5. What do you mean by lightning?

Lightning phenomenon is a peak discharge in which charge accumulated in the clouds discharges into a neighbouring cloud or to the ground. The electrode separation, (i.e),cloud-to-cloud or cloud-to-ground is very large, perhaps 100m or more. The mechanism of charge formation in the clouds and their discharge isb quite a complicated and uncertain process 6. Give the factors contributing to good line design. In order to reduce the hazard that lightning poses to power system, certain factor that determine the line performance must be understood. First we try to keep the incidence of stokes to the system to a minimum. The objective of good line design is to reduce the number of outages caused by lightning. First we try to keep the incidence of stokes to the system to a minimum. Then we try to minimize the effects of those strokes that do terminate on the system. Lightning problems can be eliminated if all transmission was through tunnels at least 20ft under the ground. Tall towers are more vulnerable than low goal post-like structures. In order to prevent the lightning, some adequate clearances must be provided. High ground impedance or tower footing resistance is to be avoided. High surge impedance in ground wires, tower structures are to be avoided. 2. What are the characteristics of lightning strokes 3. What are the protective devices used to protect power system equipments against lightning 4. What do you mean by current chopping? When interrupting low inductive currents such as magnetizing currents of the transformer, shunt reactor, the rapid deionization of the contact space and blast effect may cause the current to be interrupted before the natural current zero. This phenomenon of interruption of the current before its natural zero is called current chopping. 5. What are the methods of capacitive switching? Opening of single capacitor bank Closing of one capacitor bank against another 10. What are the applications of EMTP? The EMTP is a comprehensive computer program designed to solve electrical transient problems in lumpy circuits, distributed circuits. This program is capable of solving steady-state circuit problems. Transient analysis can be carried out in circuits with any arbitrary configuration of lumped parameters (R, L and C). Explain the mechanism of lightning discharge 1 Explain in detail about the switching suges in a power system. 13. a) Explain in detail how the charges are formed in the clouds

b) Derive the mathematical model for lighting and also give its interaction with power system. Derivation 8 marks Explanation 8 marks
During the charge formation process, the cloud may be considered to be a nonconductor. Hence, various potentials may be assumed at different parts of the cloud. If the charging process is continued, it is probable that the gradient at certain parts of the charged region exceeds the breakdown strength of the air or moist air in the cloud. Hence, local breakdown takes place within the cloud. This local discharge may finally lead to a situation wherein a large reservoir of charges involving a considerable mass of cloud hangs over the ground, with the air between the cloud and the ground as a dielectric. When a streamer discharge occurs to ground by first a leader stroke followed by main strokes with considerable current flowing. The lightning stroke may be thought to be a current source of value 10with source impedance Zo discharging to earth. If the stroke strikes an object of impedance Z, the voltage built across it may be taken as.

The source impedance of the lightning channels are not known exactly, but it is estimated to be

about 1000 to 3000.

The objects of interest to electrical engineers, namely, transmission line have surge impedances less than 500 . (over head lines 300 to 500 , ground wires 100 to 150 , towers 10 to 50 ,etc). Therefore, the value Z/Zo will usually be less than 0.1 and hence can be neglected.

What is short line and kilometric fault and also explain the voltage transients op.closing and reclosing lines. Short line and Kilometric fault. 8 MARKS The circuit breakers undergo less difficulty in interrupting current to a fault located close to their terminals that the current to a similar fault located away from the terminals. When the fault is located beyond the terminals, the current can be easily interrupted due to the added impedance of the line. This added impedance not only limits the current but also supports some of the system voltage. The generated voltage is divided on either side of the breaker in proportion to the impedance of the source and the line.

The fault current I can be represented by a ramp with a slope

Voltage transients on closing and reclosing times.8 MARKS

Case 1: When a switch is closed When a switch is closed immediately prior to the circuit being completed a certain voltage exists across the switch contacts. At the moment the contacts made by pre restriking discharge, this voltage disappears. If the instantaneous voltage is V, a fraction VL with momentarily appear across the line.

This voltage will travel down the line as a wave and be reflected from remote end returning to the source. To reduce the closing voltage transients the resistance is pre inserted, the pre insertion resistors share the voltage. Case 2: Reclosing lines In an utility system a breaker is reclosed as rapidly as possible, after interrupted a fault. This allows service to be restored quickly if fault is of a transient nature. It improves the overall stability of the system.