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964/2
1 Centre number : TRIAL 2012 BIOLOGY PAPER2 STRUCTURE AND ESSAY Two and a half hours
JABATAN PELAJARAN NEGERI KELANTAN SIJIL TINGGI PERSEKOLAHAN MALAYSIA Instructions to candidates: DO NOT OPEN THIS QUESTION PAPER UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO. Answer all questions in Section A. Write your answers in the spaces provided. Answer any four questions in Section B. Write your answers on the answer sheets provided. Begin each answer on a fresh sheet of paper and arrange your answers in numerical order. Tie your answer sheets to this question paper. Answers should be illustrated by large and clearly labeled diagrams wherever suitable. Answers may be written in either English or Bahasa Malaysia. For examiners use Section A 1 2 3 4 Section B
Total
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[1 mark]
(ii)
[2
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[3 marks]
A : B : C : (c) What is the function of the channel labeled in the diagram? [1 mark]
(d) Many substances are said to be actively transported across membranes. Explain what is meant by active transport. [2 marks]
(e) Suggest one possible function of the carbohydrate chains attached to the surface of the membrane. [1 mark]
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2 The diagram below shows a section through a mitochondrion as seen using an electron microscope.
(a)
[3 marks]
A :.................................................. B :............... C: ... (b) (i) Use the letters on the diagram to locate the part of the mitochondrion, [1 mark]
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... . (c) Calculate the actual length of the mitochondrion , if the magnification is x70000. Show your working and give your answer in suitable units. marks] [3
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3 The graph below shows the change in membrane potential during the passage of a nerve impulse.
(a)
(i)
[1 mark]
(ii)
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[1 mark]
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(b) Which labelled part of the graph corresponds to: (i) depolarization of the axon membrane? [1 mark] (ii) repolarisation of the axon membrane? [ 1 mark]
(c) Describe briefly what happens to the axon membrane: (i) At P marks] ........ (ii) At R marks] ........... ..... (d) Explain why the membrane is more negative at S. [2 marks] [2 [2
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4. The pedigree below shows the inheritance of red-green colour blindness .Red-green colour blindness is a sex-linked recessive condition. The gene for colour blindness is carried on the X-chromosome.
[2 marks]
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(b) Assuming that the alleles C and c control the expression of the trait, state the genotype of the following individuals labelled A, B, C, D and E. A:. B:. C:. D:.. E:.. [5 marks]
(c) By means of a genetic diagram , what is the probability of a red green colur blindness father and a mother carrying the allele for red green colour blindness having a red green colour blindness daughter? [3 marks]
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Section B [60 marks] Answer any four questions in this section 5 (a) Draw and label the general structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). (b) DNA replicates during interphase. Describe this process. [2 marks] [13 marks]
[15 marks]
7 (a) Describe the process of ultrafiltration and selective reabsorption that occurs in the kidney. [11 marks] (b) Explain how the kidney produces urine that is more concentrated than blood. [4 marks]
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8 Some organisms overcome the harsh conditions of the environment by hibernation, aestivation or diapauses. Explain the importance of each of the phenomenom for the survival in animals. [15 marks]
(a) What is meant by vector in DNA cloning? State the characteristics of this vector. [5 marks] (b) Describe how DNA cloning is carried out by bacteria. [10 marks]
10
(a) Describe the genetic and environmental factors that cause variation in an organism. [12 marks] (b) Explain the importance of variation in a population. [3 marks]
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12
Marking Scheme 1(a)(i) fluid mosaic model 1 [1 mark] (ii) scattered mosaic arrangement of proteins that float in the phospholipid layer The lipid and protein molecules can move laterally (and rotate on their axis) 1 1 [2marks] (b) A : phopholipid bilayer B : extrinsic/peripheral protein C : intrinsic protein 1 1 1 [3 marks] (c) To allow transport of polar molecules and ions across the membrane by 1 facilitated diffusion [1 mark]
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(d)
Movement of polar molecules/ions across the membrane Against the concentration gradient Requires ATP
1 1 1 Any 2 pt [2 marks]
(e)
For cell recognition To act as receptors/binding sites for chemical signals For cell adhesion /to stick the correct cells together
2 (a)
1 1 1 [3 marks]
(b) B (i)
1 [1mark]
(ii) electrons flow through a series of electron carriers/ ETS electrons are transferred to the final electron acceptor oxygen producing water ATP is generated from ADP and phosphate inorganic
1 1 1 [3 marks]
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Magnification = 79 x 103 m 70000 = 1.13 m 1 [3 marks] Total :10 3 (a) Is the potential difference between the inside and outside of an axon membrane 1 (i) when the axon is in a resting state [1mark] (ii) - 70mV 1 [1mark] (b) P (i) [1mark] (ii) R 1 [1mark] (c) (i) More Na+ ions channels open //influx/rapid diffusion of Na+ ions into the axon Membrane is polarized/ potential inside the membrane is positive 1 1 [2 marks] (ii) K+ions channels open//K+ ions diffuse out of the axon 1 1 1
Membrane is repolarised/potential inside the membrane becomes negative 1 again [2 marks] (d) Sodium channels are closed and potassium channels remain opened K+ ions continue to flow out 1 1 [2 marks] Total:10
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4 (a)
The X chromosome is much larger than Y chromosome Carries genes for non-sexual characteristics as well as those determining sex
1 1 [2 marks]
(b)
1 1 1 1 1 [5 marks]
(c) P
Gamet
XC
Xc
Xc
progeny
XCXc
XcY maleRGB 1
female carrier
1 4
[3 marks] Total: 10
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(a)
(b)
the method of DNA replication is proposed by Watson and Crick is known as semi-conservative replication. the hydrogen bonds between the bases break, the DNA double helix unwind forming a replication fork process is catalysed by enzyme helicase each strand acts as a template for the formation of a new strand DNA polymerase catalyses the synthesis of new daughter strand on the template strand continuously in the 5 to 3 direction free DNA nucleotides join up to the exposed bases by specific base-pairing adenine pairs with thymine and cytosine with guanine the leading strand is synthesized continuously in a direction towards the replication fork the lagging strand is synthesized as a series of segments called Okazaki fragments in a direction away from the replication fork DNA ligase join the sugar-phosphate backbones of Okazaki fragments to form a single strand specific base pairing has ensured that two identical copies of the original DNA have been formed each new DNA molecule contains one old and one new strand
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
16 max 13
process that occurs at the granum of chloroplast is light reaction reactions requiring light i. Light reaction takes place in two pathways i.e cyclic photophosphorylation and
1 1 1
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Non-cyclic photophosphorylation
PSII/P680 absorbed light energy and the electrons become excited electrons are accepted by the primary electron acceptors electrons are then transferred to PS1/P700
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
through electrons transport system in chemiosmosis process PS1/P700 absorbed light energy and the electrons are excited electrons are transferred to the primary electrons acceptors
which is then transferred to NADP + to produce NADPH water molecules split up/photolysis of water take place releasing electrons and H+ to replace electrons in PSII/P680
Cyclic photophosphorylation
PSI/P700 absorbed light energy which excite the electrons to a high energy level
electrons are accepted by the primary electron acceptors
1 1 1 1
19 max 15
through electrons transport system electrons are recycled back to PS1/P700 ATP is produced from ADP
7 (a)
Ultrafiltration blood in the glomerulus undergoes ultra-filtration in the glomerulus hydrostatic pressure is higher compared to the osmotic pressure caused by the diameter of efferent arteriole which is smaller than the diameter of afferent arteriole
1 1
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1
the numerous tiny pores or fenestrations (0.1m in diameter) between the endothelium cells of capillary walls permits many smaller molecules to pass through bigger molecules such as plasma protein and red blood cells are retained
in the blood glomerular filtrate has a chemical composition similar to that of the blood plasma / contains glucose, amino acids, vitamins, some hormones, urea, uric acid ,creatinine, ions and water but without white and red blood cells, platelets and plasma protein molecules such as albumins and globulins
1
6 Max 4
Reabsorption all glucose and amino acids are actively reabsorbed from the filtrate into the
1
proximal convoluted tubule cells some sodium ions are actively reabsorbed here a large volume of water are reabsorbed by osmosis from the tubule to the blood (the descending limb is permeable to water) water is drawn out by osmosis to the interstitial fluid in the medulla the loss of water concentrates Na+ and Cl- in the descending limb (the ascending limb is impermeable to water) sodium and chloride ions diffuse out from the thin segment the thick ascending limb actively transport sodium and chloride ions from the filtrate into the medulla this raises the osmotic concentration of the tissue fluid in the medulla as a result water is reabsorbed from the collecting duct and descending limb by osmosis the loop of Henle functions as a countercurrent multiplier. active reabsorption of sodium ,chloride and calcium ions ions occur in the distal convoluted tubule
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1
1 1
11 max 7
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(b) (b)
Production of urine which is more concentrated than blood is due to uptake of water by osmosis from the glomerular filtrate into the blood cappilaries occurs as a result of increased permeabilities of the walls of convoluted distal tubule and collecting ducts to water caused by the presence of ADH/anti-diuretic hormone diffusion of urea out of the collecting ducts into the interstitial region of the medulla increases the osmotic concentration resulting in the removal of water.
1
1 1 1 5 max 4 Total 15
Hibernation is a period of relatively low metabolic activity associated with periods of low temperature/in winter enables hibernating species of amphibian, reptiles, birds and mammals to survive at times when food is in short supply/to save its stored food by reducing their energy demands to a low level involves a fall in body temperature to that of environment and a reduction in heart rate, ventilation rate, metabolic rate, growth and development Stored fat in the mammals tissues are used to provide energy for endotherm, hibernation is a way to maintain body temperature during cold season
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 max 5
Aestivation
1
as response to drought season/hot/dry eg: lungfish/amphibian/snail/worm/insect can live in dry swamp/drought/summer by digging/move in mud
1 1
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20
1 1 1 1 7 max5
undergo a period of metabolic inactivity secrete a layer of slime which open on its lips to breathe atmospheric air which enables them to survive conditions of extreme dehydration during aestivation period, the stored fat and part of muscle tissue/protein is used
Can occur at any stage in the life cycle : egg, larva, pupa or adult. Main factors inducing diapause: daylength(photoperiod), food availability,temperature and moisture.
Example: the Silkworm Bombyx mori has an embryonic 1 diapause (egg stage), enter diapause when expose to periods of long daylength. diapause occur to overcome unfavourable condition
1 1 6 max 5 Total :15
organised its life cycle with environmental condition/food/light period/ organised season/chances/mating period
9 (a)
Vectors are: - DNA molecules that is used to carry foreign DNA into a host cell. - Examples : plasmids and the bacteriophage .
1 1 [2 marks]
Characteristics
- must be able to replicate its own DNA. - must at least has one specific restriction sites that can be recognized by restriction enzymes - must carry at least a selectable marker gene; eg ampR (antibiotic resistance)
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1 1 1
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1 1 5 max 3 Total: 5
- can be easily extracted from its host/easier to insert into bacteria - very small in size
(b)
- target DNA from the donor cells are isolated /extracted - target DNA cleaved/cut into fragments - by specific restriction / endonuclease enzymes - DNA fragments require vectors/plasmids - plasmids are cut/cleaved by the same restriction enzyme - DNA fragments are inserted into the plasmid - forming recombinant DNA - using DNA ligase - recombinant DNA are inserted into bacterial host cells - by transformation /transduction - amplification of recombinant plasmids/ copies of recombinant plasmids are produced by replication - screening of recombinant DNA - the recombinant DNA /required plasmids are extracted from the bacterial cell
10 (a)
Genetic factors Sexual reproduction sexual reproduction involves the processes of gamete formation meiosis allows genes to be reshuffled occurs during prophase I and metaphase I
1
meiosis during 1
1 1
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1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 17 max 9
during prophase I, crossing over occurs resulting in the exchange of genetic materials between two homologous chromosomes during metaphase I, segregation of chromosomes occurs combination of these two processes produces a wide variety of different gametes. fertilization between the varied male and female gamete is random zygote produced contains numerous combination of genotypes
Mutation Gene and chromosomal mutation Produces a change in the genotypes which causes the appearance of a new characteristics
Hybridisation A cross between individual belonging to two different varieties produces individuals with different traits from the parents generating more variation
Environmental factors Contributes to variable gene expression among individuals can only cause changes in the phenotype The characteristics are not inherited Variation due to environmental sources is reversible
1 1 1 1 4 max3 Toatal: 12
(b)
Importance of variation: Causes some individuals in a population to be better adapted for survival than others Enables a population to inhabit a larger range of habitat and niche
1
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1 1
A population with little variability has reduced capacity to adapt to environmental changes which may lead to the extinction of the population or the whole species is considered as the raw material for the process of natural selection.
5 max 3 Total:15
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