While vs.

When
Clauses are groups of words which have meaning, but are often not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the word "when" such as "when she called" or "when it bit me." Other clauses begin with "while" such as "while she was sleeping" and "while he was surfing." When you talk about things in the past, "when" is most often followed by the verb tense Simple Past, whereas "while" is usually followed by Past Continuous. "While" expresses the idea of "during that time." Study the examples below. They have similar meanings, but they emphasize different parts of the sentence. Examples: I was studying when she called. While I was studying, she called.

El past simple se utiliza para hablar de acciones completas que ya han ocurrido. Por ejemplo en el texto puede ir acompaado de when, y su forma para los verbos regulares es acabo en -ed y para los irregulares ayudate de una lista de verbos(Ej: I watched TV last night). El past continuous se utiliza para acciones que estan ocurriendo en un momento determinado q ya ha ocurrido, su forma es sujeto + verbo (be en pasado) + el verbo acabado en -ing (Ej: I was sleeping). Tambin has de saber que si el verbo lleva delante while siempre va a ser past continuous. Estos son varios ejemplos en los que estan las dos formas verbales: -He was watching(past continuous) TV when his girlfriend arrived(past simple). -They were playing tennis when it started to rain.

1.- Past simple El "past simple" describe una accin pasada ya finalizada. When I was young I lived in Madrid (ahora vivo en Barcelona) 2.- Past continuous Indica que una accin se estaba desarrollando en cierto momento del pasado al cual se hace referencia. No dice si la accin ya finaliz o todava continuaba. When the mother came home her husband was playing with the kids (no sabemos si termin de jugar en ese momento o continu jugando) A veces se describen dos acciones simultneas que tuvieron lugar en el pasado. En dicho caso, se utiliza el "past imple" para describir aquella que finaliz y el "past continuous" para aquella otra que estaba ocurriendo cuando la primera tuvo lugar. Yesterday evening when you called me I was having a shower When the parents arrived home the children were watching TV Otra diferencia entre ambos tiempos es que el "past continuous" se utiliza a veces para indicar que la accin es ms casual, menos planificada. Yesterday morning, from 8 to 10, I was running (algo rutinario, que suelo hacer con frecuencia, por lo que no lo resalto) Yesterday morning, from 8 to 10, I ran (algo diferente, un tanto extraordinario, por lo que quiero destacarlo)

The Story of Stuff Extraction, production, distribution, consumption and disposal. For one thing, this system looks like its fine. No problem. But the truth is its a system in crisis. And the reason it is in crisis is that it is a linear system and we live on a finite planet and you can not run a linear system on a finite planet indefinitely. Government: 50% of our federal tax money is now going to the military. Corporation: Of the 100 largest economies on earth now, 51 are corporations. As the corporations have grown in size and power, weve seen a little change in the government where theyre a little more concerned in making sure everything is working out for those guys than for us. Running out of resources: 3-5 planets. Extraction: which is a fancy word for natural resource exploitation which is a fancy word for trashing the planet. What this looks like is we chop down trees, we blow up mountains to get the metals inside, we use up all the water and we wipe out the animals. Production: we use energy to mix toxic chemicals in with the natural resources to make toxic contaminated products. BFRs, brominated flame retardants. They are a chemical that make things more fireproof but they are super toxic. Theyre a neurotoxinthat means toxic to the brain. Distribution: selling all this toxic contaminated junk as quickly as possible. The goal here is to keep the prices down, keep the people buying and keep the inventory moving. Externalizing Costs: the real costs of making stuff arent captured in the price. In other words, we arent really paying for the stuff we buy. Consumption: Keep the materials flowing, shop and shop. Planned obsolescence is another word for designed for the dump. It means they actually make stuff that is designed to be useless as quickly as possible so we will chuck it and go buy a new one. Its obvious with stuff like plastic bags and coffee cups, but now its even big stuff: mops, DVDs, cameras, barbeques, everything! Perceived obsolescence: convinces us to throw away stuff that is still perfectly useful. Remember that old way didnt just happen by itself. Its not like gravity that we just got to live with. People created it. And were people too. So lets create something new. Special Terms: Engineering: The practical application of the findings of theoretical science so that they can be put to work for the benefit of mankind. Engineer: member of the engineering profession.

Technician: person who operates or maintains certain kinds of equipment. Profession: an occupation such as law, medicine, or engineering that requires specialized education at the university level. Empirical information: information that is based on observation and experience rather than theoretical knowledge. Civil Engineering: the branch of engineering that deals with the design and construction of structures that are intended to be stationary, such as buildings, dams and bridges. Subdivisions: structural engineering (permanent structures), hydraulic engineering (the flow of water and other fluids), environmental/ sanitary engineering(water supply, water purification, urban planning and design). Mechanical Engineering: the branch of engineering that deals with machines and their uses. Mining and Metallurgy Engineering: the branch of engineering that deals with extracting metals from the earth and refining them. Chemical Engineering: the branch of engineering that deals with processes involving reactions among the elements, the basic natural substances. Petroleum engineering is a subdivision which deals specifically with processes involving petroleum. Electrical and Electronic Engineering: the branch of engineering that deals with the effects and processes that result from the behavior of tiny particles of matter called electrons. Civil Engineering: A modern branch of engineering that deals with the effects and processes that result from breaking up some particles of matter. Aqueduct: a structure that is used for transporting water over long distances. Stress: physical pressure or other forces exerted on an object. The force of gravity is one of the stresses that acts on an object. Silt: sand or earth transported from one location by water and deposited as sediment at a second location. Environmental Impact Study: A study that shows the effect a proposed structure will have on its surroundings: the air, water, human, animal and plant life. Quantification: putting data(pieces of information) into exact mathematical terms. TEAM: TOGETHER EVERYONE ACHIEVES MORE Benefits:

Fast learning: you tend to learn things at a faster rate, the experience of older team members helps you to grasp new concepts quickly. Workload distribution: the workload gets distributed among all the team members. Do not feel stressed. Building bonds: make friends for a lifetime. Healthy competition: members competing with each other and at the same time helping and assisting. Exploring creativity: suggestions and advices of the other members can help you generating new ideas. Job satisfaction: the work is more enjoyable and improves employee performance. Increased speed of work Effective teamwork: the key elements are how to deal with conflicts and change and how to reach our potential. Stages of Team Development: 1. Forming: the team first gets together. Stressful period, members do not necessarily know each other. 2. Storming: Rules and roles are not clear. Every team member us biw looking for a way to link the teams goals to his own goals and agenda. 3. Acknowledgment: acceptance phase, goals are comprehended, responsabilities are clarified and relationships have solidified. 4. Performing: minds of the team members work towards team goals in order to reap the benefits. 5. Adjourning: goals have been reached. Vocabulario pag 23 Acid runoff: acid mine drainage to surface waters, outflow of acidic water from (usually
abandoned) metal mines or coal mines.

Alteration: a change, modification of natural habitats, extinction of species. Array: Aversion: a strong feeling of dislike, opposition, Catastrophe: disaster of immense proportions that has severe consequences, often accompanied
by destruction of assets and/or loss of life.

Contentious: controversial Episodic: irregular, occasional, Groundwater: The water beneath the surface of the ground, consisting largely ofsurface water that ha
s seeped down:

Herbicides: a substance or preparation for killing plants, especially weeds. Invoked: called for assistance Magnitude Mindset: an attitude, Pesticides: A chemical used to kill pests, especially insects. Short lived Thermal: caused by heat or temperature: Toxic Triage: the determination of priorities for action in an emergency, concentrating on some problems and exclusion of others. Stages of writing: capitalization, punctuation, connectors Prewriting: brainstorming, planning, research, outlining, diagramming, figure out what you are
going to write about

Writing the draft (turn your ideas into sentences) Revising: Make your content clear for the readers, Look for ways to make your writing better, consider your writing from your audiences point of view, you may have to change the order of information. Editing: Make sure your writing is correct, revise grammar, sentence structure, punctuation, capitalization, spelling Publishing: share your writing Modes: persuasive, descriptive, expository, creative Environmental Engineering:

Water purification: is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, biological contaminants,

suspended solids and gases from contaminated water. The goal is to produce water fit for a specific purpose.

Solid waste management: Systematic control of generation, collection, storage, transport, source
term usually relates to materials produced by human activity, and the process is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, the environment or aesthetics
separation, processing, treatment, recovery, and disposal of solid waste. The

Recycling: is a process to change materials (waste) into new products to prevent waste of
potentially useful materials, reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials, reduce energyusage, reduce air pollution (from incineration) and water pollution (from landfilling) by reducing the need for "conventional" waste disposal, and lower greenhouse gas emissions as compared to plastic production.

Renewable energy:
any naturally occurring, theoretically inexhaustible source of energy,as biomass, solar, wind, tidal, wave, and hydroelectric power, that isnot derived from fossil or nuclear fuel. Is energy that comes from resources which are continually replenished such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat.

Flue gas treatment:

reduce or eliminate toxic and noxious emmissions from all combustion-related processes including incinerators, cremators, furnaces, smelters and industrial boilers

Sewage treatment: is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater and

household sewage, both runoff (effluents), domestic, commercial and institutional. It includes physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove physical, chemical and biological contaminants. Wind power: renwable and no polluting energy. Constructed in wind farms which consist if numbers of turbins constructed usually on high ground and offshore, because there are better wind speeds compared to on land, due to wind speeds increase with height. Most towers are tubular to allow safe access for maintenance. The power produced by a large turbine is between 600 KW ad 3000 KW. Anemometer: speed of the wind Wind vane: direction