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Tanker Safety

Tanker safety - preventing accidental pollution


IMO 's m ajor function is to m ak e shipping of all type s safe r, including tank e rs. The m e asure s incorporate d in the num e rous safe ty conve ntions and re com m e ndations apply to the se as we ll as othe r ships - and the safe r a ship is, the le ss lik e ly it is to be involve d in an accide nt. In this se ction:

SOLAS Inert gas systems Equipment duplication Mandatory towing arrangements MARPOL 73/78 - Reducing the consequences of accidents Protective location, segregated ballast tanks Double hulls Single-hull phase-out timetable Condition Assessment Scheme (CAS) Carriage of heavy grade oil Revision of Annex I of MARPOL Enhanced inspections Mandatory ship reporting systems COLREGS STCW Convention ISM Code The Erika incident The Prestige incident Further information
SOLA S The Inte rnational C onve ntion for the Safe ty of Life at Se a ( SOLAS), 1974 include s spe cial re quire m e nts for tank e rs. Fire safe ty provisions, for e x am ple , are m uch m ore stringe nt for tank e rs than ordinary dry cargo ships, since the dange r of fire on board ships carrying oil and re fine d products is m uch gre ate r. Inert gas systems It is not just fire which is dange rous - in ce rtain circum stance s a single spark can cause a disaste r, for e ve n tank s which contain no oil are fille d with flam m able gas which can e x plode unle ss prope r proce dure s are followe d. The norm al m e thod is to fill the se tank s with ine rt (non-e x plosive ) gas from the ship's boile r flue : it is cle ane d and the n pum pe d into the e m pty tank s, or into the space s le ft above the oil in loade d tank s. An ine rt gas syste m is re quire d on all ne w tank e rs and m ost e x isting tank e rs of 20,000 dwt and above . Equipment duplication IMO has introduce d se ve ral m e asure s ove r the ye ars which are de signe d to e nsure that, in the e ve nt of m e chanical failure , the ship can still be controlle d. SO LAS m ak e s it ne ce ssary for e sse ntial parts of the ste e ring ge ar of tank e rs to be duplicate d. As with othe r ships, m uch of the navigational e quipm e nt of tank e rs m ust also be duplicate d. Mandatory towing arrangements Since 1 January 1996 all ne w tank e rs of 20,000 dwt and above have had to be fitte d with an e m e rge ncy towing arrange m e nt fitte d at e ithe r e nd of the ship. Ex isting ships had to be fitte d with such an arrange m e nt not late r than 1 January 1999. MA RPOL 73/78 - Reducing the consequences of accidents The Inte rnational C onve ntion for the Pre ve ntion of Pollution by Ships ( MARPOL 73/78) include s re gulations re garding subdivision and stability which are de signe d to e nsure that, in any loading conditions, the ship can survive afte r be ing involve d in a collision or stranding. Protective location of segregated ballast tanks The 1978 MAR PO L Protocol introduce d the conce pt k nown as prote ctive location of se gre gate d ballast tank s. This m e ans that the ballast tank s (which are e m pty on the cargo-carrying le g of the voyage and only loade d with wate r ballast for the re turn le g) are positione d whe re the im pact of a collision or grounding is lik e ly to be gre ate st. In this way the am ount of cargo spille d afte r such an accide nt will be gre atly re duce d. The 1983 MAR PO L am e ndm e nts ban the carriage of oil in the fore pe ak tank - the ship's m ost vulne rable point in the e ve nt of a collision. Double hulls In 1992 MAR PO L was am e nde d to m ak e it m andatory for tank e rs of 5,000 dwt and m ore orde re d afte r 6 July 1993 to be fitte d with double hulls, or an alte rnative de sign approve d by IMO (R e gulation 13F (re gulation 19 in the re vise d Anne x I which e nte re d into force on 1 January 2007) in Anne x I of MAR PO L 73/78). www.imo.org/blast/mainframe.asp?topic_id=155

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/ / Tanker Safety which e nte re d into force on 1 January 2007) in Anne x I of MAR PO L 73/78).
The re quire m e nt for double hulls that applie s to ne w tank e rs has also be e n applie d to existing ships unde r a program m e that be gan in 1995 (R e gulation 13G (re gulation 20 in the re vise d Anne x I which e nte re d into force on 1 January 2007) in Anne x I of MAR PO L 73/78). All tank e rs would have to be conve rte d (or tak e n out of se rvice ) whe n the y re ache d a ce rtain age (up to 30 ye ars old). This m e asure was adopte d to be phase d in ove r a num be r of ye ars be cause shipyard capacity is lim ite d and it would not be possible to conve rt all single hulle d tank e rs to double hulls without causing im m e nse disruption to world trade and industry. Although the double hull re quire m e nt was adopte d in 1992, following the Erika incide nt off the coast of France in De ce m be r 1999, IMO Me m be r State s discusse d proposals for acce le rating the phase -out of single hull tank e rs. As a re sult, in April 2001, IMO adopte d a re vise d phase -out sche dule for single hull tank e rs, which e nte re d into force on 1 Se pte m be r 2003 (the 2001 am e ndm e nts to MAR PO L 73/78). The ne w re vise d MAR PO L re gulation 13G se t out a stricte r tim e table for the phasingout of single -hull tank e rs.

In December 2003, further revisions to 13G (regulation 20 in the revised Annex I which entered into force on 1 January 2007) were made, acce le rating furthe r the phase -out sche dule . The se am e ndm e nts e nte re d into force on 5 April

2005. A ne w R e gulation on the pre ve ntion of oil pollution from oil tank e rs whe n carrying he avy grade oil (HGO ) banne d the carriage of HGO in single -hull tank e rs of 5,000 tons dwt and above afte r the date of e ntry into force of the re gulation (5 April 2005), and in single -hull oil tank e rs of 600 tons dwt and above but le ss than 5,000 tons dwt, not late r than the annive rsary of the ir de live ry date in 2008. A ccelerated phase-out for single-hull tankers Unde r the re vise d re gulation 13G (re gulation 20 in the re vise d Anne x I which e nte re d into force on 1 January 2007) of Anne x I of MAR PO L, the final phasing-out date for C ate gory 1 tank e rs (pre -MAR PO L tank e rs) was 2005. The final phasing-out date for cate gory 2 and 3 tank e rs (MAR PO L tank e rs and sm alle r tank e rs) was brought forward to 2010, from 2015. The full tim e table for the phasing out of single -hull tank e rs is as follows: Category of oil tanker Date or year

5 April 2005 for ships de live re d on 5 April 1982 or e arlie r Annive rsary date in 2005 for ships de live re d afte r 5 April Category 1 - oil tank e rs of 20,000 tons de adwe ight and 1982 above carrying crude oil, fue l oil, he avy die se l oil or lubricating oil as cargo, and of 30,000 tons de adwe ight and above carrying othe r oils, which do not com ply with the re quire m e nts for prote ctive ly locate d se gre gate d ballast tank s (com m only k nown as Pre -MAR PO L tank e rs) 5 April 2005 for ships de live re d on Annive rsary date in 2005 for ships 1977 but be fore 1 January 1978 Annive rsary date in 2006 for ships 1979 Annive rsary date in 2007 for ships 1981 Annive rsary date in 2008 for ships Category 3 - - oil tank e rs of 5,000 tons de adwe ight and Annive rsary date in 2009 for ships above but le ss than the tonnage spe cifie d for C ate gory 1 Annive rsary date in 2010 for ships late r and 2 tank e rs Category 2 - oil tank e rs of 20,000 tons de adwe ight and above carrying crude oil, fue l oil, he avy die se l oil or lubricating oil as cargo, and of 30,000 tons de adwe ight and above carrying othe r oils, which do com ply with the prote ctive ly locate d se gre gate d ballast tank re quire m e nts (MAR PO L tank e rs) 5 April 1977 or e arlie r de live re d afte r 5 April de live re d in 1978 and de live re d in 1980 and de live re d in 1982 de live re d in 1983 de live re d in 1984 or

Condition A ssessment Scheme (CA S) Unde r the re vise d re gulation, the Condition years, or older.

Assessment Scheme (CAS)

is applicable to all single-hull tankers of 15

The re vise d re gulation allows the Adm inistration (flag State ) to pe rm it continue d ope ration of cate gory 2 or 3 tank e rs be yond 2010 subje ct to satisfactory re sults from the C AS, but the continue d ope ration m ust not go be yond the annive rsary of the date of de live ry of the ship in 2015 or the date on which the ship re ache s 25 ye ars of age afte r the date of its de live ry, whiche ve r is e arlie r. In the case of ce rtain C ate gory 2 or 3 oil tank e rs fitte d with only double bottom s or double side s not use d for the carriage of oil and e x te nding to the e ntire cargo tank le ngth or double hull space s, not m e e ting the m inim um distance prote ction re quire m e nts, which are not use d for the carriage of oil and e x te nd to the e ntire cargo tank le ngth, the Adm inistration m ay allow continue d ope ration be yond 2010, provide d that the ship was in se rvice on 1 July 2001, the Adm inistration is satisfie d by ve rification of the official re cords that the ship com plie d with the conditions spe cifie d and that those conditions re m ain unchange d. Again, such continue d ope ration m ust not go be yond the date on which the ship re ache s 25 ye ars of age afte r the date of its de live ry. Carriage of heavy grade oil A ne w MAR PO L re gulation 13G (re gulation 21 in the re vise d Anne x I which e nte re d into force on 1 January 2007) on the pre ve ntion of oil pollution from oil tank e rs whe n carrying he avy grade oil (HGO ) bans the carriage of HGO in single -hull tank e rs of 5,000 tons dwt and above afte r the date of e ntry into force of the re gulation (5 April 2005), and in single -hull oil tank e rs of 600 tons dwt and above but le ss than 5,000 tons dwt, not late r than the annive rsary of the ir de live ry date in 2008. Unde r the ne w re gulation, HGO m e ans any of the following: a) crude oils having a de nsity at 15C highe r than 900 k g/m 3; fue l oils having e ithe r a de nsity at 15C highe r than 900 k g/ m 3 or a k ine m atic www.imo.org/blast/mainframe.asp?topic_id=155

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/ / Tanker Safety fue l oils having e ithe r a de nsity at 15C highe r than 900 k g/ m 3 or a k ine m atic viscosity at 50C highe r than 180 m m 2/s; b) (The re fe re nce to "fue l oils" was am e nde d in 2006 to re ad: "oils, othe r than crude oils,". This am e ndm e nt e nte rs into force on 1 August 2007)
c) bitum e n, tar and the ir e m ulsions. In the case of ce rtain C ate gory 2 or 3 tank e rs carrying he avy grade oil as cargo, fitte d only with double bottom s or double side s, not use d for the carriage of oil and e x te nding to the e ntire cargo tank le ngth, or double hull space s not m e e ting the m inim um distance prote ction re quire m e nts which are not use d for the carriage of oil and e x te nd to the e ntire cargo tank le ngth, the Adm inistration m ay allow continue d ope ration of such ships be yond 5 April 2005 until the date on which the ship re ache s 25 ye ars of age afte r the date of its de live ry. R e gulation 13G (re gulation 21 in the re vise d Anne x I which e nte re d into force on 1 January 2007) also allows for continue d ope ration of oil tank e rs of 5,000 tons dwt and above , carrying crude oil with a de nsity at 15C highe r than 900 k g/ m 3 but lowe r than 945 k g/ m 3, if satisfactory re sults of the C ondition Asse ssm e nt Sche m e warrant that, in the opinion of the Adm inistration, the ship is fit to continue such ope ration, having re gard to the size , age , ope rational are a and structural conditions of the ship and provide d that the continue d ope ration shall not go be yond the date on which the ship re ache s 25 ye ars afte r the date of its de live ry. The Adm inistration m ay allow continue d ope ration of a single hull oil tank e r of 600 tons de adwe ight and above but le ss than 5,000 tons de adwe ight, carrying he avy grade oil as cargo, if, in the opinion of the Adm inistration, the ship is fit to continue such ope ration, having re gard to the size , age , ope rational are a and structural conditions of the ship, provide d that the ope ration shall not go be yond the date on which the ship re ache s 25 ye ars afte r the date of its de live ry. The Adm inistration of a Party to the pre se nt C onve ntion m ay e x e m pt an oil tank e r of 600 tons de adwe ight and above carrying he avy grade oil as cargo if the ship is e ithe r e ngage d in voyage s e x clusive ly within an are a unde r the Party's jurisdiction, or is e ngage d in voyage s e x clusive ly within an are a unde r the jurisdiction of anothe r Party, provide d the Party within whose jurisdiction the ship will be ope rating agre e s. The sam e applie s to ve sse ls ope rating as floating storage units of he avy grade oil. A Party to MAR PO L 73/78 shall be e ntitle d to de ny e ntry of single hull tank e rs carrying he avy grade oil which have be e n allowe d to continue ope ration unde r the e x e m ptions m e ntione d above , into the ports or offshore te rm inals unde r its jurisdiction, or de ny ship-to-ship transfe r of he avy grade oil in are as unde r its jurisdiction e x ce pt whe n this is ne ce ssary for the purpose of se curing the safe ty of a ship or saving life at se a. Revision of A nnex I of MA RPOL The re vise d MAR PO L Anne x I R e gulations for the pre ve ntion of pollution by oil was adopte d in O ctobe r 2004 and e nte re d into force on 1 January 2007. It incorporate s the various am e ndm e nts adopte d since MAR PO L e nte re d into force in 1983, including the am e nde d re gulation 13G (re gulation 20 in the re vise d Anne x ) and re gulation 13H (re gulation 21 in the re vise d anne x ) on the phasing-in of double hull re quire m e nts for oil tank e rs. It also se parate s, in diffe re nt chapte rs, the construction and e quipm e nt provisions from the ope rational re quire m e nts and m ak e s cle ar the distinctions be twe e n the re quire m e nts for ne w ships and those for e x isting ships. The re vision provide s a m ore use r-frie ndly, sim plifie d Anne x I. Following the e ntry into force , on 1 January 2007, of the R e vise d Anne x I to MAR PO L 73/78, re fe re nce s to re gulations re gaarding double hulls m ust be update d tak ing into account the ne w num be ring syste m in the re vise d Anne x I according to the following table : "old" regulation 13F 13G 13H "new" regulation 19 20 21

For a com pre he nsive cross-re fe re nce table be twe e n "old" and "ne w" re gulation num be rs in MAR PO L Anne x I, ple ase re fe r to MEPC/Circ.421 (also include d in the Additional Inform ation se ction of the 2006 consolidate d e dition of MAR PO L ( IMO

sales No.IC520E))
Enhanced inspections Since 1995 all tank e rs and bulk carrie rs age d five ye ars and ove r have be e n subje ct to a spe cially e nhance d inspe ction program m e which is inte nde d to e nsure that any de ficie ncie s - such as corrosion or we ar and te ar re sulting from age or ne gle ct - are de te cte d. Guide line s on e nhance d surve ys on tank e rs and bulk carrie rs are containe d in Asse m bly re solution A. 744 (18), adopte d in Nove m be r 1993, as am e nde d. Mandatory ship reporting Since 1 January 1996, Gove rnm e nts have be e n able to propose to IMO the introduction of m andatory ship re porting syste m s in are as whe re the re are spe cial e nvironm e ntal or navigational conce rns. Mandatory re porting syste m s re quire ships to re port in to shore authoritie s whe n the y re ach a de signate d route ing syste m and give the ship's nam e , cargo and othe r inform ation. This e nable s the ship to be ide ntifie d on radar and its course plotte d throughout the syste m . In De ce m be r 2000, IMO adopte d m andatory re quire m e nts for the carriage of autom atic ide ntification syste m s (AISs) capable of providing inform ation about the ship to othe r ships and to coastal authoritie s autom atically. The re gulation in SO LAS chapte r V Safe ty of Navigation, re quire s AIS to be fitte d aboard all ships of 300 gross tonnage and upwards e ngage d on inte rnational voyage s, cargo ships of 500 gross tonnage and upwards not e ngage d on inte rnational voyage s

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/ / Tanker Safety e ngage d on inte rnational voyage s, cargo ships of 500 gross tonnage and upwards not e ngage d on inte rnational voyage s and passe nge r ships irre spe ctive of size built on or afte r 1 July 2002.
Ex isting tank e rs (those constructe d be fore 1 July 2002), had to fit AIS not late r than the first surve y for safe ty e quipm e nt on or afte r 1 July 2003. COLREGS The Inte rnational R e gulations for the Pre ve ntion of C ollisions at Se a, 1972 ( COLREGS) contains spe cial provisions for ships such as tank e rs which, by virtue of the ir draught, have a re duce d ability to m anoe uvre . STCW Convention The Inte rnational C onve ntion on Standards of Training, C e rtification and W atchk e e ping for Se afare rs, 1978, as am e nde d in 1995 ( STCW) include s se ve ral re quire m e nts aim e d spe cifically at those work ing on tank e rs. ISM Code The Inte rnational Safe ty Manage m e nt ( ISM) C ode was adopte d in 1994 and be cam e m andatory for tank e rs in 1998. The ISM C ode im pose s strict standards on shipping com panie s. The Erika incident The sink ing of the Erika off the coast of France in De ce m be r 1999 le d to a ne w, acce le rate d phase -out sche dule for single -

revision of regulation 13G (regulation 20 in the revised Annex I which entered into force on 1 January 2007) of MARPOL 73/78.
hull tank e rs - the The inve stigations into the Erika incide nt carrie d out by the Fre nch gove rnm e nt and the Malte se m aritim e authority conclude d that age , corrosion, insufficie nt m ainte nance and inade quate surve ys we re all strong contributing factors to the structural failure of the ship. The re was a wide conse nsus that the Erika and othe r the re ce nt accide nts involving oil tank e rs pointe d to a ne e d for additional inte rnational m e asure s to e radicate substandard ve sse ls, particularly substandard oil tank e rs give n the catastrophic im pact such ships m ay have on the m arine e nvironm e nt in the case of an accide nt. Be side s the re vise d phase -out sche m e for single -hull tank e rs, IMO also adopte d othe r m e asure s in re sponse to the incide nt:

- amendments adopted by IMO in October 2000

to raise by 50 pe rce nt the lim its of com pe nsation payable to victim s of pollution by oil from oil tank e rs unde r the Inte rnational C onve ntion on C ivil Liability for O il Pollution Dam age (C LC C onve ntion) and the Inte rnational C onve ntion on the Establishm e nt of an Inte rnational Fund for C om pe nsation for O il Pollution Dam age (IO PC Fund). IMO 's Maritim e Safe ty C om m itte e (MSC ) in De ce m be r 2000 adopte d

amendments to the guidelines on the list of measures aimed at

enhanced programme of inspections during

surve ys of bulk carrie rs and oil tank e rs (re solution A.744(18)) with re lation to the e valuation of the longitudinal stre ngth of the hull girde r of oil tank e rs. Furthe rm ore , IMO has tak e n action on se ve ral othe r ope rational m atte rs base don a

enhancing safety and minimizing the risk of oil pollution,

drawn up in re sponse to the Erika incide nt.

The Prestige incident The Prestige incide nt of Nove m be r 2002 le d to furthe r calls for am e ndm e nts to the phase -out sche dule for single hull tank e rs. The MEPC at its 49th se ssion in July 2003 agre e d to an e x tra se ssion of the C om m itte e , to be conve ne d in De ce m be r 2003, to conside r the adoption of proposals for an acce le rate d phase -out sche m e for single hull tank e rs, along with othe r m e asure s including an e x te nde d application of the C ondition Asse ssm e nt Sche m e (C AS) for tank e rs. Further Information Ple ase se e late st sum m ary re ports of the Marine Environm e nt Prote ction C om m itte e ( MEPC) and Maritim e Safe ty C om m itte e ( MSC).

Information Resources on current topics Information Resources on double hull/single hull ship design and related topics Information Resources on the Prestige Information Resources on the Erika incident and the revision of Regulation 13G (regulation 20 in the revised Annex I which entered into force on 1 January 2007) of MARPOL 73/78 Tanker safety - preventing accidental pollution Responding to oil spills MARPOL 73/78

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Tanker Safety

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