International Conference on Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ICCEE'2013) April 15-16, 2013 Johannesburg (South Africa)

Prediction of Two Phase Flow Pattern using Artificial Neural Network

Hemant B. Mehta1, Manish P. Pujara2, Jyotirmay Banerjee3

Abstract The present paper discusses the prediction of two

phase flow patterns in a 2.1 mm horizontal circular Y-junction minichannel using Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The experimental results are obtained with air as gas phase and water as liquid phase. The superficial air and water velocities are 14.44 m/s to 2.83 m/s and 1.44 m/s to 0.0962 m/s respectively. The experimental results are predicted and compared using different artificial neural network models such as feed forward back propagation (FFBP), cascade-feed forward back propagation (C-FFBP), non-linear autoregressive exogenous model (NARX) and radial basis functions. The comparison is performed by considering statistical parameters like mean bias error, root mean square error and coefficient of determination (R2).

KeywordsANN, Flow Regimes, Minichannel, Two-phase flow. I. INTRODUCTION

WO phase flow in microscale channel has numerous applications such as biological, chemical, electronics, pharmaceutical, medical, ultra-compact heat exchanger (small diameter is heat transfer area per unit volume and so high heat transfer coefficient), micro pump, micro turbine [7], Microcryogenic surgery apparatus(MCSA),Cooling of high temperature superconductivity (HTS)[8]. Flow patterns with their transition become an important issue in microsized channels which in turn used to determine heat and mass transfer characteristic in order to assess the performance of the system. Recently the intelligent techniques have attracted the researchers to identify various two-phase flow transition boundaries. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is one of the intelligent techniques used to predict flow regimes in channels. It is a collection of numeral interconnected process elements coupled together with associated weighted. ANN is a good regime prediction engine and robust classifiers having the skill to make decisions about imprecise input data. This skill makes ANN very useful to identify various two phase flow patterns. ANN is widely used for system modeling having highly complex or not understood physical processes. Dantose et 2012) analyzed pressure differential data received

from power spectral density (PSD) and identified flow patterns in horizontal two-phase flow. They identified stratified, plug and slug flow patterns using back propagation (BP) neural network. In the work of Zhiqiang et al (2007), dynamic differential pressure obtained from vortex flow meter was measured with high respond differential pressure sensor. They obtained results limited to the slug, bubbly and churn flow using 3-layer feed forward neural network. Wu et al (2000) identified stratified, intermittent and annular flow using pressure differential signal in pipe flow and its subsequent fractal analysis. The aim of the present paper is to identify slug, churn and annular flow patterns using different ANN models such as feed forward back propagation (FFBP), cascade-feed forward back propagation (C-FFBP), non-linear autoregressive exogenous model (NARX) and radial basis functions (RBF). These models are later compared for statistical parameters to identify the best predictive model of ANN which can predict two-phase flow regime effectively in line with the experimentally obtained data. II. ANN MODELLING OF TWO-PHASE FLOW Artificial neural network is based on the important rules for classifying the flow patterns. Neural network stimulate human mind and demonstrate high intelligence and it can be trained to study the correct output and classify training exercises. Here, neural network needs knowledge input for training. After the training, the neural network can classify the similar flow pattern with a high accuracy [3]. ANN mainly grouped into two major type categories Feed forward in which no loops are formed by network. Feedback in which one or more loops are formed. As shown in Fig. 1, a Multi Layer Preceptron (MLP) has three hidden layers. It consists of input layer which has two neurons. These become input signals to neurons of the hidden layers where input signals are summed up after weighing (Wij) and then compute in function. The activation functions under hidden layer considered are Linear (PURELIN), Hyperbolic tangent sigmoid (LOGSIG), Logistic sigmoid (TANSIG). Bias is added after computing in function as shown in Fig. 2. Output of output layers are computed in same manner as hidden layer. Radial basis function network (RBF) is similar to MLP wherein the associated weights between input and hidden layer are removed. Hidden layers use radial basis functions for computation process

Hemant Mehta is an Assistant Professor in Mechanical Engineering Department affiliated to National Institute of Technology, Surat, India. (Corresponding author, e-mail: hbm@med.svnit.ac.in). Manish Pujara is a Masters student of National Institute of Technology, Surat, India (phone: 91-8460480966; (e-mail: info.mpmech@gmail.com). Jyotirmay Banerjee is an Associate Professor in Mechanical Engineering Department affiliated to National Institute of Technology, Surat, India. (email: jbaner@gmail.com)

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International Conference on Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ICCEE'2013) April 15-16, 2013 Johannesburg (South Africa)

.
RSME 1 n

(I
i 1

p ,i

Ii )2

(1)

e predicted flow w type value a and Ii denotes Where I p,i denotes the the mea asured flow typ pe value Error (MBE): It is represents s the average 2. Mean Bias E on of predic cted values from the co orresponding deviatio measure ed data and c can provide i information on n long term perform mance of the m models [1]. Th he lower value e of MBE is preferre ed since it give es the better lo ong term mode el prediction. The pos sitive value of MBE shows overestimation in predicting flow pa attern value and d vice versa. it is defined in (2 2)

Fi ig.1 Multi-layer Perceptron Mod del

MBE

1 n ( I p ,i I i ) n i 1

(2)

Where I p,i denotes the e predicted flow w type value a and Ii denotes the mea asured flow typ pe value.
Fig g. 2 Schematic Diagram D of Neur rons

The identificat tion of two-ph hase flow patter rns observed in a mi inichannel is modelled m using different ANN N algorithms su uch BP, NARX and d radial basis functions. fu Air and a as FFBP, C-FFB ater superficial velocities are considered as input paramet ters wa wh hile flow patte erns are predic cted as output t parameter. The T com mparison of different d algori ithm is based on the statisti ical par rameters, i.e., mean bias err ror (MBE), ro oot mean squar red err ror (RMSE) an nd coefficient of o determination n (R2). The procedure e to predict two-phase t flow w regimes using AN NN modeling is summarized as follows: 1 1. Data Collection: C The e experimental l data of air and a wa ater superficial l velocities are e measured wit th rotameters and a flo ow patterns are identified visu ually. 2 2. Data Pre-Processing: Pr : In this case e, ANN becom mes mo ore effective when w the solu ution of missi ing data will be per rformed. 3 3. Building g the Network k: In this case e, the designer r of AN NN identifies the number of o hidden laye ers, neurons and a tra ansfer functions s in each layer and training fu unction. 4 4. Training g the Network: The train ning of netwo ork inv volves the adj justment of as ssociated weig ghts to have the pre edicted actual outputs o close to t the measured d target output t of the e network. In the t present pap per, 85 percentage data are us sed for r training and for f different ty ypes of training g algorithms, and a tra ansfer function. . 5 5. Testing the Network: The modeled network is tes sted to predict the performance p of the develop ped ANN mod del. ere, unseen data a (15%) are ex xposed to mode el. He The predicted results are compared based on the statisti ical par rameters which h are outlined as a below: 1 1. Root Mean M Squared Error (RMSE E): It gives sh hort ter rm performanc ce information n which show ws the predic cted val lue variation in the region n of the mea asured data. The T acc curate estimati ion can be ach hieved with th he lower value e of the e RMSE. It is defined d as per (1). (

Co-efficient of Determina ation (R2): It i is defined as 3. value of R2 the fit goodness of a regression. The higher v nts better var riance that th he dependent variable is represen explaine ed by the indep pendent variab ble. The value of R2 shows the ove erall usefulness s measure of a regression an nd expressed 3). as per (3 R2=SSR/SST Total v variation= (3)

( y

y ) , calle ed sum of sq quared total y ) , called sum of squares

y c ) , called sum m of squares
2

(SST) Explain ned variation= = regressi ion (SSR)

(y

Unexpe ected variation n=

(y

error (S SSE) Where y i is measured target values a and y is mean of measured target v value and yc is p predicted targe et value.

II.

MATLAB AL LGORITHM

The alg gorithm to pre edict the expe erimental data using ANN using M MATLAB softw ware is summarised as below w: 1. Prepare expe erimental data a file in CSV V format and ese data into M MATLAB. read the 2. Prepare Mfile to target, trai in and test the data. LAB command d window, typ pe nntool and 3. In the MATL inputs and targ gets data file in nto the nn data manager. import i 4. Set input data a, target data. e button to crea ate the nueral n network 5. Hit the create etwork. On the e train tab of t the network, 6. Train the ne k dialog, selec ct inputs and t targets; and th hen press the network train ne etwork button t to start the netw work training. esults of trained d data. 7. Obtain the re rt button and te est unseen data a. 8. Hit the expor
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International Conference on Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ICCEE'2013) April 15-16, 2013 Johannesburg (South Africa)

III.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The statistical parameters are observed as follows: MBE= 1.57*10-12 RMSE= 9.29491*10-13 R2= 0.974365 The identification of gas-liquid two-flow pattern is very complex and this approach shows great potential and fairly acceptable based on the statistical analysis of the data. B. Comparison of different neural network algorithms Two hidden layers and 10 neurons in each hidden layers & (PURELIN), Hyperbolic tangent sigmoid (LOGSIG), Logistic sigmoid (TANSIG) activation function are considered for training of different ANNs algorithms.

A. Prediction of two phase flow pattern by radial basis function ANN 215 experimental data are considered for modeling. Total 170 data are trained by radial basis function neural network and 45 data are tested. Target output designated value and pattern value range are shown in table I while the predicted flow patterns of testing input data (air/water velocity) are compared with the observed flow patterns as shown in Appendix-II. The proposed neural network is found to predict the flow patterns successful. Only 4 data out of 45 testing data are wrongly predicted which are shown in Fig. 3 and 4 with encircled symbol on experimental and predicted flow pattern maps.
TABLE I FLOW PATTERN VALUE RANGE flow pattern slug bubbly churn annular designated value 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 Pattern value range 0.30 -0.45 0.45 -0.75 0.75-1.05 1.06-1.20

Fig. 3 Experimental flow pattern map

Fig. 4 Predicted flow pattern map

Fig. 5 Performance Parameters Vs transfer function Value for different Model

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International Conference on Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ICCEE'2013) April 15-16, 2013 Johannesburg (South Africa)
TABLEII PREDICTED FLOW PATTERN Reading No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 Superficial velocity(m/s) Gas 4.590 9.181 9.181 9.181 13.77 13.77 13.77 13.77 4.590 6.886 6.886 6.886 4.590 4.590 9.181 9.181 9.181 13.77 13.77 2.754 2.754 2.754 2.754 3.672 3.672 3.672 3.672 6.886 6.886 6.886 6.886 4.590 4.590 4.590 4.590 13.77 13.77 13.77 13.77 13.77 6.886 6.886 4.590 Liquid 1.377 0.918 1.377 0.688 0.459 0.918 1.377 0.688 0.688 0.459 0.091 0.229 0.091 0.229 0.459 0.091 0.229 0.091 0.229 0.459 1.377 0.918 0.688 0.459 0.918 1.377 0.688 0.459 0.918 1.377 0.688 0.459 0.918 1.377 0.688 0.459 0.918 1.377 0.229 0.688 0.091 0.229 0.091 Flow pattern value Actual 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.2 1.2 1.2 Predicted 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.1 0.9 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.9 0.9 1 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.1 0.9 1.2 1.1 1.2 Flow pattern type Actual churn churn churn churn churn churn churn churn churn annular annular annular annular annular annular annular annular annular annular slug slug slug slug slug churn churn churn churn churn churn churn churn churn churn churn churn churn churn churn churn annular annular annular Predicted churn churn churn churn churn churn churn churn churn churn annular annular annular annular churn annular annular annular annular slug slug slug slug bubbly churn churn churn churn churn churn churn churn churn churn churn churn churn churn annular churn annular annular annular Radial basis function NARX(non-linear autoregressive exogenous model) PURELIN LOGSIG TANSIG GAUSSIAN RBF NARXP NARXL NARXT RBF cascade- Feed forward back propagation Feed forward back propagation Algorithms Transfer in hidden layer PURELIN LOGSIG TANSIG PURELIN LOGSIG TANSIG Short Form FFBPP FFBPL FFBPT CFFBPP CFFBPL CFFBPT APPENDIX I ANN Model Short form Radial basis function NARX C-FFBP PURELIN LOGSIG TANSIG PURELIN LOGSIG TANSIG Gaussian RBF -0.060 -0.060 -0.016 -0.054 0.0016 -0.0003 0.0000 0.315 0.198 0.081 0.198 0.062 0.061 0.0531 0.347 0.694 0.943 0.696 0.965 0.966 0.9744 FFBP PURELIN LOGSIG TANSIG -0.071 0.001 0.011 0.198 0.067 0.109 0.707 0.959 0.900 Algorithms Performance parameter Transfer in hidden layer MBE RMSE R2 44 45 4.590 13.77 0.229 0.091 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.2 annular annular annular annular

TABLE III Comparison of Different ANN Models

IV.

CONCLUSION

The possibility of using a neural network based techniques to identify gas-liquid two-phase flow pattern is discussed. Air and water superficial velocities are used as input parameters. Target output value designation depends on the researcher. Performance of Different ANN algorithms such as Feed Forward Back Propagation (FFBP), Cascade- Feed Forward Back Propagation (C-FFBP), Non-linear Auto Regressive Exogenous (NARX), Radial Basis Function (RBF) is
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International Conference on Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ICCEE'2013) April 15-16, 2013 Johannesburg (South Africa)

compared based on the statistical values. The Radial Basic Function (RBF) network provides better accuracy to predict flow patterns. REFERENCES
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