CALORIMETRY

A.S.M. EBUEN
DEPARTMENT OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES, DILIMAN, QUEZON CITY, PHILIPPINES
DATE PERFORMED: APRIL 18, 2013 INSTRUCTORS NAME: SIR MARO PEA

INTRODUCTION Heat is the transfer of energy between a system and its surroundings from the hotter region to the colder one. A device called the calorimeter is used to determine quantity of heat gained or lost by the system. The quantity of the heat transferred is related to the heat capacity (Ccal) of the calorimeter and its change in temperature (T). qcal= (Ccal)( T) (1)

endothermic process occurs if the enthalpy change is positive while exothermic if negative. The enthalpy change per mole can be calculated by the heat of reaction (qrxn) and mole (nLR) of the reaction that occurred. Hrxn= qrxn/ nLR (4)

In order to calibrate the calorimeter and determine its heat capacity, the standard enthalpy of water was needed. H(aq)+ + OH(aq)- H20(l) Hf= -55.6kJ ( 5)

The calorimeter set-up used in this experiment is mostly made up of a styrofoam which acts as a good heat insulator that results to an adiabatic system.

This standard enthalpy of formation (Hf) is the enthalpy change that occurs in the formation of one mole of the substance from its elements in their standard states. The objectives of this experiment is to construct and calibrate a calorimeter, to determine its heat capacity and to compute the heats of reaction for all the reactants.

Figure 1. Calorimetry Set-up The adiabatic system does not permit a heat exchange between the calorimeter (and contents) and its surroundings. qadiabatic sys = qrxn + qcal = 0 qrxn = - qcal (2) (3) SAMPLE CALCULATIONS Calibration of Calorimeter (grp5) Net ionic equation:
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) H20(l) +NaCl(aq)

H(aq)+ + OH(aq)- H20(l) Limiting Reactant:

10.0mL NaOH x (1.0mol NaOH/1000mL NaOH) x (1molOH/1mol NaOH) x (1 mol H2O/1 mol OH-) = 0.01mol H2O

The reaction in the calorimeter occurs under constant pressure (isobaric) which is equal to the enthalpy change (H). An 1

50mL HCl x (1.0 mol HCl/1000 mL HCl) x (1 mol H+/1 mol HCl) x (1 mol H2O/1 mol H+) = 0.005mol H2O nLR=5.0mL HCl x (1.0mol HCl/1L HCl) = 0005mol HCl

(0.5g)(1mol Zn/65.39g Zn)(1mol Cu/1mol Zn) (63.55g Cu/1mol Cu)

HCl with 0.005 mol is the limiting reactant qrxn, qcal, Ccal, Ave Ccal :
qrxn = Hrxn (nLR) =(-55.8 kJ/mol) x (0.005mol)

= 0.486 g Cu
(5ml CaCl2)(1mol CaCl2/1000 ml CaCl2)(1mol CaCO3/1 mol CaCl2)(100.09g CaCO3/1mol CaCO3)

= 0.500 g CaCO3 ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS 1. H(aq)+ + OH(aq)- H20(l) A. The reaction is exothermic since it releases heat and it has a negative qrxn and Hrxn B. the limiting reactant is HCl C. 0.005 mol of HCl d. the heat of reaction is equal to -279 J 2. If the final temperature increases in an isolated system, it is an exothermic reaction and also produces a negative enthalpy change and vice versa. A positive T will result to a negative Hrxn from the equations (1), (3) and (4). 3. The heat capacities of the calorimeter (of grp 5) in two trials are 111.6 J/C and 279.0 J/C, with an average of 195.3 J/C. Using equation (1), an increase in temperature will result to a positive heat capacity. 4. Using the following equations in order, the heat capacity can be calculated. (also see sample calculations) qrxn = Hrxn (nLR) qcal=-qrxn Ccal=qcal/T from qcal= (Ccal)( T) 5. (see data sheet Table B) 6. (see data sheet Table B) 7. (see data sheet Table B) A. The reactions from 1-7 are all exothermic while for last one it is endothermic since it has a positive enthalpy change. B. (see data sheet Table B) 8. Using equations (1), (3) and (4), a positive T will result to a negative H. 9. The most exothermic reactions are both reaction 2 and 4 while the least are 1 and 3 using the data from the theoretical 2

= -279 J
qcal=-qrxn

= 279 J
Ccal=(qcal/T) =(279 J/ 2.5C)

= 111.6 J/C
Average Ccal = (111.6+ 279.0)/2

= 195.3 J/C Determination of Heats of Reaction (grp5) Net-ionic reaction: NH3(aq) + H+(aq) NH4+(aq) Limiting Reagent:
10mL NH3 x (1 mol NH3/1000 mL NH3) x (1mol NH4/1 mol NH3) = 0.01mol NH4 5 mL HCl x (1 ml HCl/1000 mL HCl) x ( 1 mol NH4/1 mol HCl) =0.005mol HCl nLR=5.0mL HCl x (1.0mol HCl/1L HCl) = 0005mol HCl

HCl with 0.005 mol is the limiting reactant qrxn, qcal, Hrxn, Ave Hrxn, Theo Hrxn, % error:
qcal = CcalT =(195.3/C)(9C)

=1757.7 J
qrx n = - qcal

= -1757.7 J
Hrxn= (qrxn/nLR) = -232.5J/0.005mol

=-878.85 kJ/mol
Average Hrxn = (-878.85-830/05 )/2

=-854.45 kJ/mol
Theo Hrxn= npHop - nrHor =[(-466.85)-(0)]kJ/mol

=-466.85 kJ/mol
%error= (|Htheo -Hept |/Htheo) x100% =((-466.85 + 854.45)/ -466.85) x 100%

=83.02% For reactions involving solids:

Hrxn = -[Ccal + msolidcsolid]T nLR

Theoretical yield of solid products:

enthalpy change. However for the experimental enthalpy change, the most exothermic is reaction 3. They all have the same number of moles from the limiting reactant; thus, the more negative the heat of reaction is, the more the reaction is exothermic. 10. Reactions 5 and 6 have the same value of theoretical Hrxn while the experimental Hrxn of reaction 5 is higher. Since they both have the same number of moles of their limiting reactant, the more negative the qrxn will have it will be more exothermic. 11. The solid products for reactions 7 and 8 are 0.486 g copper and 0.500 calcium carbonate respectively. 12. The theoretical enthalpy change of reaction 8 is 13.07. Using the balanced equation of CuSO4 +Zn ZnSO4 + Cu, the bond energy is the same for the bond breaking and bond forming. 13. (see sample calculations) 14.
Sources of error calibration amount of reactants Reading of thermometer Placement of cork Effect: T Inc/ Dec Inc/Dec Dec Effect: Ccal Inc/Dec Inc/Dec Inc/Dec Dec Effect: H Inc/Dec Inc/Dec Inc/Dec Dec

[4]Calorimeters and Calorimetry http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/th ermalP/u18l2c.cfm

REFERENCES [1] General Chemistry II Laboratory Manual. Institute of Chemistry, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City. June 2011. [2] Petrucci, R. H., Herring, F. G., Madura, J. D., Bissonnette, C. General Chemistry. Pearson Education Inc, Canada. 2011. [3] Calorimetry http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chemlab/tech niques/calorimeter.html