Background of the Term paper

My project program is an educational requirement of MBA Program under an assigned faculty of MBA of University of Information Technology and Sciences, Chittagong, which is a professional degree. MBA students have to do an internship program as a practical orientation to the workplace where he/she can amalgamate the traditional hypothetical knowledge with practical work experience. I have done my subject Term paper on Online banking in Bangladesh and tried to find out its performance and Projection.

Objective of the Report:

To have a clear picture of the basic project functions. To describe the clear picture in the online banking in Bangladesh. To analyze the performance and the subject activities. To know about the Subject manuals

Methodology & Data Collection:

This term paper is aimed at presenting experiences gathered in the work place regarding the subject. With ethics end of view I have collected data on the structure and working methods of the subject teams under the Online banking in Bangladesh. The methodology of my subject report is described in the following paragraphs.

Data Collection:
For the data collection purpose, I have used several procedures. For the organizational part, basically it was observation and also I took the help of Managerial Economics. For the analysis part I have taken data from the previous years data and the subjection report of the MBA department.

Sources Of Data:
The data presented in the report is a combination of both the primary & secondary data as I have collected the primary data through conducting a survey and the secondary data about subject

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background and performances by learning from several sources like subject of Online banking in
Bangladesh.

Limitation of the Report:

The major limitation of this report is lack of clarification in many aspects of the organizational part. The data collection was full of complexities because relevant data sources were hard to find out. Also there are so many confusions because different types of departments sometimes provide different types of information on the same topic. It is also a matter of fact that 100% accurate data cannot be obtained. It was really hard for us to complete this report within a very short period of time.

ONLINE BANKING

ONLINE BANKING IN BANGLADESH

INTRODUCTION:
Bangladesh is still lagging behind to avail the opportunity of e-business. However, banking sector as a whole has been introducing on line banking system which plays complementary role to spread of ebusiness. Internet has opened a new horizon of e-business, creating immense opportunities for marketing products as well as managing organizations banking internationally. Gradually wire less Internet system has been creating a new paradigm and electronic fund transfer can have a suitable formation. E-business can improve the quality of the services, save customers valuable time, movement from one place to another and receiving the goods accurately. Ebusiness brings a new channel of distribution process. But this leads to change in the regulatory issues, cross border trade through emerging new marketing distribution channel. This reduces transaction time, boundary less trade, and accuracy. In developed nations, e-business creates an opportunity to directly selling of the product to the customer without using any intermediaries. This process occurs mainly in the four systems: businesses to business (B2B), business to consumer (B2C), business to government (B2G) and consumer to consumer (C2C).E-business expedite the process of better customer relationship management. It also helps to attain enterprise resource management as well as e to e process. As such on line banking system can add value and value chain can be created in the e-business process. In turn it helps to raise gross domestic product of the country. Governments as well as different international organizations have also identified that underdeveloped banking technology creates hindrance on economic progress of the country. On line banking system is a way of conducting, managing, and executing banking transactions utilizing information and communication technology (ICT) and electronic communication networks such as the Internet, intranet and extranet. Environment of electronic banking requires authentication procedures for electronic payment system, network environment, computer hardware and software, electronic hardware, legal bindings, etc. The security and authentication of modern banking are very much dependent on cryptography and its applications. Ramakrishnan(2001) argued that many banks have assumed that Internet banking primarily increases information security risks and have not sufficiently focused on the effect on other banking-specific risks. Risk management disciplines have not evolved at the same speed and many institutions, especially the smaller ones, have not been able to incorporate Internet
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banking risk controls within their existing risk management structures. As information symmetry and free flow of information is gaining more importance due to globalization process, Bangladeshi companies have to compete in the world market to serve corporate and other clients with round the clock services. Access to computer would be beneficial to Bangladesh like any other country. Social and economic disparity and lack of Internet accessibility which creates digital divide is a great hindrance towards customer dissatisfaction of the business organization which ultimately results negative customer relationship management. As a result it creates negative impact on economic development of the country. E-business process creates an opportunity for doing business through arranging real time sharing business. Organizations can take help of transaction process through ebusiness solutions from around the world where on line facility can be available.

SUBJECT BACKGROUND:
The definition of e-banking varies amongst researches partially because electronic banking refers to several types of services through which bank customers can request information and carry out most retail banking services via computer, television or mobile phone (Daniel, 1999; Mols, 1998; Sathye, 1999). Burr (1996) describes that it as an electronic connection between bank and customer in order to prepare, manage and control financial transactions. E-banking is form of banking, where funds are transferred through an exchange of electronic signals between financial institutions, rather than the exchange of cash, checks, or other negotiable instruments. The ownership of funds and transfers of funds between financial institutions are recorded on computer systems connected by telephone lines. Customers identification is by access code, such as a password or Personal Identification Number (PIN), instead of a signature on a check or other physical document. E-banking involves individual and corporate clients, and includes bank transfers, payments and settlements, documentary collections and credits, corporate and household lending, card business and some others (UNCTAD, 2002). Banking has never been more important to our society than it is today. The advance of communication and computer technology and the availability of the Internet have made it possible that one can do most banking transactions from a remote location even without stepping into a physical financial structure - that is, the emerging of e-banking (Bruene, 2002). The way Bill Gates (2008) announced that banking is essential, banks are not. This quotation means that the traditional bank branch is going to vanish in order to be surrogated by electronic banking which continues to attract new users. The banking industry believes that by adopting new technology, the banks will be able to improve customer service level and tie their customers closer to the bank. Meanwhile, the banking industry has been also looking for new methods to expand its customer base and to counteract the aggressive
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marketing effort of those non-traditional banking entities (Graven, 2000). Larger banks that maintain expensive branch networks tend to have the greatest incentive to adopt e-banking services. In comparison, smaller banks have higher start up costs and tend to have a high initial technological cost in developing e-banking services (Treadwell, 2001).

DEFINITION OF ONLINE BANKING:

Electronic banking, also known as electronic funds transfer (EFT),i s s i m p l y t h e u s e o f e l e c t r o n i c m e a n s t o t r a n s f e r f u n d s d i r e c t l y from one account to another, rather than by cheque or cash. Youcan use electronic funds transfer to: H a v e y o u r p a y c h e c k d e p o s i t e d d i r e c t l y i n t o y o u r b a n k o r credit union checking account. Withdraw money from your checking account from an ATM m a c h i n e w i t h a p e r s o n a l i d e n t i f i c a t i o n n u m b e r ( P I N ) , a t y o u r convenience, day or night. Instruct your bank or credit union to automatically pay certainmonthly bills from your account, such as your auto loan or your mortgage payment. Have the bank or credit union transfer funds each month f r o m y o u r c h e c k i n g account to your mutual fund account. Have your government social security benefits check or your t a x directly into your checking account. Buy groceries, gasoline and other purchases at the point-of-sale, using a check card rather than cash, credit or a personalcheck. refund deposited

How many banks provide online services in Bangladesh?

Internet Banking balance, l e t s y o u h a n d l e m a n y b a n k i n g t r a n s a c t i o n s v i a your personal view method your and in account pay which bills a transfers system b e t w e e n accounts, and computer. For instance, you may use your computer t o request electronically.I n t e r n e t banking

p e r s o n a l computer is connected by a networ k service provider directly to ah o s t computer system of a bank such that customer servicer e q u e s t s c a n b e processed those automatically without need of which f o r intervention by customer distinguishing are capable of between automated by a 5 service representatives. The system is c a p a b l e customer s e r v i c e requests fulfillment and thoser e q u e s t s
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which

require

handling

customer

s e r v i c e representative. The system is integrated with the host of the bank so that the remote banking customer

computer s y s t e m

c a n access other automated services of the bank. The method of the i n v e n t i o n includes the steps of inputting a customer bankingrequest from among a m e n u o f b a n k i n g r e q u e s t s a t a r e m o t e personnel computer; transmitting the banking requests to a hostc o m p u t e r request at over a network; receiving the the hostcomputer; identifying the type of customer

b a n k i n g r e q u e s t received; automatic logging of the service request, comparing ther e c e i v e d r e q u e s t t o a s t o r e d t a b l e o f r e q u e s t t y p e s , e a c h o f t h e request types having an attribute to indicate whether the request t y p e fulfilled by a customer is capable of being s e r v i c e representative or by an automated

system; and, depending uponthe attribute, directing the request either to a queue for handling bya customer service representative or to a queue for processing byan automated system. AUTOMATED TELLER MACHINES (ATM): An unattended electro nic machine in a public place, connect ed toa d a t a s y s t e m a n d r e l a t e d e q u i p m e n t a n d a c t i v a t e d b y a b a n k customer to obtain cash withdrawals and other banking services.Also called automatic teller machine, cash machine; A l s o c a l l e d money machine. An a u t o m a t e d t e l l e r m a c h i n e or a u t o m a t i c t e l l e r m a c h i n e (ATM) is an electronic computerized telecommunications device t h a t a l l o w s a fina ncial insti tuti on ' s c u s t o m e r s t o d i r e c t l y u s e a secure method of communication to access their bank accounts,order or makecashwithdrawals (or cash advances using a creditc a r d ) a n d c h e c k t h e i r a c c o u n t b a l a n c e s w i t h o u t t h e n e e d f o r a humanbank teller (or cashier in theUK). Many ATMs also allowpeople to deposit cash or cheques, transfer money between their bank accounts, top up their mobile phones' pre-paid accounts or even buypostage stamps.On most modern ATMs, the customer identifies him or herself byi n s e r t i n g a plastic card with a magnetic stripeo r a p l a s t i c smartcardw i t h a c h i p , t h a t c o n t a i n s h i s o r h e r a c c o u n t n u m b e r . The customer then verifies their identity by entering a passcode,often referred to as a PIN (Personal Identification Number) of four o r m o r e d i g i t s . U p o n s u c c e s s f u l e n t r y o f t h e P I N , t h e c u s t o m e r may perform a transaction.If the number is entered incorrectly several times in a row (usuallythree attempts per card insertion), some ATMs will attempt retainthe card as a security precaution to prevent an unauthorised user from discovering the PIN by guesswork.
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Captured cards are oftendestroyed if the ATM owner is not the card issuing bank, as noncustomer's identities cannot be reliably confirmed.T h e a p p r o x i m a t e l y m o r e t h a n 1 7 , 0 0 0 ATMs. TELE BANKING: Undertaking a host of banking related services including financial t r a n s a c t i o n s f r o m t h e c o n v e n i e n c e o f c u s t o m e r s c h o s e n p l a c e anywhere across the GLOBE and any time of date and night hasn o w b e e n m a d e p o s s i b l e b y i n t r o d u c i n g o n - l i n e Telebankingservices. By dialing the given Telebanking number through a landline or a mobile from anywhere, the customer can access hisaccount and by following the user-friendly menu, entire banking c a n b e d o n e t h r o u g h I n t e r a c t i v e V o i c e R e s p o n s e ( I V R ) s y s t e m . With sufficient numbers of hunting lines made available, customer c a l l will hardly fail. The system is bi-lingual and has f o l l o w i n g facilities offered Automatic balance voice out for the default account. Balance inquiry and transaction inquiry in all Inquiry of all term deposit account Statement of account by Fax, e-mail or ordinary mail. Cheque book request Stop payment which is on-line and instantaneous Transfer a n d instantaneous Utility Bill Payments R e n e w a l a n d instantaneous Voice out of last five transactions. SMART CARD: A smart card usually contains an embedded 8-bit microprocessor (a kind of computer chip). The microprocessor is under a contact p a d o n o n e s i d e o f t h e c a r d . T h i n k o f t h e m i c r o p r o c e s s o r a s replacing the usual magnetic stripe present on a c r e d i t c a r d o r debit card. Microprocessor. The microprocessor enforces access to the dataon the card.T h e
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Indian

market

today

has

of

funds

with

CBS

which

is

automatic

o f

t e r m

d e p o s i t

w h i c h

i s

a u t o m a t i c

c h i p s

i n

t h e s e

c a r d s

a r e

c a p a b l e

o f 7

m a n y

k i n d s

o f

transactions. For example, a person could make purchases

fromtheir credit account, debit account or from a stored account value that's reload able. The enhanced memory and processing capacityof the smart card is many times that of traditional magnetic-stripecards and can accommodate several different applications on a s i n g l e c a r d . I t c a n a l s o h o l d i d e n t i f i c a t i o n i n f o r m a t i o n , w h i c h means no more s h u f f l i n g t h r o u g h c a r d s i n t h e w a l l e t t o f i n d t h e right one -- the Smart Card will be the only one needed.Smart cards can also be used with a smart card reader attachmentto a personal computer to authenticate a user.Smart cards are much more popular in Europe than in the U.S. InE u r o p e t h e h e a l t h i n s u r a n c e a n d b a n k i n g i n d u s t r i e s u s e s m a r t c a r d s e x t e n s i v e l y . E v e r y G e r m a n c i t i z e n h a s a s m a r t c a r d f o r health insurance. Even though smart cards have been around intheir modern form for at least a decade, they are just starting totake off in the U.S. DEBIT CARD: Debit cards are also known as check cards. Debit cards look like credit cards or ATM (automated teller machine) cards, but operatelike cash or a personal check. Debit cards are different from credit cards. While a credit card is a way to "pay later," a debit card is a w a y t o " p a y n o w . " W h e n y o u u s e a d e b i t c a r d , y o u r m o n e y i s quickly deducted from your checking or savings account.D e b i t cards are accepted at many locations, including g r o c e r y stores, retail stores, gasoline stations, and restaurants. You can u s e y o u r c a r d a n y w h e r e m e r c h a n t s d i s p l a y y o u r c a r d ' s b r a n d name or logo. They offer an alternative to carrying a checkbook or cash. E-CHEQUE: An e-Cheque is the electronic version or representation of paper cheque. The Information and Legal Framework on the E-Cheque is the same as that of the paper cheques. It can now be used in place of paper cheques to do any and all remote transactions. An E-cheque work the same way a cheque does, the chequew r i t e r " w r i t e s " t h e e C h e q u e u s i n g o n e o f m a n y t y p e s o f electronic devices and "gives" the e-Cheque to the p a y e e electronically. The payee "de posits" the E l e c t r o n i c C h e q u e receives credit, and the payee's bank "clears" the e-Cheque to

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the paying bank. The paying bank validates the e-Cheque and then "charges" the check writer's account for the check OTHER FORMS OF ELECTRONIC BANKING Direct Deposit Electronic Bill Payment Electronic Check Conversion Cash Value Stored, Etc.

Prospects of online services in Bangladesh?

Mobile Banking is a Banking process without bank branch which provides financial services to unbaked communities efficiently and at affordable cost. The aim of the service is to bring more people under the umbrella of banking service. Bangladesh Bank governor Dr Atiur Rahman inaugurated the service through deposit and withdrawal of money from two banking outlets in the city. Government thinks it has a great prospect as it is a new technology in digital Bangladesh. But in Bangladesh many people think traditionally, because they cannot think it has any facility to use mobile banking. 69% people feel mobile banking has prospect in Bangladesh whereas 31% think it has no prospect in Bangladesh as many people will not feel interest or have belief on mobile banking.

Advantages of online banking in Bangladesh:

For Banks: Price- In the long run a bank can save on money by not paying for t e l l e r s o r f o r m a n a g i n g b r a n c h e s . P l u s , i t ' s c h e a p e r t o m a k e transactions over the Internet.Customer BaseThe Internet allows banks to reach a whole newmarket- and a well off one too, because there are no geographicb o u n d a r i e s w i t h t h e I n t e r n e t . T h e I n t e r n e t a l s o p r o v i d e s a levelplaying field for small banks who want to add to their c u s t o m e r base.Efficiency- Banks can become more efficient than they already areb y p r o v i d i n g I n t e r n e t a c c e s s f o r t h e i r c u s t o m e r s . T h e I n t e r n e t provides the bank with an almost paper less system.Customer Service and Satisfaction- Banking on the Internet notonly allow the customer to have a full range of services available to them but it also allows them some services not offered at any of the branches. The person does not have to go to a branch where t h a t s e r v i c e m a y o r m a y n o t b e o f f e r . A p e r s o n c a n p r i n t o f information, forms, and applications via the Internet and be able to search for information efficiently instead of waiting in line andasking a teller. W i t h m o r e b e t t e r a n d f a s t e r o p t i o n s a b a n k w i l l surly be able to create better customer relations and satisfaction.Image- A bank seems more state of the art to a customer if
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theyo f f e r I n t e r n e t a c c e s s . A p e r s o n m a y n o t w a n t t o u s e I n t e r n e t banking but having the service available gives a person the feelingthat their bank is on the cutting image. For Customers: Bill Pay: Bill Pay is a service offered through Internet banking thatallows the customer to set up bill payments to just about anyone. C u s t o m e r c a n s e l e c t t h e p e r s o n o r c o m p a n y whom he wants tomake a payment and Bill Pay will withdraw the money from hisa c c o u n t and send the payee Facilities: a Epaper banking check gives or an the e l e c t r o n i c paymentOther Important customer

controlover nearly every aspect of managing his bank accounts. Besidesthe Customers can, Buy and Sell Securities, Check Stock MarketInformation, Check Currency Rates, Check Balances, See whichchecks are cleared, Transfer Money, View Transaction History anda v o i d going to an actual bank. The best benefit is that Internet b a n k i n g i s f r e e . A t m a n y b a n k s t h e c u s t o m e r d o e s n ' t h a v e t o maintain a required minimum balance. The second big benefit isbetter interest rates for the customer.

Function of online banking in Bangladesh:

Primary data sources Primary data has been collected from Dhaka based some selected banks e.g. Eastern Bank Ltd, Dutch Bangla Bank Ltd. in the year of 2003. These banks are considered as the private commercial banks and foreign banks respectively. Primary dada collections are done by the interviewing method with proper questionnaire. Secondary data sources Secondary data has been collected from different publication material and web site as well as the books and material from different libraries, the hand note of the various seminar and research related to the issue are taken into account that includes the library of BIBM, BANBASE, Science Laboratory, DCCI library. The secondary data have been also collected from research material of the following sources; DBBLProducts and Software, EBLSurvey Report, IBAFeasibility Report, WTO/UNCTADSecret of e-commerce.

Challenges/Risks/Problems of online banking in Bangladesh:

The researcher had to face the following problems in collecting data from the respondents: i. Generally most of the respondents have not enough idea about mobile banking. So it was very difficult to collect actual data. Because the information of the respondents was supplied from their idea.
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ii. Most of the respondents were not fully use mobile banking which caused another problem to data collection to the researcher. iii. Sometimes respondent could not answer to questions accurately and to the point. iv. The respondents were usually remaining busy with their work. So, the researcher had to visit some of them even at the work place and researcher sometimes had to pay more time to meet the respondents. v. Most of the respondents did not feel comfortable to answer questions. So researcher had to pay more time to gain their confidence.

Recommendation of online banking in Bangladesh:

Digital Bangladesh may be activated by 2021 to develop the economy of Bangladesh. Successful team building with a coherent manner for developing human ware, hardware, software and web ware are required to increase e-business process in a systematic way. Moreover, greater emphasis should be given on security system and to prevent fraud so that any sort of financial transactions including on line banking payment or any other electronic fund transfer can be properly handled. Career path of hardware and software engineers should be properly designed. Otherwise professionals will be de-motivated and they wont work with job satisfaction. In Bangladesh, on line banking systems are yet at a take off stage. The Clearing House operation in Bangladesh should be fully automated system. Banks and business organizations especially corporate houses should have adequate research, skilled manpower and technology driven strategies in this regard. Initiatives to develop integrated e banking software through in house built may be taken. Preference should be given by the bank authority to use local software over foreign software. Common gateway is required so that inter bank transactions can be feasible. Bank can charge normal profit to enlarge the market size on the on line banking products. Banks should have their own strategic plans to implement on line banking system. Creating awareness and consciousness among the clients of the banks are also required. The country needs to develop e-business with the help of ICT facilities. ICT application and development of software are very much dependent on the quality of the workforce, and supportive infrastructure and environment. Upzilla level may be considered as the base unit which may be connected with district and then connectivity with the capital of the country can be done. However, more stress should be given on wire free connectivity for which priority should be given on WIMAX technology. Public and private participation (PPP) for e-business should be encouraged for economic development. Spread of on line banking is a very good initiative. But it is not only sufficient. Business sector as a whole should be focused on using E-business. It should be accompanied with e-governance system and should be
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moved towards other areas of the e toe system like e-tender, e-trafficking, e-ticket, e-learning etc. More stress should be given to the wireless transactions and working environment due to rapid technological advancement. E-business should be used both for agricultural sector and industrial sector. Equal importance should be given so that domestic trade and international trade can be effective. Distortion from the market should be driven out and information should be passes systematically. E-business can help to improve total quality management. This can also ensure quality assurance of the business sector. As such business policy formulation and strategies are required and this should be properly implemented. Adequate training and technological support to be developed so that trained manpower and technology driven organizations can be created with the help of partnership between Govt. and non Govt. organizations. Quality maintenance of local software should be arranged. Initiatives should be taken to set up hardware industry so that computer and computer accessories can be prepared in the country and easily purchasable for the lower and lower middle class people. Quality education and training in the field of ICT to develop human resources are essential. Moreover, entrepreneurship should be developed for developing hardware and computer peripherals. More high-speed fiber optical data communication infrastructures should be well established for speedy data communication for domestic and global high speed communication system. This will help to attain better e-business including on line banking system. Competitive situation should be arranged so that ebusiness management can be improved through efficiency and effectiveness of customer services. BTRC as a regulatory body should work with long term vision, mission and fulfillment of goal oriented strategies. They should work as a facilitator rather not creating hindrance. VOIP should be legalized after examining and finalizing proper rules and regulations in the country.

SWOT Analysis:
To find out the viability of a particular product we must perform a SWOT Analysis of the product. This will analyze the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats of the particular product. For analyzing the performance of Internet Banking in Bangladesh we the following SWOT Analysis is considered Strength Internet Banking is new in our market. Only a few banks are now offering internet services in solving banking problems. Most of the banks are offering only accounting information online.

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Actual fund transfer and fund disbursement is not possible in all the banks that are offering internet services. So this product will enjoy the benefit of a first mover. It is cheap both for the banks and the customers. The bank will be able to lower down the overhead costs and make more profit out of it. Internet banking will require less manual workers. Again the customers will be able to save time as well as money for their transaction needs. Internet banking is convenient as the service is available all the time at just a click away.

Weaknesses Security breakdown: The system will have a problem with the identification of the individual who is initiating the transaction. In Bangladesh, the identification of an individual is not yet supported digitally. So there will be a problem in moving to the Internet era for banking purposes just now. First we will have to develop a digital database of the users of the internet banking services. The transaction can be cancelled only via internet. The internet infrastructure of our country is not that much supportive to provide all time access to the web. So there will be a problem in executing the service with its full functionality. Opportunities Non-branch banking is becoming popular in our country. Many banks are now offering nonbranch banking facilities. A person can withdraw or deposit money in any branch of the bank he has account with. So moving to internet banking will allow the banks to offer non-branch banking facilities. The internet services are becoming very common to us. So a service offered through the internet will be widely accepted in the near future. Threats People have concern about security and privacy. They like to feel their money with their hand. They actually dont believe in virtual money transfer. In the field of IT new technology is coming everyday. The one which is very popular today might get obsolete tomorrow. So to have a competitive edge over the competitors the banks must always update their services. The movement towards online banking might marginalized the customers who do not have internet access or who are not technologically sound.
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Conclusions:
E-banking, the latest generation of electronic banking transactions, opened up new window of opportunity to the existing banks and financial institutions. Most of the banks have their own websites but not all of them offered internet facilities. The main reason of this was that the banks did not have the IT infrastructure and proper security features. The Ministry of Science, Information and Communication Technology went out the policy for the development in the IT sector. Another important issue in extending the internet banking services throughout the country was gaining popularity. In Bangladesh most of the people were illiterate and obviously they were technology ignorant. But among the literate portion many of them had computer phobia. So these people could not trust on the internet banking services. To gain the confidence on internet banking the overall computer literacy must be developed. With that goal government had taken initiative even in the root level to develop it literacy in the country. This would be a perfect ground for the development of internet banking. However, with banking customers growing increasingly comfortable with the digital lifestyle, but Bangladeshi customers were not aware about e-banking in Bangladesh. They were not fully understand the power of technology and seek to leverage it to enjoy better control over their banking operations. To conclude that e-banking also provided other benefits. For instance, creating new markets, and reducing operational costs, administrative costs and workforce are increasingly important aspects for the banks competitiveness, and e-banking improved these aspects as well. So, Bangladeshi banks should take these advantages of e-banking in Bangladesh economy as early as possible.

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Reference
Bers, Joanna Smith. "Banks must decide whether to be a catalyst or catatonic in the face of e-commerce." Bank Systems & Technology v33, n11 (Nov 1996):16. http://www.fnc.gov/Internet_res.html http://www.it.iitb.ernet.in/~sri http://info.isoc.org/internet/history/brief.html Abdullah S.Al Mudimigh (2007) E- Business strategy in an online banking services, A case study, vol-12,No-1,pp-1-6. http://www.slideshare_res.html

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