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A schematic diagram (often called schematic) shows all the components in a circuit and how each component is electrically connected, but not necessarily in their

proper physical locations. It also shows how the circuit is designed to operate. Fig. 5.1-5 is the "power circuit" of a "motor control circuit", identifying the components in the circuits as follows: 1. Motor 2. Circuit breakers 4. Fuses 3. Starter contactors (Magnetic starter)

5. Overload protection 6. Magnetic protection (short circuits)

The dotted line at the circuit breaker indicates that the 3 breaking mechanism are ganged and they move together.

. . .

The symbols represent the power source, components and the devices of the circuits. The function numbers and abbreviations represent type of switch, relay or device. The lines represent the conductors connecting the devices.

Schematics are usually designed to be read from left to right and from top to bottom. They typically use standard electrical diagram symbols and device function numbers. The position of the contacts and switches are shown as they would be in the de-energized state. The electrician should determine the following conditions from the catalog or from the notes on the drawing:

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The initial conditions at which the diagram is drawn. The normal conditions at which the system will operate. The stop/trip conditions.

EXAMPLE 5.1-1 In the single line diagram for electrical network in Fig. 5.1-6: . Unit 1 feeds bus bar A . Unit 2 feeds bus bar B . Unit 3 feeds bus bar C . Unit 4 feeds bus bar D . Bus Tie 1 disconnected. Bus Tie 2 disconnected . Bus coupler 1 connected. Bus coupler 2 connected

a) What is the load of transformers Tl and T2?

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b) What is the load of transformers Tl and T2 if Bus Tie 1 is connected? c) If Bus Tie 1 is connected and the feeder F6 disconnected, what is the load ofT 1 and T2? d) If Bus Tie 1 is connected and the unit 1 is tripped, what is the load of TI and T2?
BUS BAR 230 KV

F1 40MW

230169 KV 80 MVA MAX, 60 MW F4 50MW

t:. B

U1 60MW NOTES:
U F
T

U2 60MW

U3 60 MW

U4 60MW

- TRANSFORMER
Fig.
5.1-6

-UNIT -FEEDER

rtJ

SWITCH

POSITION

INDICATOR INDICATOR

FOR CIRCUIT FOR IsqLATOR

BREAKER

Cl> SWITCI-IPOSITION

Single Line Diagram for electrical Network

SOLUTION a) The electrical network is divided into two sections (left and right) because bus tie 1 & 2 are disconnected.
Left Section UI +U2=60+60= 120MW
and U2 is not enough (20 MW lost) to feed
/

FI + F2 + F3 = 40 +50 + 50 = 140 MW The generated MW from UI the feeders F 1, F2 and F3

Transformer TI willreceive20 MW from230 kV networkto balancethe

Right Section

network. U3 + U4 = 60 + 60 = 120 MW F4 + F5 + F6 = 50 + 50+ 10 = 110 MW The generated MW from U3 and U4 is more than required (10 MW more) for feeders F1, F2 and F3. Transformer T2 will send 10 MW from 69 kV network to 230 kV network to balance the network.

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b) If Bus Tie 1 is connected, all the network connected together (no sections) and the transformers TI and T2 will divide their loads together. UI + U2 + U3 +U4 = 60 + 60 + 60 + 60 = 240 MW FI + F2 + F3 + F4 + F5 + F6 = 40 +50 + 50 + 50 + 50 + 10 = 250 MW

The generated MW from UI, U2, U3 and U4 is not enough (10 MW lost) to feed the feeders FI, F2, F3, F4, F5 and F6. So, Transformers TI& T2 will divide their load and receive 5 MW for each from 230 kV network to balance the network. c) If Bus Tie 1 is connected and the feeder F6 disconnected: UI + U2 + U3 +U4 = 60 + 60 + 60 + 60 = 240 MW FI + F2 + F3 + F4 + F5 = 40 +50 + 50 + 50 + 50 = 240 MW Each Transformer (TI and T2) will load zero MW. d) If Bus Tie 1 is connected and the unit 1 is tripped: U2 + U3 +U4 = 60 + 60 + 60 = 180 MW FI + F2 + F3 + F4 + F5 + F6 = 40 +50 + 50 + 50 + 50 +10 = 250 MW The generated MW from U2, U3 and U4 is not enough (70 MW lost) to feed the feeders FI, F2, F3, F4, F5 and F6. So, Transformers TI& T2 will divide their load and receive 35 MW for each from 230 kV network to make balance in the network.

SUMMARY

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Block diagrams represent all electrical network equipment as blocks to show power flow. Single line or one line diagrams are shown by single lines and graphic symbols. Schematic diagrams are the basic reference for control circuits and electricians use them to understand the operation of control circuits.

Schematic diagrams are made of standard symbols, function numbers, abbreviations and lines.

GLOSSARY
UPS: Uninterruptible Power Supply LV: Low Voltage
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REVIEW EXERCISE
I. The block diagrams with symbols facilitate troubleshooting be measuring input
and output signals. a) True

b) False

2. The diagram may be used in a very general and abbreviated manner to illustrate broad system ideas or in a very detailed manner to illustrate all of the components in a particular part of the system. 3.

diagrams for a LV distribution cabinet shows the details of:

a) V0ltmeter and Ammeter connections b) Protection (fuses) c) Instrument Transformers (CTs)

4.

diagrams are very useful to troubleshoot power control circuits.

5. In the single line diagram for electrical network in Fig. 5.1-7: a) What is the load of transformers TI and T3? b) What is your action if transformer TI tripped (solution two)? c) What is the load of transformers TI and T3 if Bus Tie 1 is connected? d) If Bus Tie 1 is connected and the feeder F2 disconnected, what is the load of TI and T3? e) If Bus Tie 1 is connected and unit 1 is tripped, what is the load ofTI and T3?
8US8AA 69 KV

1"1 5r4W

F3 5MW

c
D

8US COUPLER1

BUS COUPlER 2

TS}O(8.9KV,380V U1 1MW U2 10 MW

RI 1MW

F7 1MW

Fa 1MW

F9 1MW

Fig. 5.1-7

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