ENGLISH GRAMMAR (Inma)

SIMPLE PRESENT
FORMACIN
Afirmativa
I talk You talk He talks She talks It talks We talk You talk They talk

Negativa
Long I do not talk You do not talk He does not talk She does not talk It does not talk We do not talk You do not talk They do not talk Short I dont talk You dont talk he doesnt talk She doesnt talk It doesnt talk We dont talk You dont talk They dont talk

Interrogativa
Do I talk ? Do you talk ? Does he talk ? Does she talk ? Does it talk ? Do we talk ? Do you talk ? Do they talk ?

USOS
For permanent situations // Para situaciones permanentes She works in an office For repeated actions in the present, especially with adverbs of frequency // Para acciones habituales que se repiten en el presente, especialmente con adverbios de frecuencia He often buys her flowers For facts which are permanently // Para expresar verdades universales Water boils at 100C The Earth runs around the Sun For timetables or programmes // Con horarios y programas (suele tener sentido futuro) The lesson starts at 10 oclock

TIME EXPRESSIONS USED WITH PRESENT SIMPLE // EXPRESIONES DE TIEMPO UTILIZADAS CON PRESENTE SIMPLE
Usually always never every day / week / month / year rarely at nigths often sometimes In the evening / morning / afternoon seldom, etc...

Adverbs of frequency are placed before main verbs but after auxiliay / modal verbs // Los adverbios de frecuencia se sitan delante de los verbos principales, pero detrs de los verbos modales o de los verbos auxiliares. He often goes to the theatre. He is never late. Some verbs appear rarely in the continuous form. These verbs express a permanent state and they are: // Existen una serie de verbos que raramente aparecen en la forma contnua. Estos verbos expresan un estado permanente y son: appear(= seem) feel know prefer smell understand be forget like realise sound want..... believe hate love remember suppose belong cost have(=possess) mean need see seem taste think

ENGLISH GRAMMAR (Inma)

PRESENT CONTINUOUS
FORMACIN
Afirmativa
Long I am talking You are talking He is talking She is talking It is talking We are talking You are talking They are talking Short Im talking Youre talking Hes talking Shes talking Its talking Were talking Youre talking Theyre talking Long

Negativa
Short I am not talking Im not talking You are not talking You arent talking He is not talking He isnt talking She is not talking She isnt talking It is not talking It isnt talking We are not talking We arent talking You are not talking You arent talking They are not talking They arent talking

Interrogativa
Am I talking ? Are you talking ? Is he talking ? Is she talking ? Is it talking ? Are we talking ? Are you talking ? Are they talking?

USOS
For temporary situations // Para situaciones temporales Hes staying with some friends at the moment For actions happening at or around the time of speaking // Para acciones que suceden en el momento de la charla o en un tiempo muy cercano a ella Hes looking for a new job at the moment With always to espress annoyance or criticism // Con el adverbio always para expresar enfado o crtica Hes always telling lies! (Siempre est diciendo mentiras) For fixed arrangements in the near future. // Para compromisos o citas ya fijadas en un futuro prximo. (con sentido futuro) Im flying to London tomorrow (todo est arreglado. Ya se han comprado los billetes)

TIME EXPRESIONS USED WITH PRESENT CONTINUOUS EXPRESIONES DE TIEMPO UTILIZADAS CON PRESENTE CONTNUO
At present at the moment this week / month / year now tonight

//

NOTE.- The verb have is used only in the Simple tenses when it means possess.Otherwise, it is used in the Continuous tenses as well // El verbo have se utiliza slo en presente simple cuando significa possess. En el resto de los casos, se utiliza tanto en el presente simple como en el contnuo. I have two cars at present BUT She is having a bath now

ENGLISH GRAMMAR (Inma)

PAST SIMPLE
FORMACIN
We form the Past Simple of regular verbs by adding -ed // verbos regulares se forma aadiendo -ed al infinitivo. Afirmativa I stayed You stayed He stayed She stayed It stayed We stayed You stayed They stayed Negativa Long Short I did not stay I didnt stay You did not stay You didnt stay He did not stay He didnt stay She did not stay She didnt stay It did not stay It didnt stay We did not stay We didnt stay You did not stay You didnt stay They did not stay They didnt stay El Pasado Simple de los Interrogativa Did I stay ? Did you stay ? Did he stay ? Did she stay ? Did it saty ? Did we stay ? Did you stay ? Did they stay ?

USOS
For actions which happenedd at a stated time in the past (sequence of actions) // Para acciones que han ocurrido en un tiempo ya pasado He sold his car two years ago He finished his work al 7 oclock To express a past state or habit // Para expresar hbitos o situaciones pasadas When she was young she lived in a small flat For past actions which happened one after the other // Para acciones pasadas que sucedieron una detrs de otra (secuencia de acciones) She put on her coat, took her bag and left the house. For a past action whose time is not mencioned andd which is not connected with the present // Para acciones en las que el tiempo no se menciona, las cuales no estn conectadas con el presente y no pueden volver a suceder. I saw Elvis Presley.- (no le volv a ver y no puedo volver a verlo porque l est muerto.- Ocurri en un perodo de tiempo ya acabado)

TIME EXPRESSIONS USED WITH PAST SIMPLE TIEMPO UTILIZADAS CON PASADO SIMPLE
yesterday then when last nigth / week / month / year a week / month / year ago etc...

//

EXPRESIONES DE

two days ago in 1980

Existen verbos que suelen utilizarse en Pasado Simple. La lista es la misma que la vista para Presente Simple.

ENGLISH GRAMMAR (Inma)

PAST CONTINUOUS
FORMACIN
PASADO CONTNUO: WAS / WERE + VERB - ING Afirmativa
I was helping You were helping He was helping She was helping It was helping We were helping You were helping They were helping

Negativa
Long I was not helping you were not helping he was not helping she was not helping It was not helping we were not helping you were not helping they were not helping Short I wasnt helping you werent helping he wasnt helping she wasnt helping It wasnt helping we werent helping you werent helping they werent helping

Interrogativa
Was I helping ? were you helping ? was he helping ? Interrog-Negativa Wasnt I helping ? Werent you helping ? Wasnt he helping ? Wasnt she helping ?

USOS
For an action that was in the middle of happening at a stated time in the past // Para una accin que estaba en mitad de otra accin que sucedi en el pasado At 8 oclock last night she was watching TV.- (ella empez a ver la tele a las 6 y continuo hasta las 9, por lo que a las 8 estaba en mitad de la accin de ver la televisin) For two or more actions which were happening at the same time in the past (simultaneous actions) // Para dos o ms acciones que ocurrieron al mismo tiempo en el pasado.(Acciones simultneas) They were dancing while he was playing the guitar For a past action which was in progress when another action interrupted it.We use Past Continuous for the interrupted action and Past Simple for the action which interrupts it. // Para contar una accin que se estaba desarrollando en el pasado cuando otra la interrumpi. Utilizamos el Pasado Contnuo para la accin interumpida (accin ms larga) y Pasado Simple para la accin ms corta que interrumpe a la otra. He was painting the bedroom when suddenly he fell off the ladder To describe the background to events in a story // Para describir una escena y la accin que ocurre en una historia antes de la accin principal We were walking in the woods. It was raining hard...

TIME WORDS USED WITH THE PAST CONTINUOUS // UTILIZADAS CON PASADO SIMPLE
while when as

PALABRAS

ENGLISH GRAMMAR (Inma)

RELATIVES
Los pronombres relativos (who, whose, whom, which, that) se utilizan para introducir frases subordinadas. Sujeto del verbo de la frase subordinada (No se puede omitir)
USED FOR PEOPLE

Objeto del verbo de la frase subordinada (Se puede omitir) WHO/WHOM/THAT This is the man (whom/that) we hired last monday WHICH / THAT Heres the bag (which/that) you left on my desk

posesin ( No se puede omitir) WHOSE Thats the boy whose brother won the prize. WHOSE/OF WHICH Thats the bag whose handle is broken

WHO / THAT Shes the teacher who/that came to our school last week

USED FOR THINGS

WHICH / THAT This is the house which/that belongs to my friend

That puede sustituir a who o which, pero nunca se utiliza detrs de comas o preposiciones. That normalmente suigue a superlativos y palabras como something, nothing, anything, all, none, many, few Ann, who is very clever, did the puzzle in five minutes. (That is impossible here) Theres somethig that you dont know. Shes the tallest girl that Ive ever seen. Who, Whom, Which, That pueden omitirse cuando hay un nombre o un pronombre (I, You, etc...) entre el pronombre relativo y el verbo, es decir, cuando son los objetos de la frase subordinada. The clock (which/ that) I bought yesterday does not work. (Which/That se pueden omitir) Where is the ring (whic/that) George gave you? (Which/That se pueden omitir) A person who repairs cars is a mechanic. (Who no puede omitirse) Preposiciones en frases subordinadas. Se suelen utilizar preposiciones delante de los pronombres relativos. Thats the girl with whom I went to the party. (Muy formal) Thats the girl (who/that) I went to the party with. (Menos formal, ms usual)

ADVERBIOS RELATIVOS (WHEN, WHERE, WHY ) Time Place Reason when (= in/on which) That was the summer (when) it rained every day where (=in/on/at/to which) Thats the hotel where we stayed why (= for which) Can you tell me the reason (why) he lied to me ?

FRASES SUBORDINADAS DEFINIDAS E INDEFINIDAS

Una frase subordinada definida, da necesariamente informacin y es esencial para el significado de la frase principal. La frase no va entre comas. Who, which y that pueden ser omitidos cuando son el objeto de la frase subordinada.

This is the book (which) my friend wrote.

People who smoke damage their health.

Una frase subordinada indefinida da informacin extra y no es imprescindible para el significado de la frase principal. En las frases subordinadas indefinidas el pronombre relativo no puede ser omitido. That no puede sustituir a who o which. La frase subordinada ha de ir entre comas.

Mr Brown, who lives next door, went to Australia last week.

ENGLISH GRAMMAR (Inma)

THE PASSIVE VOICE

FORMACIN
La voz pasiva se forma con el tiempo verbal apropiado del to be + participio de pasado

ACTIVA Presente Simple Past Simple

Present Perfect Future Simple Past Perfect Present Continuous Past Continuous Infinitive Modals
He delivers letters He delivered the letteres He has delivered the letters He will deliver the letters He had delivered the letters He is delivering the letters He was delivering the letters He has to deliver the letters He may deliver the letters He must deliver the letters

PASIVA
Letters are delivered The letters were delivered The letters have been delivered The letters will be delivered The letters had been delivered The letters are being delivered The letters were being delivered The letters have to be delivered The letters may be delivered The letters must be delivered

USOS
Cuando el agente (= la persona que realiza la accin) es desconocido, no tiene importancia o es obvio por el contexto. Jane was shot. (No sabemos quin le dispar) This church was built in 1815. (Nos da igual quin la construy) He has been arrested.( obviamente por la polica) Para hacer frases ms formales y educadas The car hasnt been cleaned. (Ms educado que You havent cleaned the car) Cuando la accin es ms importante que el sujeto que la realiza, como en instrucciones, reportajes, titulares, noticias y anuncios. 30 people were killed in the earthquake Para enfatizar o darle importancia al agente The new library will be opened by the Queen.

CAMBIOS DE ACTIVA A PASIVA

El objeto en activa pasa a ser el sujeto en la nueva frase. El verbo en activa cambia a la forma pasiva y el sujeto de la frase activa se convierte en el agente. El agente se introduce con by o se omite Subject Picasso That picture Verb painted was painted Object that picture (agent) by Picsasso

ACTIVA PASIVA

Despus de los verbos modales(will, can, must, have to, should, may, ought to) se utiliza be + participio pasado

You can use the machine for cutting bread

===> the machine can be used for cutting bread

ENGLISH GRAMMAR (Inma)

(Passive cont.) Con verbos que pueden llevar dos objetos es ms usual hacer la frase pasiva con el objeto correspondiente a la persona. I sent her some roses ===> She was sent some roses (ms usual) Some roses were sent to her (menos usual) Ponemos el agente (=la persona que realiza la accin) en la frase en pasiva slo si aade informacin. Cuando el agente es desconocido, poco importante, u obvio, se puede y se debe omitir. Por lo general, agentes como people, they, somebody, etc... se omiten. Bell Invented the telephone ===> The telephone was invented by Bell (Aqu el agente no se omite porque aade informacin) Somebody murdered him ===> He was murdered (by somebody) The police arrested him ===> He was arrested (by the police) (agente obvio)

ENGLISH GRAMMAR (Inma)

PRESENT PERFECT
FORMACIN
Regular verbs Afirmativa
Long I have walked You have walked He has walked She has walked It has walked We have walked You have walked They have walked

Negativa

Interrogativa

Short Long Ive walked I have not walked Youve walked You have not walked Hes walked He has not walked Shes walked She has not walked Its walked It has walked Weve walked We have not walked Youve walked You have not walked Theyve walked They heve not walked

Short I havent walked Have I walked ? You havent walked Have you walked? He havent walked Has he walked ? She hasnt walked Has she walked ? It hasnt walked Has it walkeed ? We havent walked Have we walked ? You havent walked Have you walked ? They havent walked Have they walked ?

Para verbos irregulares la formacin es la misma, pero hay que tener en cuenta que cambia el participio de pasado.

USOS
For actions which happened at an unstated time in the past // Para acciones que han sucedido en un tiempo no determinado del pasado. He has sold his car. (When? we dont know.) To express actions which have finished so recently that theres evidence in the present // Para acciones que que han terminado hace tan poco tiempo que su evidencia se ve en el presente. He has just painted the bank. (The paint is wet.) For actions which started in the past and continue up to the present // Para acciones que empezaron en el pasado y continuan en el presente. She has lived in this house for two years. (She still lives in the house) BUT He lived in Australia for one year. (He doesnt live in Australia now) For a past action whose time is not mentioned but which in connected with the present // Para acciones pasadas en las cuales no se menciona el tiempo, pero que estn conectadas con el presente. Ive met Madonna. (I may meet her again; shes still alive. - period of time not finished yet) To express personal experiences or changes which have happened // Para expresar experiencias personale o cambios que han ocurrido. Ive put on a lot of weight To put emphasis on number // Cuando se quiere resaltar el nmero de veces que se ha realizado la accin Ive only typed three letters since 9 oclock

NOTA.- Non-Continuous verbs are not used in Present Perfect Continuous // Existen unos verbos que no pueden utilizarse en Presente Perfecto Contnuo know believe see like love taste understand want Ive known since 1985. - NOT Ive been working her since 1985

ENGLISH GRAMMAR (Inma)

(Present perfect cont.)

TIME ADVERBS AND EXPRESSIONS USED WITH PRESENT PERFECT // ADVERBIOS DE TIEMPO Y EXPRESIONES UTILIZADAS CON PRESENTE PERFECTO
just ever already for how long recently today several times etc... never since always so far this week/month/year yet once

SPECIAL POINTS
Since. - Is used to express a starting point.- Ive known Ann since October For. - Is used to express a period of time.- Ive known Ann for two months ( it isnt specify the beginning of this period) Yet. - Is used in questions and negations.- Have you met him yet ? I havent met him yet Already. - Is used in statements and questions.- Ive already posted the letters Just + Present Perfect. - Ive just called the doctor Just now + Past Simple. - He left just now

ENGLISH GRAMMAR (Inma)

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

FORMACIN
Present Perfect Continuous: has been + verb - ing

Affirmative
I have been working You have been wirking He has been working She has been working It has been working We have been working You have been working They have been working Short Form Ive been working....

Negative
I have not been working You have not been working He has not been working She has been working It has been working We have not been working You have not been working They have not been working Short Form I havent been working ...

Interrogative
Have I been working ? Have you been working ? Has he been working ? Has she been working ? Has it been working ? Have we been working ? Have you been working ? Have they been working ? Negative-Interrogative Havent you been working?

USOS
For actions which started en the past and continue up to the present // Para acciones que empezaron en el pasado y continan desarrollndose hasta el presente Ive been packing my case all morning. (Im still packing) For continuous past actions which have visible results or effect in the present // Para acciones contnuas pasadas que tiene resultados visibles o efecto en el presente They have been walking in the rain. (they are wet) To express irritation, anger, annoyance, explanations or criticism // Para expresar irritacin, enfado, molestia, explicaciones o crticas Has the dog been chewing on my slippers ? (showing anger) To put emphasis on duration, usually with for, since or how long // Para resaltar o enfatizar cuando lo que importa es la duracin de la accin, no sta en s misma. Ive been typing letters since 9 oclock. NOTE.- With the verbs live, feel or work we can use either Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous, with no difference in meaning // Con los verbos live, feel or work se pueden utilizar ambos, presente perfecto o presente perfecto contnuo, sin que varie el significado. Ive been living in London for a year. Ive lived in London for a year

TIME ADVERBS USED WITH PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS // ADVERBIOS DE TIEMPO UTILIZADOS CON PRESENTE PERFECTO CONTINUO
for since how long

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ENGLISH GRAMMAR (Inma)

PAST PERFECT
FORMACIN
Past Perfect: had + Past Participle Affirmative
Long I had waited You had waited He had waited She had waited It had wited We had waited You had waited They had waited Short Id waited Youd waited Hed waited Shed waited Itd waited Wed waited Youd waited Theyd waited

Negative
Long I had not waited You had not waited He had not waited She had not waited It had not waited We had not waited You had not waited They had not waited Short I hadnt waited You hadnt waited He hadnt waited She hadnt waited It hadnt waited We hadnt waited You hadnt waited They hadnt waited

Interrogative
Had I waited ? Had you waited ? Had he waited ? Had she waited ?

Interrog - Negative
Hadnt you waited ? Hadnt he waited ? Hadnt we waited ?

USOS
For a past action which happened before another past action or before a stated past time // Para una accin pasada que sucedi antes de otra accin pasada o antes de un tiempo ya pasado She had already left when I got home She had arrived by 8 oclock For a complete action // Para una accin completamente terminada She had cleaned the house by 6 oclock As the past equivalent of Present Perfect // Como la forma verbal de pasado equivalente al Presente Perfecto She isnt in her office. She has already left. (Before a present time) She wasnt in her office. She had already left. (Before a past time)

TIME EXPRESSIONS USED WITH PAST PERFECT // EXPRESIONES DE TIEMPO UTILIZADAS CON PASADO PERFECTO
before since by after ever by the time just never etc... already till / until for when

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ENGLISH GRAMMAR (Inma)

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

FORMACIN
Past Perfect Continuous: had been + Verb - ing
Affirmative I had been waiting You had been waiting He had been waiting She had been waiting It had been waiting We had been waiting You had been waiting They had been waiting Short Form Id been waiting...etc Negative I had not been waiting You had not been waiting He had not been waiting She had not been waiting It had not been waiting We had not been waiting You had not been waiting They had not been waiting Short Form I hadnt been waiting...etc Interrogative Had I been waiting ? Had You been waiting ? Had he been waiting ? Had she been waiting ? Had it been waiting ? Had we been waiting ? Had you been waiting ? Had they been waiting ? Negative-Interrogative Hadnt you been waiting?

USOS
For an action continuing up to a specific time in the past // Para una accin que ha tenido una continuidad en un momento especfico del pasado. He had been waiting for an hour before she arrived For a continuous, past action which had visible results or effect in the past // Para una accin pasada que tuvo resultados visibles o efectos en el pasado She was tired. She had been cleaning the house all morning. As the past equivalent of Present Perfect continuous // Como la forma de pasado equivalente al presente perfecto contnuo She is tired. She has been working hard all morning. (Present time) She was tired. She had been working hard all morning. (Past time)

TIME EXPRESSIONS UDSE WITH PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS // EXPRESIONES DE TIEMPO UTILIZADAS CON PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Before for when after since by just ever by the time yet never etc... already till / until

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ENGLISH GRAMMAR (Inma)

FUTURE (WILL / BE GOING TO )

WILL
FORMACIN
Affirmative
Long I will pay You will pay He will pay She will pay It will pay We will pay You will pay They will pay Short Ill pay Youll pay Hell pay Shell pay Itll pay Well pay Youll pay They ll pay

Negative
Long I will not pay You will not pay He will not pay She will not pay It will not pay We will not pay You will not pay They will not pay Short I wont pay You wont pay He wont pay She wont pay It wont pay We wont pay You wont pay They wont pay

Interrogative
Shall I pay ? Will you pay ? Will he pay ? Will she pay ? Will it pay ? Will we pay ? Will you pay ? Will they pay ?

USOS
To express on-the-spot decisions. When we decide to do somethingat the time of speaking // Para expresar decisiones tomadas en el momento de hablar, sobre la marcha (En estos casos no puede utilizarse el presente simple) Its cold. Ill close the window To express hopes, fears, threats, offers, promises, warnings, predictions, comments etc. Especially with: expect, believe, Im afraid, Im sure, I know, I think, probably etc... // Para expresar esperanzas, miedos, ofrecimientos, promesas, advertencias, predicciones, comentatios etc. Especialmente con: expect, believe, Im afraid, Im sure, I know, I think, probably etc... I think it will be sunny tomorrow. (Prediction) After (I) hope, we generally use the present: I hope Carol phones this evening To talk about things we are not sure about or we havent decided yet // Para hablar de cosas sobre las que no estamos seguros o no hemos decidido todava. Ill probably buy a new car. (Im not sure yet) To express a prediction or a future action or event which may or not happen // Para expresar predicciones o futuras acciones o acontecimientos que pueden suceder o no. I think you will pass the test. (Prediction) He will be twenty next year. (Future event) She will probably phone later. (Prediction) If he comes early, we will go to the cinema. (Future event or prediction)

TIME EXPRESSIONS USED WITH WILL // EXPRESIONES DE TIEMPO UTILIZADAS CON WILL
tomorrow the day after tomorrow tonight soon next week /month/year in two days in a week / month

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ENGLISH GRAMMAR (Inma)

BE GOING TO
USOS
To talk about things we are sure about or we have already decided to do in the near future // Para hablar de cosas sobre las que estamos seguros o que ya hemos decidido hacer en un futuro prximo. Im going to buy a new car. (Ive decided it) To express intention and plans // Para expresar intencin y planes Now that Ive got the money, Im going to buy a new dress. (Intention) Im going to get some more training so I can get a better job. (Plan) When we can see (evidence) that something is going to happen // Cuando podemos ver que algo va a suceder Watch out! Were going to have an accident. (We can see a car coming) Its going to rain. (We can see dark clouds in the sky)

TIME EXPRESSIONS USED WITH TO BE GOING TO // EXPRESIONES DE TIEMPO UTILIZADAS CON BE GOING TO
tomorrow in two days in a week / month... tonight the day after tomorrow next week / month / year soon

NOTA.1. - We use Present Continuous rather than be going to for thins which are definitely arranged to happen in the future // Utilizamos Presente Contnuo en lugar de be going to para cosas que estn definitivamente decididas Theyre having a party next week. (Its all arranged. Invitations have already been sent) Theyre going to have a party in two weeks. (Theyve decided it but it hasnt been
arranged yet)

2. - We use Present Simple for timetables, programmes etc... // Utilizamos Presente Simple con horarios, programas, etc... Our plane leaves at 10.30 a.m. 3. - We do not use the Future tense after the words while, before, until, as soon as, if (conditional) and when (time conjunction). However, we can use when + will, if when is a question word. // No utilizamos los tiempos de Fututo detrs de las palabras while, before, until, as soon as, if (conditional) and when (conjuncin de tiempo). Sin embargo, podemos utilizar when + will cuando when sea una partcula interrogativa. Call me when you arrive BUT when will you be ready? 4. - With the verb go and come we often use Present Continuous rather than be going to. // Con los verbos go y come a menudo se utiliza el Presente Contnuo en lugar del be going to Im going uot tonight RATHER THAN Im going to go out tonight

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ENGLISH GRAMMAR (Inma)

CONDITIONALS
TYPE I
REAL PRESENT If - clause If + Present Simple Unless (=If not) Main clause Future Imperative Can / must / may + Bare infinitive

USO
Real or very probable situation in the present or future // Situacin real o muy probable que pueda ocurrir en el presente o en el futuro If he comes late, well miss the bus If you cant afford it, dont buy it. OR Unless you can afford it,dont buy it If you see her, can you give her a message? If water gets very cold, it turns into ice.

TYPE II

UNREAL PRESENT If - clause If + Past Simple Main clause Would / could / might + Bare infinitive

USO
Improbable situation in the present or the future // Situacin improbable en el presente o en el futuro Also used to give advice // Tambin se utiliza para dar consejos If I were you, I would see a doctor. (Advice) If I had money, I could buy a new car. (But I dont have enough money to but one)
(Improbable situation)

TYPE III

UNREAL PAST If - clause If + past Perfect Main clause Would / could / might + Have + Past Participle

USO
Unreal or improbable situation in tha past // Situacin irreal o improbable en el pasado Also used to express regrets and criticism // Tambin se utiliza para expresar quejas y crticas If you hadnt been rude, he wouldnt have fired you. (But you were very rude and he
fired you.) (Criticism)

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ENGLISH GRAMMAR (Inma)

(Conditionals cont.)

NOTE.1. - We put a comma after the if - clause when it comes first // ponemos coma despus de la frase con el if cuando sta viene primero. If we go by plane, it will be more expensive It will be more expensive if we go by plane 2. - Unless means if not Well go for a picnic unless it rains Well go for a picnic if it doesnt rain 3. - After if, we can use were instead of was in all persons // Depus de if, podemos utilizar were en lugar de was con todas las personas. If I were you, I woludnt spend so much money. 4. - We do not usually use will, would or should in an if clause // No utilizamos normalmente will, would o should en una frase con if If we take a taxi, we wont be late NOT If we will take a taxi, we wont be late. 5. - However, we use should after if when we are less sure about a possibility. // Sin embargo, utilizamos should despus de if cuando estamos menos seguros acerca de una posibilidad If I see him, Ill give it to him. (Perhaps I will see him) If I should see him, Ill give it to him (perhaps Ill see him but Im less sure.)

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ENGLISH GRAMMAR (Inma)

PERSONAL PRONOUNS , POSSESSIVE AND DEMONSTRATIVES

PERSONAL PRONOUNS
Before verbs After verbs

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES followed by nouns My Your His / Her / Its Our Your Their

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS not followed by nouns Mine Yours His / Hers / ---Ours Yours Theirs

I You He /She / It We You They

Me You Him / Her / It Us You Them

Possessive case with people

(GENITIVO SAJN )

We use s with one person // Utilizamos s con una persona. Primero ponemos el poseedor, le aadimos s y despus lo poseido. Janes umbrella // El paraguas de Jane We use s with two or more people // Utilizamos s con dos o ms personas. The cooks hats // los gorros de los cocineros (cuando el plural sea regular, es decir, se forme aadiendo una s al singular, no se aade la del genitivo sajn, slo se pone el apstrofe) BUT we use s con plurales irregulares The mens ties // Las corbatas de los hombres We also use s with animals // Tambin utilizamos s con animales The dogs food // La comida del perro

Possessive case with things

We use of with things // Utilizamos of con cosas The floor of the bathroom // El suelo del cuarto de bao (The bathrooms floor)

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