination is also shown on aeronautical charts as contour lines and on hydrographic (marine) charts either as contour lines or in the form of a compass rose, depending on the scale of the chart. In all cases, true declination is given. Declinaie este, de asemenea, indicate pe hri aeronautice ca linii de contur i pe hidrografice (marin) diagrame fie ca linii de contur sau n form de compas a crescut, n funcie de scara a diagramei. n toate cazurile, Declinaie adevrat este dat. From a magnetic declination chart: ... Dintr-o diagram Declinaie magnetic: Natural Resources Canada produces a 1:10000000 scale chart showing lines of equal magnetic declination and annual change over Canada. The charts are based on the Canadian Geomagnetic Reference Field, a mathematical model of the magnetic field produced every five years. The latest charts are for 2000. A simplified version of the chart is shown here. Natural Resources Canada produce o scar de 1:10000000 grafic care indic liniile de Declinaie egale magnetice i a schimbrilor anuale de peste Canada. Diagrame se bazeaz pe Canadian Geomagnetic Reference Field, Un model matematic al cmp magnetic produs la fiecare cinci ani. Cele mai recente diagrame sunt pentru anul 2000. O versiune simplificat a diagram este prezentat aici.

Figure 21: simple D chart diagram simpl D The complete chart, at a slightly reduced scale, may be downloaded in pdf format. Diagram complet, la o scar redus uor, pot fi descrcate n format pdf. Charts of magnetic declination for the world are also available from the UK Hydrographic Office. Grafice de Declinaie magnetic pentru nimic n lume sunt de asemenea disponibile de la Marea Britanie hidrografic Office. From the declination calculator: ... De la calculator Declinaie: The declination calculator is a simple an easy way to calculate up-to-date declination for any location on Earth. Simply enter the Year, Latitude and Longitude of your location and the declination calculator will give you the declination based on the latest magnetic reference field models. The Calculatorul declin este un simplu o modalitate simpl de a calcula up-toDeclinaie data pentru orice locaie de pe Pamant. Pur i simplu introducei An, longitudinea i latitudinea locaia dumneavoastr i calculatorul Declinaie v va da refuz bazat pe cele mai recente modele de referin cmp magnetic.