Evangelical Presbyterian

May-June 2002 50p

Evangelical Presbyterian
Convenor of the Editorial Committee:

is published by the Presbytery of the Evangelical Presbyterian Church. Rev. Stephen Atkinson 1 Lord Wardens Dr Bangor, Co Down BT19 1YF
(E-mail: sgt.atkinson@ukonline.co.uk) Subscriptions: Annual subscription (six issues)

Surface post:
Subscriptions enquiries to:

UK: Rep. of Ireland and Overseas Evangelical Book Shop 15 College Square East Belfast, BT1 6DD Honorary General Treasurer Mr. J. R. McCormick 6 Eileen Gardens Belfast, BT9 6FW

4.20 6.50

Donations: If any of the Lords people wish to help in the work of the Church,

please send donations to the

Gift Aid: Under the Gift Aid scheme the Church can benefit by Income Tax

return on any donation from someone who pays tax. Contact the Honorary General Treasurer for further details.
Internet: Visit the EPC Home Page on

www.epc.org.uk

CONTENTS
Editorial: Contagious Graces? Obituary EPC Pulpit: Psalms, Hymns and Spiritual Songs Preaching: The Man, the Method, the Message YPA Missionary Project 2001 & 2002 Books etc. The Regions Beyond: Norman & Angela Reid The Irish Evangelical Church - Why? Modernisms Pilgrims Progress 1 2 3 7 11 12 15 19 25

G. Burke D. Thomas E. Brown W. J. Grier

Front Cover

Mr John Grier (New Moderator of EPC)

Contagious Graces?
It is sometimes said, Smile, and the world will smile with you. The suggestion is that something as simple as smiling might just be contagious. And if truth be told, in many instances it works. A positive attitude coming from a beaming, inspirational character can enthuse a whole body of people. Businesses will spend thousands on motivating middle management by such contagious means. Teachers that are passionate about their subject can infectiously enthuse their pupils. But does it work within the church? By that I mean, is our renewed nature something that should rub off on someone else, in such a way as to be contagious? If a smile is contagious, what about joy, love, and kindness?
I can imagine the theologians among you now running for their proof texts to show how wrong it is to suggest Christianity may be something like a viral infection! However, you dont need to. Mass evangelism by emotional hype and psychological crowd persuasion is not what Im suggesting here. My concern is our saltiness and luminance. When our Lord graced his followers with such elevated titles as the light of the world, and the salt of the earth, it was not that we might remain as a light bulb in a box under the stairs, or in a rock salt jar in the cabinet. Light, by its very nature, shines upon everything with which it comes into contact, infecting the areas with its brilliance and illumination. Salt, by its very nature, particularly when rubbed in, has a purifying and preserving influence upon all it touches. Our Christian graces and fruit of the Spirit, are not contagious in the sense that we can have a Midas touch upon every unbeliever infecting them with new birth, but they are contagious in the sense that they often are used, in the Lords providence, in the divine saving activity as a savour of life. When we are called upon to Let your light shine, it is that they may see your good works and glorify your Father in heaven (Matt. 5:16). When we are called to do good to all,
page 1

especially to those who are of the household of faith (Gal. 6:10), it is for contagious purposes, and the spiritual beautifying of the corporate Bride of Christ. What would our churches be like if there was an epidemic of apologies? How different would our churches be if there was an upsurge in a highly infectious disease called Humility? What would our worship be like if we contagiously displayed the reality of the second fruit of the Spirit? And what of liberality, generosity, transparent kindness, and sacrificial practical care for bruised reeds? Or

dedication, commitment, dutiful service, matched by a sanctified tongue, and a spiritually mature wisdom ever ready to advise, but not demand? Have you not known these things to be contagious? How we long for people to catch the virus of Prayer Meeting attendance, or the bug that makes us come twice to Church on a Sunday. Of course, now I jest, but many a true word...? If a smile can be contagious, surely we should be more encouraged to display some of these contagious graces, even if I do jest on some of the other matters, - or do I?

OBITUARY
Mr Jack Howie Stranmillis In the early hours of Friday the 22nd of March 2002 Mr Jack Howie, a faithful member of the Stranmillis congregation, was called into the immediate presence of his Saviour. After a lifetime of service in Berry St. Presbyterian Church Mr Howie came to Stranmillis ten years ago and made a valuable contribution to the life of the congregation. He was very diligent in his attendance at all the means of grace and was a quiet encourager and prayerful supporter of those actively involved in the work of the church. Over these past months he knew much discomfort and pain yet his faith and trust in the Lord remained stedfast and clear. Following the death of his wife twenty years ago he left the family home in Stirling Avenue and moved into Lowry Court where he faithfully organised a fortnightly service for the whole complex. We extend our sympathy to his sons, John and Raymond, and to his daughter-in-law Anne, and pray that they may know something of the Lords comfort and help at this time of loss. Blessed are the dead who die in the Lord ...they do rest from their labours and their works do follow them'(Revelation 14:13) G. N. Burke
page 2

EPC Pulpit
- Psalms, Hymns and Spiritual Songs by Gareth Burke
(Preached in Stranmillis EPC on 10th February 2002.)

TEXT: 'Sing psalms and hymns and spiritual songs with thankfulness in your hearts to God.' (Colossians 3:16)
God has certainly prescribed that we do certain things in worship: praise, prayer, preaching, sacraments, and so on. But he has not prescribed that we do these things in precisely the way that Presbyterians have done them throughout their history. God does not prescribe that hymns use four part chordal harmony in stately rhythm. He does not prescribe organs instead of guitars. (Indeed, I think the instruments mentioned in the Psalm headings are more like guitars, trumpets, and drums than like organs.) He does not prescribe old music rather than new. He does not prescribe formal language rather than informal.

So writes John Frame, formerly professor of Apologetics and Systematic Theology at Westminster Theological Seminary in California. These comments from Frame, and indeed all that he has to say in his book Contemporary Worship Music, are a challenge to us. His book is a reminder to us that the current debate within evangelical circles on the subject of worship, (sadly referred

to as 'Worship Wars'), is something which is also deeply affecting Reformed Churches throughout the world. The reformed world is not immune from the current unrest that is causing deep division among the Lord's people. Whether you hold to exclusive psalmody or whether you're committed to a trendy form of worship you can easily find respected and able theologians who will support
page 3

your own particular position. Sadly when the whole area of worship is being discussed there is among many people a wrong emphasis and outlook. We must never lose sight of the fact that when we come together to worship God our focus must not be upon ourselves but on the Lord our God. When worship is being discussed too much emphasis is placed on how we feel and what we think and what our preferences are. These are all secondary issues. We come together with the people of God to honour and adore our God and in coming unto Him, the great God of heaven, our attitude is to be one of reverence and awe and godly fear. There will be times in the worship of God when we feel quite unworthy. There will be times when with the prophet we cry out 'Woe is me'. There will be times when we will leave the house of God feeling something of the sheer unmanageableness of God. Our text speaks about the whole matter of worship. Paul directs our thoughts here to this vital subject. At the end of the day what matters most in this whole debate is not what John Frame or John Murray have to say about the matter; what matters most is what the Scriptures themselves have to say to us on this vital subject. Let us wrestle with our text looking to the Lord to come to us by His Spirit to give us insight into His truth. How will we tackle this verse? We shall ask three questions: What are we to sing?; How am I to
page 4

praise God?; and, How is all this relevant to us?

WHAT ARE WE TO SING?

The text tells us that we are to sing psalms, hymns and spiritual songs. Our friends who hold to the principle of exclusive psalmody would maintain that what we are looking at here is a threefold description of the Book of Psalms. Now I have a huge respect for this view and, to be honest, there are moments when I wish I could fully adhere to it. There have been times when I have almost been convinced of the rightness of the position. Certainly there are examples in Scripture of these terms being used interchangeably as for example when we are told in Matthew 26:30 that when they had sung a hymn, they went out to the Mount of Olives. All are agreed that the hymn which was sung would have been one of the Hallel Psalms ( Psalms 115 118). Be that as it may I think it more likely that Paul is here referring to three different kinds of songs that can be used in the worship of God. Psalms is probably a reference to the 150 psalms that we have in the Old Testament Psalter. Hymns probably refers to other songs of praise that we find in the Scriptures - other inspired material of praise such as 1 Timothy 3:16, Colossians 1: 15 - 20 and Luke 1:46ff. Spiritual Songs probably refers to other sacred songs suitable for worship. They are described as being

spiritual songs as opposed to secular songs. They are songs that dwell on spiritual themes. It is here that the difficulty arises. What sort of spiritual songs should we sing in the worship of God? The choice is huge. In our own churches we use Trinity Hymnal. Christian Hymns, The Presbyterian Hymnbook, Praise and Grace Hymns. We sing spiritual songs penned by the Arminian Charles Wesley and the Charismatic Graham Kendrick. We love the hymns of Isaac Watts who we are reliably informed by hymnologists took 'on board' Unitarian views at the close of his life. Are we right to use these spiritual songs? Should we use items of praise penned by men and women who do not share our Reformed doctrinal beliefs which, we would contend, are firmly based on the Word of God?

me, but we are to sing songs that are glorifying unto the Lord. Whatever we sing has to be doctrinally correct. One particular song we sometimes sing, (and I happen to be very fond of it), says something like this in reference to God - You are the apple of my eye. However, the Scriptures actually teach that it is the converse that is true. We are the apple of God's eye (Deuteronomy 32:10.) We must be careful that what we sing is fully in harmony with the teaching of Scripture. Whatever we sing we have to be careful that it is not overly sentimental and subjective.

There is a place within the worship of God for a subjective element. In many of the Psalms the Psalmist is speaking The key question here is again related out of his own experience and how the to the Scriptures. In determining what Lord dealt with him as an individual. However we have to guard we are to sing in the worship of God we must go back to the Bible. In trying against an overly subjective element to decide what is an acceptable spiritual creeping in to our praise. Michael song we need to lay down certain clear Horton in his valuable book In the Face of God has some pertinent comments Biblical criteria. Let me suggest on a nineteenth century romantic hymn some principles that ought to mould or song. Listen to his critique of the our thinking on this matter. popular song I come to the garden alone. Whatever we sing has to be Jesus, the lover, meets his paramour glorifying to God. among the dew soaked roses. Such an We come to worship in order to experience none other has ever worship God, to honour and glorify known. It is such a personal our Creator and our relationship that it is as if no one has Redeemer. Whatever we sing we are enjoyed it besides the individual writing not to sing it because it is nice or we this hymn. It is not a hymn of the like the tune or it does something for people of God, but of the self and its
page 5

lover. What then are we to sing in the worship of God? Psalms, hymns and spiritual songs. But, secondly, we must ask:

Thirdly we must ask our final question:

HOW IS ALL OF THIS RELEVANT TO US?

Well, we are being naive if we think that the EPC has not been affected by the 'Worship Wars'. We must, as HOW AM I TO PRAISE GOD? individuals and as Sessions, go away Our text tells us that in our worship of and reflect upon the worship of God God there is to be thankfulness. We within our churches. Perhaps we need to ask ourselves some striking are to come before the Lord with questions. Are we placing enough thankfulness in our hearts. emphasis on the singing of the Thankfulness, not just for what God Psalms? Are the spiritual songs we are has done for us, but for who He using the best that are available to us is. Does our worship at times not centre too much on ourselves and our today? Is the vocabulary of the Psalter own experience of God? Ought there we use understandable? Are we praising God thankfully and whole not to be a greater emphasis on the heartedly? greatness of God and much thankfulness being expressed unto the In all of this we must be careful. To Lord for all that He is in Himself? engage in the worship of God is the Paul also exhorts the Colossians here that they are to sing praise with all your heart. Wholeheartedness is to characterise our worship of God. Sometimes wholehearted singing is understood to be when we throw back our heads and gulder with all our might, similar to the way in which Ireland fans sing Irelands Call at Lansdowne Road. Now certainly in our praise of God there is to be volume and all of that but wholeheartedness undoubtedly refers also to the importance of our mind and heart being fully engaged in worship. We are to sing intelligently, following the words and, as such, singing with understanding.
page 6

greatest activity in which mortal man can engage. It is not surprising that this area of church life has become so contentious because the Evil one will do all that he can to disrupt our worship and to mar our praise of God. Let us then be careful not only that we worship God aright but that we are careful to preserve the peace of Jerusalem. Nothing would be more delightful to our Enemy than that this congregation, or any of our congregations, should have a huge division on the subject of worship. We must not give him what he wants.

Preaching: The Man, the Method, The Message.

A review article of a new book by Geoff Thomas published by Reformed Academic Press introduced to us here by,

Derek Thomas
Associate Professor of Systematic and Practical Theology, Reformed Theological Seminary Jackson, Mississippi & Minister of Teaching, First Presbyterian Church, Jackson.

Introduction In the oft-cited words of the puritan Thomas Goodwin: God has only one Son, and he made him to be a preacher! Goodwins point was to emphasise the nobility of a preachers calling. In days when preaching is devalued and, in some quarters, despised, the reminder that our Lord was a preacher is timely and reassuring. In these days we need all the reassurance about the value of preaching that we can get and this is precisely what Geoff Thomas gives us in this book.

Geoff Thomas is a veteran preacher of world renown. The fact that he has spent almost 40 years ministering to In these pages, Geoff Thomas the same church in a small and remote elaborates on several issues. One

Welsh town (albeit of exquisite beauty) belies the fact that his name is internationally known. My own friendship with him began in the spring of 1972 when, as a newly converted freshman at the local university, I was introduced to his booming voice, his experimental Calvinism, his love of the puritans, his passionate preaching and more particularly, his friendship. I knew him then as my minister and I thought of him almost entirely as a preacher. Preaching is what he excelled in, preaching is what he loved, and preaching - his preaching in particular is what we loved (and continue to love) about him.

page 7

concern has to do with preaching itself: what it is, why we do it, why we do it in the way we do it. He is convinced that preaching is monological rather than dialogical.

gravest consequences (cf. Rev. 22:1819). Preachers preach this way by divine authority. They handle Gods word in Christ-like patterns. It is precisely to this that Mark draws attention. They were astounded at his teaching They Preaching is monological and were all amazed and they kept on authoritative asking one another, What is this? A new teaching - with authority! He In that sense, preaching reflects the process of divine revelation itself. It is commands even the unclean spirits, and they obey him (Mk. 1:22, 27). His delivered as Gods final and authoritative word to a dying world. It preaching was out of this world. As the late William Lane put it: There was is something that is done after the no category familiar to them which pattern of Jesus own proclamation, whose ministry, so Mark tells us, began explained the sovereign authority with with authoritative, monological preaching: which Jesus spoke and acted. After John was arrested, Jesus came to Interestingly, Paul uses this same word, Galilee, proclaiming the good news of kerusso in his charge to Timothy, God, and saying, The time is fulfilled, Preach the Word (2 Tim. 4:2). And as and the kingdom of God has come though underlining the inherent near; repent, and believe in the good authority of such a task, he contrasts it news (Mk. 1:14-15). The verb Mark with myth-makers to whom many will chooses, kerusso, describes the work of turn with itching ears in preference to a herald whose duty it was to make the truth (2 Tim. 4:3-4). public proclamations. The fact that it occurs over seventy times in the New Geoff Thomas believes in preaching Testament attests to the central that is authoritative. He stands in the character of proclamation-preaching in tradition of two millennia of Bible the purposes of God. Earlier in the first preachers who have believed that chapter, Mark had made similar use of preaching ought to be a forthright the word in reference to the ministry of declaration of the truth of God John the Baptist (1:4). authoritatively delivered. As with divine revelation, there is a polar aspect to preaching: there is proclamation and reception; but the recipient does not contribute to the gospel that is preached. He merely receives or rejects it. He cannot add to it or subtract from it without the
page 8

Preaching proclaims the whole counsel of God Another concern of Geoff Thomas is the content of what is preached. Preachers are to proclaim the whole counsel of God. Nothing is to be

withheld. This, in part, has been part of his aim in 40 years of pulpit ministry in Aberystwyth, Wales. From his very first Sunday service in the early sixties, he made the decision to preach along the lines of the lectio continua method: preaching consecutively through books of the Bible each Lords day in a congregation that had not been used to it. After 40 years, there are only a handful of books through which he has not yet preached. In covering the various genres: history books, travel narratives, apocalyptic, Gospels, epistles, poems etc. he has delivered to his congregation the Word of God in all its diversity and complexity. He has expounded the message of God from A to Z. Not content with simplistic, formulaic expressions of the gospel, he has been forced to see the wholeness of the biblical message. He has not been inhibited by the complexities of certain passages, or the intimidating nature of certain others. He believes in letting the text speak for itself, of letting the text shape the very sermon itself. Those members who have sat under his preaching these many years have been taught both Law and Gospel, promise and threat, comfort and rebuke. The entire corpus of the field of systematic and biblical theology have been touched upon in some shape or other. Controversial issues have been handled: theonomy, tongues, prophecy, worship styles, the role of women, to name but a few. Faithful preaching will not flinch when

the fear of man rears its ugly head. And this leads to another concern. The process whereby God makes his truth known is through human instruments. Preaching is truth conveyed through human instruments. God made a choice among you that the Gentiles might hear from my lips the message of the gospel and believe Peter told the Jerusalem council (Acts 15:7). This, among other things, implies the uniqueness of each individual preacher called by God. We are to be ourselves in the pulpit, and not the mimic of someone else, but, as we speak to the truth of God, rightly dividing the Word of God, it is God who speaks through us. We are not vehicles of inspiration but witnesses to the truth. We dont produce the Bible, we preach it. Geoff Thomas underlines the need for what Robert Murray McCheyne called our peoples greatest need. And what is that? The preachers own transparent holiness. Holy preachers make preaching authoritative and Christ-like. Preachers must stand apart and be known for their piety. Few are as qualified to speak to this theme of preaching as Geoff Thomas. I can still recall those sermons in 1972 and 1973 on the Gospel of Matthew. I can see him now, arms outstretched, pleading with his listeners to heed the Word of Christ and bow to it. His eloquence, his passion, his Calvinism, his evangelicalismthese testified of a
page 9

man in love with preaching, who believed in preaching. His style has changed little since then, though he has grown and developed in ways that would be difficult to identify without seeming to qualify the effect of those early years. Readers who access his website (www.users.aber.ac.uk/emk/ap/) can evidence for themselves the maturity of his insights, the depth of his pastoral skill, the deftness in his choice of illustrations, the allegiance to form.

hearers. They strove to come to the level of the hearers and to speak what the poor could understand. To attain this they were not ashamed to crucify their style and to sacrifice their reputation for learning They carried out the maxim of Augustine: a wooden key is not so beautiful as a golden one, but if it can open the door when the golden one cannot it is far more useful. They revived the style of sermons in which Luther and Latimer had been so eminently successful. In short, they saw Perhaps, above everything else, is Geoff the truth of what the great German Thomas commitment to plainness of reformer proclaimed when he said No speech. It was J. C. Ryle, in his book, one can be a great preacher to the Evangelical Leaders of the 18th Century, who people who is not willing to preach in a drew attention to this characteristic style manner which seems childish and vulgar of great preaching: to some. (p.24). They preached simply. They rightly These are just some of the things that I concluded that the very first recall about a man whom I greatly qualification to be aimed at in a Sermon esteem and feel privileged in calling a is to be understood. They saw clearly friend. I wholeheartedly commend this that thousands of able and wellvolume to you. composed sermons are utterly useless because they are above the heads of the Prepare to be challenged.

COVENANTER FLATS BALLYMONEY

Self contained and double flats providing accommodation for retired people in a pleasant Christian environment in a semi-rural setting. Warden supervision. Convenient to shops For further details contact:Miss Elizabeth Moore 20 Shandon Park Ballymoney BT53 7BA
page 10

YPA Missionary Projects 2001 & 2002

CWI Hebrew Childrens Bible - 2001
The project for the year ending December 2001 was to raise funds to help CWI and in particular HaGefen Publishing in the production of a modern day Hebrew Childrens Bible. The general YPA was able to contribute 2150 to this CWI project. In November 2001 Rev John Ross & Rev Alec Cowie came to share with the young people about the work among the Jews in both Israel and closer to home in Glasgow. They also outlined how the childrens Bible is assisting in this. Mr Ernest Brown was able to present the cheque to CWI at the Foreign Missions board meeting in Edinburgh in March 2002.

Burnshill District Church Buildings - 2002

The project for the calendar year 2002 is to assist with church building repairs in South Africa. The YPA proposes to finance the provision of new ceilings and floors in two churches in the Burnshill District of Ciskei, not far from King William's Town. Joseph and Helen McCracken worked in this district for many years and the McCracken Memorial Church is also in Burnshill. The names of the two churches are Mkhubiso (Kub-eeso) and Kwamathole (Ama-toe-lay). Mr and Mrs Ernest Brown, from our Stranmillis congregation, visited both churches during their recent trip to South Africa. It is estimated that the cost for the building work will be in the region of 800.

Paul Watson YPA Chairman

page 11

Books etc.
A Guide to Prayer not due to its age, but rather to the spiritual declension of the church; Isaac Watts corporate and individual. It may be we Banner of Truth need a primer before this Guide. 186 pages 6.95 I heartily commend it, at whatever level you find yourself, and may it be Reviewer: Stephen Atkinson used to restore some maturity to the First published in 1715, this first holy art of communion and Banner of Truth edition brings to our communication with God. attention a wonderful Guidebook for a most important area of our Christian You Cant Fool God lives. While there are no shortage of Peter Jeffrey books on prayer this book, defined as Evangelical Press a Guide, truly assists in cultivating a biblical, godly approach to private, 128 pages 4.95 family, and public prayer. Reviewer: Billy Elliott We are given a multitude of scriptural It may be possible to fool some of examples, co-ordinated into a schematic presentation of the types of the people all of the time, and it may prayer and the manner in which they even be possible to fool all of the are rightly to be brought before God. people some of the time but in this Some of the errors he exposes may be book Peter Jeffrey argues forcibly, coherently and convincingly from more evident in his day, yet general principles abound, and indeed many Scripture that you cannot fool God at any time. God sees all, knows all, and of the errors do still remain. This is God judges all. therefore an important exposure of sloppiness and malpractice in the In the space of just 123 pages, Jeffrey, church. in his usual clear, heart-warming, It is not only useful in giving thought provoking and Biblically particular guidelines to be followed, its accurate manner, reminds his readers very pages draw forth from the reader that it is a delusion to think that prayerful thanksgiving. As such it anyone can escape the consequences could aid personal devotion, as well as of their actions. Either sinners repent guide in the public exercise. of their sins or they must perish eternally. If the content of the book seems so far removed from our experience, it is Readers are introduced to a number
page 12

of Old and New Testament characters, both believers and unbelievers, whose delusions are a timely reminder that you cannot dupe God. We are also given, by way of conclusion, a very clear presentation of the gospel in which it is accurately stated that, The gospel is the good news of what God has done for guilty sinners in and through the Lord Jesus Christ (p121) and a call goes out to loose and flabby believers to Stop playing around with Christianity and submerge (themselves) in all that God has for (them) in Christ. (p124) You Cant Fool God can be read quickly and with great profit by believers and non-believers alike and certainly the author succeeds in his stated purpose of reminding his readers that although Everyone who has some sort of awareness of God, whether a keen believer or merely a nominal Christian, is capable of trying to fool God at some time or other in their lives... this is an activity with no prospect of success. (p8) The insightful and relevant questions for personal thought or group discussion at the end of each of the 15 chapters are to be welcomed because they help to re-enforce their content.

Dr John H Gerstner Soli Deo Gloria 26 pages 1.70 Reviewer: Stephen Atkinson First published in 1983 this is a timely reprint (post September 11th) reminding us of the moral necessity of punishment. Instead of regularly questioning why bad things happen to good people, the reader is drawn to look at things from the other way around. Why do good things happen to bad people? Why should such a rebel race know anything of Gods goodness, except that it lead them to repentance? The moral problem that we should be considering is the problem of so much being pleasureable in this fallen world. Subjects briefly touched on include sin, punishment, suffering, pain, mercy and justice. We are told that we deserve to suffer because, without exception, we are sinners. His comments are stark, and strangely uncommon.

The booklet ends evangelistically proposing th at Gods giving of pleasure and with-holding deserved judgment is a sign of his mercy. He then argues that mercy must not violate justice, and so he explains gospel truth I have benefited from Jeffreys work in concerning God as the Just and the past and I certainly profited from Justifier. this book and I can assure you that you It is useful, brief, and perhaps even will do so too. notably novel in comment and conclusions. I wholeheartedly recommend it. The Problem of Pleasure Meet the Real Jesus
page 13

John Blanchard Evangelical Press 224 pages 7.95 Reviewer: David Bowers John Blanchard in 9 chapters sets before us, in a very readable form, proofs for the existence of Jesus. In the opening chapters he writes convincingly concerning the reliability of the Bible as it presents Jesus to us. He proves the historicity of Jesus and opens up very clearly his true identity as presented in the N.T. He deals with the O.T. expectation of the Messiah and traces the Messianic predictions as they unfold in the life and ministry of Jesus.

At best it would have been a part payment, but by enduring the double death penalty Jesus paid sins debt in full. Blanchards treatment of the Resurrection of Jesus in Chapter 7 is well handled and convincingly argued, he points out however that, Ultimately accepting that Jesus rose from the dead is a matter of faith, but it is not a leap in the dark. It is based on an unshakeable mass of persuasive evidence which he presents.

In Chapter 8, the question of the real Jesus is answered. If you want to be armed with the Biblical evidence of who Jesus really is you must read this chapter. You will find that you cannot Chapter 4 deals with the birth of Jesus read this book without responding to its last chapter where you are asked to and is well worth reading for all who come to a verdict. Who is the real would like to have a clear understanding of the true nature of his Jesus? If you read this book and study birth. He observes What is unique is its contents you will have no difficulty not how Jesus left his mothers womb, in answering the crucial question. but how he entered it, and on that the This reviewer highly recommends this Bible is clear. book both as an evangelistic tool to use He titles his Chapter 6, on the death of and a book to educate us in Jesus, The man who died twice. Here evangelism. Personally I found myself so caught up in the contents of the he writes of The double death of Jesus; physical the separation of his book that I have no negative comment spirit from his body; and spiritual the to offer. Indeed I would need to be separation of his spirit from God. He deliberately looking to find any. comments, His physical death alone would have achieved little or nothing.

We shall never understand anything of our Lords preaching and ministry unless we keep in mind what exactly and exclusively his errand was in the world. Alexander Whyte
page 14

The Beyond Regions Beyond The Regions

Norman and Angela Reid
Missionaries in South Africa since 1998 Part 1
Earliest Impressions terrible Nasser who was going to start another war. I was very frightened by I was born on 9 July 1946 on a small that conversation. Later, I remember farm in County Tyrone. World War 2 having a great fear of Communism for ended in 1945 but its aftermath we were told it was taking over the dominated my childhood. Gas masks, world at the rate of 50 miles a day! green army motorcycles, old uniforms These are some of the childhood and other reminders were everywhere. memories that impacted on my life. The farmers often wore old army Later I came to grasp the great truth of overcoats and in many of the homes the sovereignty and over-ruling they doubled up as blankets. Many of providence of God and I sometimes my earliest recollections of conversation wonder if that conviction was born in had reference to the War. Farmers those childhood fears. complained about the end of War subsidies and women sympathised with Home and Church Background the "War Widows". My first sweets were bought with ration coupons. As a child I My parents were committed Christians and members of the EPC. My mother often wondered about the War, about was a member of Somerton Road in her the stories of battlefield scenes. There youth, and a close friend of Mrs Helen was much talk about the horrific suffering and the "Blitz" in Belfast, from McCracken. During the war she was evacuated to County Tyrone where she which my mother had fled to Tyrone. met and married my father. Our home Death was often in my childhood was centred round the Word of God thoughts, and this had a spiritual impact and family worship, and my parents, on me. I still remember the Suez Crisis though poor financially, were rich when I was ten. I remember the family spiritually. They set a godly example to at my grandparent's house, huddled my brother, two sisters and myself. They around the old wet battery wireless. became members of Clintyfallow church Their faces were so solemn and after the and it was in this church that my news they talked about Churchill and the childhood and youth were centred. It
page 15

was always small, never numbering more than 30, and was chiefly composed of two extended families. There were many difficulties, of the kind common to most small rural churches, yet Clintyfallow produced more missionaries and Christian workers than some large churches.

conviction of sin at that time and an overwhelming sense of relief that my sins were indeed forgiven. Angelas Story

I was born in the Midlands of Ireland in Co Westmeath. Our nearest town was Castlepollard where there were many The annual Clintyfallow Conference was places of interest including the castle. There, Lord and Lady Longford, who on the first Saturday in May. The little belonged to our church, entertained the church was always packed, and a bus children one afternoon every year, in came from Belfast bringing half the our biggest annual event. All children congregation. As children we eagerly from the local Church of Ireland School watched for the bus, and although the Conference was announced to begin at ran races, but no matter who won or who lost, everyone was invited into the 3.00 pm, it only began when the bus entrance hall of the castle to choose a arrived. Those were times of great blessing to me as a child and teenager. A very generous gift. Then the Castle staff missionary speaker was always a feature treated us to afternoon tea. and my early interest in missions began I was the second eldest of a family of here. four. Our Church of Ireland School was very small with 14-18 pupils, and one Spiritual Development teacher. I started school at the age of It was in Clintyfallow that I was four and was the only child to start that baptised as an infant and as I grew I year. On my very first day I remember learned to love the Word of God. I can the teacher bringing me to the front and scarcely remember a time when I was asking me to sing. This did not seem to not sensitive to spiritual things. be a problem to me at that age, and However it was not until my early teens afterwards she gave me a six-penny that I publicly made a commitment to piece. I became very attached to her and Jesus Christ. There were frequent was most upset when she left the school evangelistic missions in our area in my some years later. youth and it was at one of these that I My parents became Christians while I first put my faith in the Saviour. The was just a baby. They would often travel verse that was used of God in my many miles on Sunday evenings with the salvation was Isaiah 53:6 "All we like sheep have gone astray, we have turned family to attend a meeting. These were every one to his own way, and the Lord very happy times for us all as it was a great adventure to travel, to see new hath laid on Him the iniquities of us places, meet new friends and to be all." I remember a deep sense of
page 16

invited to supper by the Evangelists or local Christians. When one of these missions was coming to our area my father provided the small plot of ground behind our house for the missionaries to set up their portable hall and caravan. I was about six then and I don't remember any of the preaching. But one night after I had gone to bed I had this overwhelming desire to have my sins forgiven and to feel at peace with God. I called my mother and told her, and she advised me to speak to the evangelists next day. As I listened carefully to them I understood the way of salvation. I was so happy that next day, even at that young age, I went to school and told my friends who were not sure at all what I was talking about. When I was ten my father moved to Co Tyrone where he had found work after being made redundant. I found the change to a different country and a bigger school very hard. The other children were cruel about my Westmeath accent, and because I could not cope with being different, I lost it within a week. However as the years passed many good things happened in Tyrone. It was during this time that I met and married my husband. I would never have chosen to be a Minister's wife for I have never felt that my gifts lay in this direction. But I have found supporting him and dealing one-to-one with ladies in all our congregations very rewarding and fulfilling.

Beginning to Preach (Norman resumes the story. Ed.) School days for me were not particularly happy days, for being of a very practical nature I was more interested in tractors and machinery. Though I am loath to admit it I was never a great lover of books, but in my teens I delighted in my Bible and loved to study it, even attempting to prepare sermons. Then one day my big break came! It was the Tuesday prayer meeting and the man who was to preach had fallen and broken his leg. One of the ladies suggested that I should take the meeting and everyone agreed. I preached on "The Feeding of the Five Thousand" and I recall that my efforts were appreciated. I think I was sixteen or seventeen. My father was a Deacon and once a month it was his turn to preach, but after my first attempt at the prayer meeting, he usually insisted that I take his place. These events happened 40 years ago and though it has been my life's work, and I count it the greatest privilege, I am still trying to preach, and yet rarely feeling satisfied with my efforts. Call to the Ministry Academic study never came easily to me and my performance at school was little more than average. Looking to the future, I had dreams of becoming a vet since I loved farming and animals. However I hated chemistry and science so that dream was not going anywhere.
page 17

My love for the Lord and his Word was central in my life, yet I was unsure where it would lead. About this time Rev. Joseph McCracken and his wife came home from South Africa on furlough. He was never one to mince words. One day he was visiting with us and during conversation, he looked me straight in the eye and said "Norman, what are you going to do with your life?" No one had ever been as direct as that with me, and he was waiting for an answer! So to him I disclosed what I think I had not told anyone except perhaps my mother... that I was thinking about the ministry. He commended me warmly and later, in his forthright way he asked the elders what they were going to do about this! He soon returned to Africa leaving the elders in peace, but the admission he had drawn from me remained with me. As I continued to preach the elders and others began to encourage me to take seriously my desire to be in the ministry. College and Ordination In 1967 I was accepted as a student for the ministry and sent to study in the Free Church College in Edinburgh. I enjoyed the teaching of the professors and the fellowship of the students. Some were to become permanent friends. I completed the course and was awarded the Diploma of the College in 1970. That was indeed a memorable year. I was married to my wife, Angela, in March and ordained in October. I consider these two events to be the two
page 18

most important events in my life apart from my conversion. Without Angela's support my ministry would have been impossible. She has devoted her life completely to myself and to our children. In 1970 I began to pastor the two Belfast churches of Finaghy and Crosscollyer Streetat the age of 24. At my ordination, my uncle, Rev C.H Garland, gave the charge to the minister and I have always remembered his charge to me. A minister is a man of God, a man of prayer, and a man of the Word. Those words have often kept me from getting sidetracked and distracted from the great work to which I have been called. My early failures were many but the people were gracious and I had the great benefit of the presence of Rev C E Hunter in the Finaghy congregation. How he must have winced at some of my attempts to preach. Yet he was always gracious, encouraging, and full of enthusiasm for me in my work. The seven years in Finaghy and Crosscollyer Street were a time of learning and growing for me and for Angela. They were happy and exciting years during which three of our children, Miriam, Jonathan and Rachel, were born. The Lord blessed the work with growth in those years. Little did we know that a new sphere of service lay ahead.

(to be continued)

Remembering Former Days

In this EPC anniversary year we wish to bring to mind the former days by reprinting some articles from the very first issues of this magazine. The battle for truth remains. This article was first printed in The Irish Evangelical in May 1931.

The Irish Evangelical Church Why?

By Rev W J Grier BA
The greater part of the membership of the Irish Evangelical Church were formerly members of the Irish Presbyterian Church. The reason for their secession was, in a word, the departure of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland from the teaching of the Word of God and of its own Standards. THE ASSEMBLYS COLLEGE interpretations of our Lords sufferings in Gethsemane and on Calvary this For many years evidences of this drift writer has never listened to. May the towards Modernism in the Irish day never come when we can hear such Presbyterian Church had not been statements without anguish of spirit and lacking. In sermons, books, and without protest! We may here point out pamphlets by the ministers of the that the General Assembly later Church, and by the use of thoroughly published much of this revolting Modernist text-books and tuition in the teaching under its authority. Assemblys College, the propaganda had been carried on. The writer of this Three of the authors whose books were article, as one who was a student in the used as text-books in 1925-26 in the College, can bear testimony that the Assemblys College were Peake, teaching given was anti-Christian. In Rashdall and Oman. Rev Mr Hunter lectures given, our Lord was robbed of has quoted Bishop Weldon as saying of His true and essential deity. He was Rashdall in a public lecture, delivered in pictured as one who did not understand London, that he doubted if he believed Himself. In Gethsemane and on in the deity of our Lord. Peake was the Calvary He did not know why He was author of the Commentary described by suffering. Anything more revolting in Dr W Graham Scroggie as sodden holy things than Prof. Daveys two with infidelity. Oman in his Grace and lectures giving his rationalistic Personality (the text book used in Prof
page 19

Haires class) says: all the infallibilities began to crumble. An infallible Orthodoxy followed an infallible Vicar of Christ, an infallible Scripture an infallible Orthodoxy, an infallible Christ an infallible Scripture (page 6). For the scholarship examinations of October 1925, among the prescribed books were Wheeler Robinsons The Religious Ideas of the Old Testament, and E F Scotts The Spirit in the New Testament. Wheeler Robinsons representation of many of the Old Testament conceptions of God as pagan and heathenish is, to say the least of it, painful reading. E F Scott, who was a professor in that notoriously Modernist college, the Union Theological Seminary of New York, evidently sets little or no value on the Gospel of John as a truthful record of the sayings of Christ. THE FORMULA COMMITTEE The drift in the Presbyterian Church in Ireland was further evidenced by the appointment at the General Assembly of 1925 of a committee to consider a change in the questions put at ordination and in the formula of subscription to the Westminster Confession.

and the great doctrines of the Faith, we quote at length from SOS No 2 to Irish Presbyterians, issued by Mr Hunter in May 1926. Two years ago a letter signed by about fifteen students of the Assemblys College was read before the College Committee, protesting against some of the questions asked at ordination. They objected to the term Word of God being applied to the Bible, and they wished to accept the Confession and Catechisms only in a general way. A deputation was appointed to confer with them, and one of the deputation encouraged them in their attitude and held out a hope of a change in the law. Accordingly, at last Assembly (June 1925) a committee was appointed to consider this very matter a change in the questions put at ordination and in the formula of subscription to the Confession of Faith.

The report of this Committee is now ready for the Assembly, and its proceedings throw a flood of light on the revolutionary notions of those who are not attempting to alter our creed. The convenor of the committee (the head of the College, Professor Paul) presented a sheaf of suggestions, and the first surprise was that the question Rev James Hunter MA, opposed the about the Word of God was shunted to proposal but it was carried by a third place. When asked why it should majority vote. Mr Hunter was a not occupy the prominent place, it had member of the committee appointed, always held, his answer was that and that our readers may have an idea experience came before the Scriptures. of the attitude of most of the members This is the Modernist position. But the of this committee to the Word of God
page 20

Mohammedan has experience also. Experience that does not originate from and is not conformed to the Word of God is both sinking and shifting sand.

Psalm is indeed a glorification of the Word of God Thy word have I hid in my heart that I might not sin against Thee. There is no mystery about the source whence the students derived their dislike of the name Word of The next move was to drop the word God; it came from the atmosphere of infallible as applied to the Word of the College. And we are too likely to God. There is no external infallibility, cease hearing from our pulpits the he affirmed. This is the slogan of the solemn Let us hear the Word of God, new teaching. But man is as his word if something does not happen soon. is, and God is as His Word. If God be infallible so must His Word be. Make In the statement of the doctrine of the the Word of God as short as you please Holy Trinity, which it is proposed to only a line, nay only a word, like the put by way of question to ministers at great word It is finished from the ordination, the word Trinity had cross that Word of God is infallible. objection taken to it, as also the word You must write god with a small g person of the distinctions in the whose word is not infallible. When it Trinity. There is nothing said of the seemed difficult to score out infallible, personality of the Holy Spirit. Any old a pious phrase was adroitly inserted fashioned Unitarian could subscribe to before it, thus, under the guidance of the proposed questions without any the Spirit infallible. This lowers the difficulty. Similarly, that Christ died for Bible to the level of any other book. our sins is all that would be permitted Professors lectures are infallible in the about the atonement. When it was same way. Professor Paul strongly moved that it do read died a objected to the expression Word of propitiatory sacrifice for our sins, no God as applied to the Holy Scriptures. seconder could be found. What is the use of a fusionless creed? Would it not In the first chapter of the Confession be nearly as safe to become Nonof Faith the expression is used four subscribing Presbyterians? times (besides the simple term the word twice) Holy Scripture or the On account of the frequency with Word of God, to be received which the Virgin Birth of our Lord is because it is the Word of God, it being denied, some thought it wise to doth abundantly evidence itself to be propose that a question should be put the Word of God, that the Word of at ordination on this subject. It was God dwelling plentifully in all. And in accordingly proposed that this question Holy Scripture the expression occurs be put to ministers at their ordination. with great frequency. The whole 119th Five voted for introducing it, five
page 21

against, and the chairman gave his casting vote against. Of the five for inserting the question, three were elders and two ministers. One minister said to the elder who proposed the addition, Is this a saving truth? The proper answer is that to suppose the Virgin Mary was a strumpet and Our Lord a bastard is a damning blasphemy. There is no use in mincing words over this one big problem where we stand in relation to the Word of God. Any false doctrine may be introduced, and any saving doctrine may be dropped if you weaken the authority of Holy Scripture. Chillingworths famous saying still stands true The Bible, the whole Bible, and nothing but the Bible is the religion of Protestants.

S.O.S. Nos 1, 2, and 3.

In May 1926, there were issued at intervals S.O.S. Nos. 1, 2, and 3, to Irish Presbyterians and a meeting of those interested in maintaining the Truth was summoned by Mr Hunter. So the Presbyterian Bible Standards League was formed. The Belfast Presbytery and the College Committee (of both of which Mr Hunter was a member) were irate at the issue of the S.O.S. A subcommittee of the College Committee held an investigation (?) on May 24th, 1926, seven students of the preceding year being summoned as witnesses. One of the members of this subcommittee (an ex-Moderator) had pronounced himself very strongly from his own pulpit on Sabbath, May 23rd, 1926, on the matter with regard to which he was to sit as an impartial On two occasions before the judge the next day. Most of these Formula Sub-Committee, Professor witnesses were kept a few minutes Paul quoted the Mosaic law, Thou each, while the examination of one of shalt not suffer a witch to live, as their number lasted about 50 minutes, having been for somebody or other the reason being that he made (to use quite enough to discredit the infallibility of the Bible. But, after all, the words of the Moderator of the General Assembly, who presided) did not the witch stand in the very same relation to the Jewish State as Sir very serious allegations against Roger Casement during the war stood Professor Haire. Yet the report of this sub-committee as given at the to the British Government? They meeting of committee on June 1st, were both put to death as traitors. 1926, and the report of the committee Church and State were one and the as published in the daily press, same in the land of Israel, and to introduce what would overthrow the affirmed all the evidence to be in favour of the Professor. one was to be similarly the enemy of the other. Our Lord said a warning GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF 1926 word If ye believe not Moses writings how shall ye believe My The Assembly of 1926 passed from words? the question of the change of the
page 22

Formula, but left a committee on the change still in existence to continue its labours, and took no real steps towards remedying matters in Assemblys College.

the Presbytery resolved by a very large majority to inhibit all under its jurisdiction from every kind of public reference to the case, until the appeals had been heard by the Assembly. One member of the dominant party went HERESY CHARGES BEFORE so far as to insist that the matter PRESBYTERY should not be mentioned even in Early in the winter of 1926-27, charges public prayer. against Professor J E Davey of In the spring and summer of 1927, Assemblys College were tabled before Ulster Pamphlets Nos 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8 and the Belfast Presbytery by Rev James 9 were issued by Rev Mr Hunter, No 1 Hunter MA, and others. To sustain being the charges themselves, Nos 2, the charges quotations were given 3, 4, 8 and 9 being defences of the from two books written by Prof various doctrines against the Davey, and from his lectures to his representations of Prof Davey, and No students. Prof Davey was charged 5 the full-text of Reasons of Appeal to the with teaching what was contrary to (1) Assembly against the decisions of the the doctrine of Imputation, (2) the Belfast Presbytery. Divine Character of the Lord Jesus, (3) the infallible truth and divine authority GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF 1927 of Holy Scripture, (4) the doctrine of the Trinity, and (5) with teaching that The General Assembly of 1927, like the Belfast Presbytery, met on the God is the author of sin. matter behind closed doors. It These charges were dealt with by the dismissed the appeals, sustained the Presbytery at 14 sessions in February decisions of the Presbytery (the voting and March, 1927. The stirring scenes on the first charge being 707 to 82), of the morning of the first session and, like the Presbytery, heaped praise (Feb 15th, 1927) should have left no upon Professor Davey and poured out doubt in the minds of the accusers as its wrath on his accusers. to the light in which they and their In the months that followed the charges were regarded by the meeting of the Assembly, there were Presbytery. Professor Davey was acquitted on each of the charges by a numbers who prayerfully considered their relationship to a church whose large majority, though before the courts had so set themselves against Presbytery itself he made statements sufficient to convict him clearly in any the Lord and His Word. The determining question was, What saith court loyal to the Word of God. At the closing session (March 29, 1927), the Scriptures? Very clearly did they
page 23

see that no other course remained open to them but separation from such a church. Accordingly in the July and August of 1927, Rev James Hunter, MA and others demitted their positions in the Presbyterian Church in Ireland. This was no easy step, as the one who writes, with a copy of his resignation before him, can testify; but it was for the Word of God and the testimony of Jesus Christ.

November, 1927, believers in some districts began to meet in homes in their own district. Indeed most of our congregations began as the church in so-and-sos house. At our first public Conference, held on March 31st, 1928, representatives from five branches of the Church spoke of the word in their own districts.

Today we have nine places of witness, and the beginning and growth of the work have been manifestly of the Lord, A NEW CHURCH without human planning. In some On September 17th, 1927, a small districts we need buildings, but we are number of those interested met. On confident that the Lord will lead and Oct. 15th, 1927, at a similar meeting it provide. Above all, we long to see was decided to unite together in the greater spiritual success given us, and purpose of forming a new organisation the mighty working of God the Holy under the name of the Evangelical Ghost. We remember all the way Church. Articles of Faith were which Jehovah our God has led us, and adopted at a meeting on 12th we praise Him. May we serve and November, 1927. At the same time, follow Him with renewed zeal and events of perhaps even greater consecration in the coming days. To importance than the foregoing had Him be the glory. Amen. been taking place. In October and

Editorial note...

It is perhaps difficult to imagine the hardships of those early days, not only to begin a new evangelical church, but to sustain such under intense slanderous attacks. It is hard to appreciate the struggles of those 75 years to bring us to our present form and witness. We hope to produce a fuller account of these matters, and a complete history of the denomination in the autumn to celebrate Gods goodness over 75 years. It is easy for some to continue to view our present smallness with a measure of derision and disdain. However, we maintain the rightness of our forefathers actions, and we call upon those sympathetic to the above stand for the truth to stand with us, and pray for us, as we continue to labour uncompromised and unashamed of the gospel.
page 24

Modernisms Pilgrims Progress

reprinted from The Irish Evangelical - August 1929. True Christianity is a very different thing from the mild religion of the modern. The latter has no sense of sin, or of the need of repentance and regeneration. It is not a revival of Christianity but a recrudescence of Paganism, declared Dr Stuart Nye Hutchison, pastor of East Liberty Presbyterian Church, in a recent sermon, and he illustrated by recalling the irony of one of our great Christian literary men. In The Celestial Railroad, Hawthornes famous satire, he takes us again over that immortal way that was travelled by Bunyans Christian. The old road, he was told, was so long and hard, and a railroad had been built from the City of Destruction to the Celestial City. He boarded the train. It was filled with people whom he was surprised to find there, men and women who made no pretence of faith or practice, and who openly sneered at the faith of their fathers. They were setting out for the Celestial City as light -heartedly as if they were going on a summer excursion. and the material excavated had been utilised to fill up the Valley of Humiliation They came to the Valley of the Shadow. It was no longer the dreadful place of yore. Gas lights, set along the track, illumined it. They came to Vanity Fair. There the train stopped that the passengers might enjoy themselves. They went on again.

Now and then they would see the pilgrims toiling along the road. They liked to raise the windows and jeer at He was rather shocked to learn that them. They came at length to the Apollyon, the old enemy of the brink of the river. There in the slip faithful, was the engineer. But he was was a steam ferry boat. The passengers told that Apollyon was really a good became a little uneasy as they looked fellow, and an excellent engineer. He up the river, and still more so when asked for Mr Greatheart, the former they scanned the sinister faces of the guide of pilgrims. He was advised that boat crew. They moved out of the slip, Greatheart had grown so and then to their horror they saw that preposterously stiff and narrow that the prow was turned, not towards the the management of the road had been Celestial City, but towards the darkness compelled to let him go. and the abyss. Then there were screams and consternation, and The train crossed the Slough of unavailing efforts to escape. Despond on a bridge. A tunnel had been cut through the Hill of Difficulty, It was too late.
page 25

Evangelical Book Shop

15 College Square East, Belfast, BT1 6DD E-mail: shop@evanbooks-belfast.fsnet.co.uk Tel. 028 9032 0529 Fax 028 9043 8330 Manager: John Grier

Preaching to a Postmodern World Graham Johnston 9.99 This guide to reaching 21stcentury listeners will help us understand much of our surrounding culture. Is God Past His Sell-by Date? John Blanchard 6.95 5.50 Over 200 pages packed full of evidence for the existence of God suitable for handing on to uncommitted friends. Responding to a Culture of Death John R Ling 5.99 3.99 If you want to understand a consistent Christian position on abortion, euthanasia, human cloning and genetic engineering, Dr Ling provides a helpful and challenging beginning. (120 pages) Improving Your Quiet Time Simon Robinson 6.99 4.75 a delightful, practical how-to guide for those wishing to develop the habit of spending time in the Word of God daily invaluable. (John MacArthur) He Made the Stars Also Stuart Burgess 6.99 4.75 This book on what the Bible says about the stars has been enjoyed by many. The author has worked on spaceship design. Lets Study Hebrews Hywel Jones 5.95 4.50 Professor Jones opens up the message of Hebrews in a clear, compelling way. (156 pages + Study Guide)

HARDBACK COMMENTARIES AT REDUCED PRICES: Peter Enns Iain Duguid Tremper Longman Exodus Ezekiel Daniel 20.50 18.99 16.50 14.25 14.25 12.40