NEW

FACTS

DEVICE:

CONVERTIBLE

STATIC

COMPENSATOR

Abstract:In these recent days power electronic based devices are in demand to improve the performance of the power system. FACTS technology is one of the leading technologies based on power electronics. In this paper we are going to introduce new compensation device CONVERTIBLE STATIC COMPENSATOR (CSC). Voltage, small signal & transient stability simulations are conducted using the developed models of these configurations within the user defined capability. The focus of studies is on finding which configuration of the CSC provides the highest performance improvement from all stability points of View. Modulation Controls are developed to improve inters area oscillation damping. In general this paper focuses on how CSC helps to improve voltage, small signal, transient stability margins of the system. The performance of the individual devices resulting from CSC configurations and their capabilities in the studied case is presented. The models used in this paper for various CSC configurations are based on active and reactive components of the injected current and the inserted voltage. These are implemented in the user defined controls, which incorporate all user relevant dynamics limits and their ratings.

Introduction:Alternating current transmission system incorporating power electronic based & other static controllers to enhance controllability & increase power transfer capabilities is known as Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS). Power system of today, by & large, are mechanically controlled .There is widespread use of microelectronics, computers, high speed communications for control & protection of present transmission system however when operating signals are sent to the power circuits, where the final power control action is taken. The switching devices are mechanical and there is little high speed control. Another problem with mechanical devices is that control cannot be initiated frequently, because these mechanical devices tend to wear out very quickly compared to static devices. In effect, from the point of view of both dynamic & steady state operation, the system is really uncontrolled. It is flexible, in the sense; power angle curve can be varied in the wide range to control active & reactive power flow in the system. FACTS converters can work as voltage sourced converter (VSC) &current sourced converter (CSC).

Benefits From Facts Technology: Control of power flow as ordered. Increase the loading capability of lines to their thermal capabilities, including short term &seasonal. Increase the system security. Provide greater flexibility in siting new generation. Upgrade of lines.

Reduce reactive power flow. Reduce loop flows. Increase utilization of lowest cost generation.

Main Facts Device:1. STATCOM. 2. SSSC. 3. UPFC. 4. IPFC. 1. STATCOM:line

+ C

Fig 1:- STATCOM

Definition:A static synchronous generator operated as a shunt connected static VAR compensator whose capacitive or inductive o/p current can be controlled independent of the system voltage. STATCOM is based on voltage sourced converter & current source converter. For the voltage source converter its ac o/p voltage is controlled such that it is just right for the required reactive current flow for any bus voltage .DC capacitor voltage is automatically adjusted as required to surve as a voltage source

for the converter. STATCOM includes the possibility of an active power source or storage on the dc side so that the injected current may include active power. 2. SSSC:Definition:A static synchronous generator operated without an external electric energy source as a series compensator whose o/p voltage is in quadrature with & controllable independently of the line current for the purpose of increasing or decreasing the overall reactive voltage drop across the line & thereby controlling the transmitted electric power.

Fig 2:- SSSC

SSSC is like a STATCOM except that the o/p ac voltage is in series with the line. It can also be based on voltage source converter & current source converter .Usually the injected voltage in series would be quite small compared to the line voltage & insulations to ground would be quite high. Without an extra energy source, SSSC can only inject variable voltage, which is 90 degree lagging or leading the current. 3. UPFC:-

Definition:The combination of STATCOM & SSSC which are coupled via a common dc link to allow bidirectional flow of real power between the series o/p terminal of SSSC & the shunt o/p terminal of STATCOM & are controlled to provide real & reactive series line compensation without an external energy source. This is complete controller for controlling active & reactive power control through the line as well as for line voltage control.
L IN E

S SS C

D C L IN K

S TA TC O M

Fig 3:- UPFC 4. IPFC:Definition:A combination of two or more SSSC which are coupled through a common dc link to facilitate bidirectional flow of real power between the ac terminal of the SSSC & are controlled to provide independent reactive compensations for the adjustment of real power flow in each line and maintain the desired distribution of reactive power flow among the lines.

The IPFC addresses the problem of compensating a number of transmission lines at a given substation
H V 1 H V 2 H V 3

C O N V ER T ER 1

C O N V ER T ER 2

. .. .

C O N V ER T ER n

C O N TR O L

. Fig 4:- IPFC

Introducing Convertible Static Converter

Definition:Convertible Static Converter (CSC) is a combination of two converters, two series & one shunt transformer. This arrangement of the converter allows the STATCOM, SSSC, UPFC & IPFC de-employed of the bus & lines (e.g. Marcy Cooper Corners & Marcy New Scotland both is 345KV lines.)

There are many possible combinations by using CSC according to requirements .Some of combinations are given below:

3 4 5 K V L IN E # 1

G1`

S SS C 1 1 0 0 M VA 3 4 5 K V L IN E # 2

G1`

S SS C 2 1 0 0 M VA

S TA TC O M 1

S TA TC O M 2

Fig. 5:- Convertible Static Compensator 1 .100 MVA STATCOM; 2. Two 100 MVA STATCOMS; 3. 100MVA SSSC on line #1; 4. 100MVA SSSC on line #2; 5. 100MVA SSSC on line #1 & 100MVA SSSC on line #2; 6. 100 MVA STATCOM & 100MVA SSSC on line #1; 7. 100 MVA STATCOM & 100MVA SSSC on line #2; 8. 100/100MVA UPFC on line #1; 9. 100/100MVA UPFC on line #2; 10. 100/100MVA IPFC on line #1 & #2; These configurations are based on derivations of active and reactive component of the injected current for shunt converter & the inserted voltage for series converter. These implementations can be controlled fully by user under all relevant conditions like dynamics, limits & ratings.

The transformations of these components (active & reactive) to magnitude & phase are instantaneously. The computed magnitude & phase defines the controlled ac voltage source of the converter model which is inserted behind its transformer reactance. Voltage, small signal & transient stability simulations are conducted using the developed models of these configurations within the user defined capability of the EPRIS power system analysis package. DESCRIPTION OF EACH CONFIGURATION:-

1. 100 MVA STATCOM:3 4 5 K V L IN E # 1

G1`

S SS C 1 1 0 0 M VA 3 4 5 K V L IN E # 2

G1`

S SS C 2 1 0 0 M VA

S TA TC O M 1

S TA TC O M 2

Fig 6:-100 MVA STATCOM In this CSC configuration, 100 MVA STATCOM is acting alone. It is connected in shunt with bus bar 1 as shown in fig 6. Its function is to control voltage.

2. TWO 100 MVA STATCOMS:3 4 5 K V L IN E # 1

G 1`

S SS C 1 1 0 0 M VA 3 4 5 K V L IN E # 2

G 1`

S SS C 2 1 0 0 M VA

S TA TC O M 1

S TA TC O M 2

Fig 7:-TWO 100MVA STATCOMS In this CSC configuration, two 100 MVA STATCOMs are acting alone. Both 100 MVA STATCOMs are connected in shunt with bus bar1 as shown in fig 7.Here both converters functions to control voltage.

3.100 MVA SSSC ON LINE #1:3 4 5 K V L IN E # 1

G1 `

S SS C 1 1 00 M VA 3 4 5 K V L IN E # 2

G 1`

S SS C 2 1 00 M VA

S TA TC O M 1

S TA TC O M 2

Fig 8:-100MVA SSSC ON LINE #1 In this CSC configuration, 100 MVA SSSC on line#1 is acting alone. It is connected in series with bus bar as shown in fig 8. Here converter functions to control power.

4.100MVA SSSC ON LINE #2:3 4 5 K V L IN E # 1

G1`

S SS C 1 1 0 0 M VA 3 4 5 K V L IN E # 2

G1`

S SS C 2 1 0 0 M VA

S TA TC O M 1

S TA TC O M 2

Fig 9:- 100MVA SSSC ON LINE #2 In this CSC configuration, 100 MVA SSSC on line #2 is acting alone. It is connected in series with bus bar as shown in fig 9. Here the converter functions to control power.

5. 100 MVA SSSC ON LINE #1 AND A 100 MVA SSSC ON LINE #2:3 4 5 K V L IN E # 1

G 1 `

S SS C 1 1 00 M VA 3 4 5 K V L IN E # 2

G 1`

S SS C 2 1 00 M VA

S TA TC O M 1

S TA TC O M 2

Fig 10:-100 MVA SSSC ON LINE #1 AND A 100 MVA SSSC ON LINE #2 In this CSC configuration, 100 MVA SSSC on line #1& 100MVA SSSC on line #2 are acting alone. Both 100 MVA SSSCs are connected in series with bus bar as shown in fig 10. Here converters functions to control power.

6.100 MVA STATCOM AND 100 MVA SSSC ON LINE #1:3 4 5 K V L IN E # 1

G1`

S SS C 1 1 0 0 M VA 3 4 5 K V L IN E # 2

G1`

S SS C 2 1 0 0 M VA

S TA TC O M 1

S TA TC O M 2

Fig11:-100 MVA STATCOM AND 100 MVA SSSC ON LINE #1 In this CSC configuration, 100 MVA SSSC & 100MVA STATCOM acting alone.100MVA SSSC is connected in series and 100MVA STATCOM is connected in shunt as shown in fig 11. In this case, both voltage and power can be controlled.

7.100 MVA STATCOM AND 100 MVA SSSC ON LINE #2:3 4 5 K V L IN E # 1

G1 `

S SS C 1 1 00 M VA 3 4 5 K V L IN E # 2

G 1`

S SS C 2 1 00 M VA

S TA TC O M 1

S TA TC O M 2

Fig 12:-100 MVA STATCOM AND 100 MVA SSSC ON LINE #2 In this CSC configuration, 100 MVA SSSC & 100MVA STATCOM acting alone.100 MVA SSSC is connected in series and 100MVA STATCOM is connected in shunt as shown in fig12. In this case, both voltage and power can be controlled.

8. 100/100 MVA UPFC ON LINE #1:In this CSC configuration, 100 MVA SSSC is connected in series and 100MVA STATCOM is connected in shunt with common dc link to function as UPFC. In this case, both converters controls voltage, real and reactive power flow. For this configuration refer the figure of configuration no. 6.

9. 100/100 MVA UPFC ON LINE #2:In this configuration, 100 MVA SSSC is connected in series and 100MVA STATCOM is connected in shunt with common dc link to function as UPFC. In this case, both converters controls voltage controls real and reactive power flow. For this configuration refer the figure of configuration no.7.

10.100/100 MVA IPFC ON LINE #1 AND #2:3 4 5 K V L IN E # 1

G1`

S SS C 1 1 00 M VA 3 4 5 K V L IN E # 2

G1`

S SS C 2 1 00 M VA

S TA TC O M 1

S TA TC O M 2

Fig13:-100/100 MVA IPFC ON LINE #1 AND #2 In this CSC configuration, both 100 MVA SSSCs are connected in series with each line and are connected through a common dc link with each other. Here the function of both the converters is to control real and reactive power flow in both lines. By using CSC the power system can be fully flexible & robust. The relevant improvements are as follows: Voltage security increases. Improve small signal stability. Improve transient stability. Effective oscillations damping.

In general all CSC configurations improve the voltage stability margin of the system.

CONCLUSION:Voltage, small signal & transient stability studies using appropriate static & dynamic models developed for various configurations of CSC. In general, all CSC configurations improve the voltage stability margin of the system. Using the converter as STATCOMs & UPFC line provides the maximum benefit in improving the voltage stability margins for the considered power transfer directions & contingencies. When operated as SSSC, UPFC or IPFC, the series converter control mode of inserting maximum capacitive voltage provides the highest benefit. Similarly maximum current injected by the shunt converter provides the largest voltage stability margins.