Chapter 7 Nervous System Vocab

7-1 NERVOUS SYSTEM- master controlling and communicating system of body SENSORY INPUT- gathered information/changes occurring MOTOR OUTPUT- response by active muscles or glands CNS- brain & spinal cord, act as integrating and command centers of nervous system, interpret incoming sensory info and issue instructions PNS- peripheral nervous system, nerves that extend from brain & spinal cord, link all parts of body by carrying impulses from sensory receptors to CNS and from CNS to the appropriate glands or muscles SENSORY DIVISION- afferent, nerve fibers that convey impulses to the CNS from sensory receptors MOTOR DIVISION- efferent, carries impulses from CNS to effector organs (muscles & glands SOMATIC DIVISION- conscious control of skeletal muscles ANS- autonomic nervous system, regulates automatic/involuntary activity of smooth & cardiac muscles and glands, sympathetic and parasympathetic NEUROGLIA- supporting cells in CNS, nerve glue, includes astrocyte, microglia, ependymal, oligodendrocytes ASTROCYTE- star-shaped, of neural tissue, living barrier between capillaries and neurons, help protect neurons from harmful things in blood MICROGLIA- spiderlike phagocyte, dispose of debris like dead brain cells, bacteria EPENDYMAL- lines cavities of brain and spinal cord, circulate cerebrospinal fluid, cushion CNS OLIGODENDROCYTE - wrap extensions around nerve fibers, fatty insulating covers (myelin sheaths) SCHWANN CELL- form myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in PNS SATELLITE CELL- protective cushioning cells of PNS 7-2 NEURON- nerve cell CELL BODY- metabolic center of the neuron DENDRITE- incoming towards cell body AXON- conduct impulses away from cell body SYNAPTIC CLEFT- tiny gap in axon terminals separating each neuron SYNAPSE- a junction of 2 neurons MYELIN- whitish, fatty material, waxy appearance MYELIN SHEATH-tight coil of wrapped membranes, enclose axon NODE OF RANVIER- gaps in myelin in myelin sheath along the axon GANGLIA- small collections of cell bodies found in few sites outside the CNS in the PNS WHITE MATTER- myelinated fibers (tracts CNS) GRAY MATTER- unmyelinated fibers & cell bodies SENSORY/AFFERENT- nerves that carry impulses from sensory receptors to CNS, cell bodies found in ganglion outside CNS

MOTOR/EFFERENT- impulses from CNS to muscles and glands, cell bodies found in CNS INTERNEURON- association neurons, found in neural pathways in CNS, connect sensory and motor neurons, cell bodies found in CNS 7-3 POLARIZED- when plasma membrane is at rest (inactive) DEPOLARIZED- polarity is changed, results from inward rush of Na+, inside is more +/outside less + ACTION POTENTIAL- nerve impulse, all or none response IMPULSE- transmitted signal along a nerve REPOLARIZED- outflow of + ions from the cell restores electrical conditions at the membrane to a polarized (resting) state REFLEX ARC- neural pathway where reflexes occur sensory neuron, to interneuron, to effector REFLEX- rapid, predictable, involuntary responses to stimuli AUTONOMIC REFLEX- regulate activity of smooth muscles (digestion, elimination, blood pressure, sweating) SOMATIC REFLEX- stimulate skeletal muscles, e.g. pull hand away quickly from hot object 7-4 VENTRICLE- chambers resulting from enlarged central canal of the neural tube, 4 regions CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES- most superior part of brain, enclose and obscure most of brain stem GYRI- elevated ridges of tissue, covers surface of cerebral hem. SULCI- shallow grooves that separate gyri FISSURES- deeper grooves, separate large regions of brain LOBES- regions of cerebral hem divided by fissures OCCIPITAL LOBE- visual area located here in posterior part TEMPORAL LOBE- auditory & olfactory areas PARIETAL LOBE- somatic sensory area FRONTAL LOBE- primary motor area that allows us to consciously move skeletal muscles located here BROCAS AREA- speaking, base of precentral gyrus CORPUS CALLOSUM- large fiber tract that connects the cerebral hemispheres INTERBRAIN- diencephalon, sits atop brain stem & enclosed by cerebral hemispheres, includes thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus THALAMUS- encloses 3rd ventricle, relay station for sensory impulses, whether pleasant/unpleasant HYPOTHALAMUS- makes up floor of diencephalon, regulating body temperature, water balance, metabolism, center for drives & emotions, part of limbic system, regulates pituitary gland PITUITARY GLAND- hangs from anterior floor of hypothalamus, produces hormones PINEAL GLAND- part of endocrine system, part of the epithalamus BRAIN STEM- structures are midbrain, pons & medulla oblongata, has many small gray matter areas, control breathing & blood pressure

MIDBRAIN- small part of brain stem, extends from mammillary bodies to pons inferiorly, structures are cerebral aqueduct, cerebral peduncles, corpora quadrigemina PONS- rounded structures protruding just below midbrain, bridge, mostly fiber tracts, control of breathing CEREBELLUM- 2 hem, convoluted surface, outer cortex made up of gray matter and inner region of white matter, controls balance & equilibrium MEDULLA- most inferior part of brain stem, fiber tract area, control heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing, etc. RAS- reticular activating system, role in consciousness and awake/sleep cycles 7-5 MENINGES- 3 connective tissue membranes covering and protecting CNS structures DURA MATER- outermost layer, leathery, double-layered membrane surrounding brain ARACHNOID MATER - middle meningeal layer, weblike, threadlike extensions span subarachnoid space to attach to pia mater PIA MATER- innermost membrane, delicate, clings tightly to the surface of brain and spinal cord, following every fold CSF- cerebrospinal fluid, watery broth similar to blood in its makeup, but contains less protein and more vitamin C, forms a watery cushion that protects brain and cord CONCUSSION- slight brain injury, victim is dizzy or lose consciousness briefly but no perm dmg to brain CEREBRAL EDEMA- swelling of brain due to inflammatory response to injury, victim may die CVA- cerebrovascular accident, strokes, when blood circulation to brain is blocked and part of brain tissue dies DORSAL HORNS- posterior projection of the gray matter of spinal cord, contain interneurons VENTRAL HORNS-anterior projection of the gray matter of spinal cord , contain motor neuron cell bodies CENTRAL CANAL- in spinal cord, surrounded by gray matter, contains CSF QUADRIPLEGIC- when spinal cord injury occurs high in the cord so that all 4 limbs are affected PARAPLEGIC- caused by injury to spinal cord, only legs are paralyzed DORSAL ROOT- sensory neuron fibers enter the cord from these VENTRAL ROOT- motor neuron axons exit the cord from these 7-6 ENDONEURIUM PERINEURIUM EPINEURIUM CRANIAL NERVES SPINAL NERVES RAMI PLEXUS INVOLUNTARY NERVOUS SYSTEM SYMPATHETIC DIVISION

PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION PREGANGLIONIC AXON POSTGANGLIONIC AXON TERMINAL GANGLION