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New insert manufacturing techniques from Sandvik Coromant play a critical role in elevating production results for an increasingly demanding marketplace.
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What does a new generation of indexable inserts mean to the gear manufacturing industry? Minimizing lead times in gear production is becoming an increasingly competitive factor, and for many machine shops cost-competitiveness while maintaining or improving quality consistency will be decisive in achieving success in new and existing markets. And, as is always the case in machining, it all starts at the cutting
Types of Toughness
Gear milling is characterized by interrupted cutting action, and in addition to thermal variations on the cutting edge, mechanical interruptions make demands on high insert toughness and strength. Generally the insert shape and geometry, as well as the entering and exit conditions, determine the degree of toughness needed from the tool material. In gear milling the demands for edge toughness are also influenced by the relatively small radial depths of cut in combination with the large tool diameter. The use of coolant will emphasize the demand for toughness, sacrificing wear resistance, which will have a limiting effect on cutting data. Dry machining, without any coolant application, is to be preferred when putting the cutting process in the center because in today's high machining rates it is hard for even high amounts of coolant to have much effect at the cutting edge. Coolants in gear machining are very much inherited from the use of high speed steel tooling. Most of the coolant in modern milling will be vaporized and what remains will only
intermittently cool the insert as it goes in and out of the cut. Thermal variations are thus amplified, which has more of a negative effect on the insert than what high temperatures do. A modern coated insert grade has the capability of providing high security at the temperatures generated by high cutting speeds and feeds. Having said that, however, a lot of grades will function well in both dry and wet conditions, when the coolant is necessary for chip evacuation and maintaining component temperature for keeping within dimensional tolerances, and so on.
Critical Coating
When it comes to coated indexable inserts, there are two coating methods which produce two characteristically different grades. CVD (chemical vapor depostion) coated inserts make it possible to make coatings that provide a high degree of wear resistance by resisting chemical, abrasive and thermal breakdown of the edge. These grades are coated at relatively high temperatures, giving them something of a tendency for being brittle, but this is offset through edge preparation today. This gives the CVD-coated grades an ability to machine at high cutting data while still retaining a high level of bulk toughness. PVD (physical vapor depostion) coated inserts have coatings suitable for relatively sharper and more positive cutting edges.
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Fig 1: This indexable insert hob with a diameter of 10.5 inches and 132 teeth (seen here and on the opposite page, was used to machine a planetary gear wheel for the wind-power industry. Using indexable inserts in the newly-developed CVD-coated grade GC4240 the tool life was increased by 35% to 57 components per insert set over the existing carbide insert solution.
They do not have quite the same level of wear resistance as CVD coatings but provide a high degree of toughness localized more at the cutting edge line. These grades are coated at lower temperatures, which does not provide the same level and
nature of wear resistance as CVD-grades but does give them added edge toughness, thus making them advantageous for sharper edges. Modern manufacturing techniques, however, have meant that the basic differences between CVD and PVD
grades have become smaller, with grades overlapping in application areas and providing much more capable optimization instruments. This is certainly the case for gear milling, where new insert generation grades have elevated performance.
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575 South Mansfield Street, Ypsilanti, MI 48197 TEL: (734) 961-0300 E-FAX: (734) 448-0130
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A new CVD-type ISO P40 grade for steel milling has established itself as a solution for many demanding operations where cutter entry and exit in the workpiece needs a strong edge. Typical for CVD applications are that chips are usually thicker, as in medium and heavy milling with high feeds, and cutting speed is generally high. CVD edges will typically provide a high degree of edge durability thanks to their resistance to heat and chemical loads, as well as abrasive wear. A new PVD-type ISO P30 grade provides the type of edge strength often needed when there is some instability, such as when longer tool overhang, difficult chip evacuation, and more difficult cutter entry and exits, as can be the case with short cutting edge engagements. In these operations, chips are typically thinner and cutting speed somewhat lower. Surface finish and tolerances are more likely to be to closer limits and the PVD edge may be more suitable as it is sharper.
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Assessing Operations
Assessing the gear milling operations at hand may well lead to one grade being shown to have an optimizing effect against the other. This is partly because toughness in gear milling is made up of more than one aspect. A stable operation which needs to be run at high cutting data can be improved by using a CVD-grade insert, while some operations can benefit
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from the easier-cutting, PVD-grade, morepositive insert. For example, the CVD -coated grade GC4240 is a tough, steel-milling grade for applications where cutting edge strength is needed for more severe demands both as regards material and machining conditions. Generally this grade will solve most operations where a combination of high insert toughness in combination with resistance to heat and chemical breakdown is necessary. It will provide a winning, reliable solution, especially for
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PARKER Industries Incorporated 1650 Sycamore Avenue | Bohemia, New York 11716
medium to large diameter cutters, when other insert grades will not stand up to
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the demands of insert strength required by the operation. Complimentary to this, the PVD-coated grade GC1030 is a steel milling grade for applications where a more-positive, sharper, and tougher cutting edge line is needed. This grade is generally ideal when radial depths of cut are smaller, vibration risks apparent, chip evacuation tricky, cutter entry/exit demanding, and functions better when coolants are applied.
Conclusion
When compared to traditonal high speed steel tools for gear milling, the new generation of coated cemented carbide insert grades offer a completely new scope for reducing machining times and improving the manufacturing cost for components with gear teeth. When compared to the insert grades that have been used so far in gear milling, the new generation of CVD and PVD steel milling grades will very likely provide a substantial upgrade of machining, with better throughput times and machining security as a result. When it comes to milling normalized case-hardening steel, the advantage of carbide inserts is particularily highlighted in the form of higher productivity, while for tempered steel the advantage is especially apparent in longer tool life. Another important aspect to the success of indexable insert in gear milling is that of insert geometry and insert manufacturing quality. Edge geometry and edge preparation are important combination factors with insert grades for achieving the best solution. Establishing the right microgeometry in the form of lands, chamfers, and edge rounding decisively affects the strength characteristics of the cutting edge, as well as durability. This has a direct influence on cutting data capability, security and, very importantly, the predictabilility of quality consistency. Gear milling cutters have a large number of large inserts, and the position of one cutting edge will affect the others as regards load during cut. If these loads vary too much they can negatively
Cutters complete with Elemental inspection Coupons
(4243)
Standard rate for Cylindrical Gear and Spline Hobbing CuttersStraight or Spiral Gashes/Flutes 0 - 2 inch / 0 - 50mm diameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . $75 ea. 2.001 - 4 inch / 51 - 100mm diameters. . . . . . . . $85 ea. 4.001 - 6 inch / 101 - 150mm diameters. . . . . . . $95 ea. 6.001 - 8 inch / 151 - 200mm diameters. . . . . . $250 ea. 8.001 - 10 inch + / 201 - 250mm diameters. . . . $250 ea. Standard rate for Cylindrical Gear and Extended Boss Spur and Helical Shaper Cutters (non-shank) 0 - 4 inch / 0 - 100mm diameters. . . . . . . . . . . . $75 ea. 4.001 - 8 inch + / 101 - 200mm diameters . . . . $200 ea. Standard rate for Cylindrical Shank Type Shaper Cutters 0 - 4 inch / 0 - 100mm diameters. . . . . . . . . . . . $75 ea.
NOTE: A variety of PARKERs standard and proprietary tool coating options for increased wear resistance and longevity are available. All prices are FOB-Ex Works and the customer is responsible for shipping to and from our facilities. Tool management services: to include retrieval and delivery are available and will be quoted upon request. We are at your service and look forward to receiving your inquires.
PARKER Industries Incorporated 1650 Sycamore Avenue Bohemia, NY 11716 Tel: 631-567-1000 Fax: 631-567-1355 Email: sales@parkerind.com
affect machining performance and the ability to achieve the right quality level. In this context new insert manufacturing techniques, producing inserts to much closer tolerances, play a critical role in achieving solutions to elevate results for a marketplace where quality demands are constantly escalating.
Fig 2: Disc milling cutters are suitable for external and internal applications. In this case, a large slewing ring for the wind-power industry was machined through milling of the internal gear with a cutter having thirty teeth. Using inserts in the new-generation PVD-grade GC1030, a productivity increase of 30% was achieved in combination with longer tool life and a safer process though a more advantageous wear pattern.
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