TAMILNADU ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION ENGINEERS'ASSOCIATION'A'GRADE CRcgu.No.

211l1992)
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Phone : 2811 1300 / 2811 4886 / 2811 5978 Fax: 2RU 0162 / 28111908 E-mail : rnclccnoTassn @vsnl.net
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Energy Efficiency - Key to Sustalnablllty and Security
Conference & Exhibition
Jointly Organised by;
TAMlLNADUELECfRICALINSTALLATION ENGINEERS'ASSOCIATION'NGRADE
EDITORIAL
Dear Members and Friends,
I have Great Pleasure in Wi shing all of you
'A HAPPYNEWYEAR VIKRUTHf' and
"A HAPPY BUSINESS YEAR AHEAD"
The Traditional New Year we celebrate commencing from
14th Apri l every year is known by the name " VlKRUTHI"
this 20 I 01' I I year. The literal meani ng of the leon can b
understood from the pair Pralcruthi - Vi kruthi. The term
r Prakruti i ' a word lhal means, "nature," Hcreat ivi ,..
"the first crcation" and the I rm Vikruthi means the
"Defi ciencies" The ancienl Medical Science 0 Tndia,
Ayurveda, can hclp us understand the gist better and as
per Ayurveda, prakruti means physical constitution of a
person and vikruti means the state of disease or condition.
Prakruti i.c. science of nature means innate character,
physical constitution or disposition of a person. Projecting
this concept on our Nation, we are all aware that the 20
Years of 'Right Treatment' and on goi ng betterments of
Govem,mce, System" Busine::.ses, Finances, Infrastructure
and so on are all helping the Economy gallopforward. We
should all wish ourselves continued Successes and all
round Peace and Prosperit '.
On March 20"', our Association organized a Technical
Seminar covering the Themes of "Capti ve Power
Generation", "Electrical Safety" and "Energy Conservation
in Industdes". It was one of the well attended and well
participated Seminar which was ably supported by
Electrical Inspectorate. We thank our Sponsors, The
Letter to Editor-In-Chief
Dt: 22.03.2010
Dear Sir,
We are the CRGO core lami nator for PT, CT,
distribution transformers since '87, we happen
to see your monthly edition which was very
pleaseful for our business and we would like to
have your monthly edition.
Thanking you,
With Regards,
K.S. Sabarinath
Transcore Industriie,
(We expect other Readers also to send their
feedback about our NEWSLETTER.)
In:pectorate and all the Members and Invitees who
partici pated in large numbers. A detailed Report on the
Seminar is published separately in this issue.
We have condu(.;teo the AGM also along wi th the Seminar
20
th
on March 2010. The members
reelected the main Office bearers The President Mr. A.K.
Venkata.' amy. The Secreta ry
~ f r . T.M. Bhikkaj i, and The Treasurer Mr. S. Sitaraman.
A eparate minutes on the AGM will be forwarded soon
for our Members.
pril is also a Month when we Celebrate "Earth Day" on
th 22
00
and ;'Intellectual Property Day" on the 26
th
, both
of which ha e great rel evance to our country. Some
countries of the World have demonstrated how the
"Efficiency" of both the usage and Productivity of the
Earth can be improved and we certainly possess a large
Potential in this respect. We have the longest "Intellectual
History" of all Nations of the World and no wonder it is
being recognized all over now.
We thallk all those members who have helped us by
participating i ll the advertisements appearing for the
issue March 2010 - Rowsons Marketing Private
Limited, Esennar Trans/onners, Ashutosll Shivlal, IDe
Tech,lOlogies Pvll1d., Universal Earthing Systems Pvt.
Ltd., Easun Reyrolle Limited, Apex Powertek PI' I Ltd.,
Power Links, Gopi Electricais, Elmeasure Jndia Pvt.
Ltd., Ashlok Saf e Earthing Electrode Ud.
EDITOR
LIGHT ENER GY
During the 32
00
International space travel congress one of
the scientists mentioned that there will not be any road lights
on the earth and the energy and money will be saved. Even
now we see in many places, road lights are there but there
is no light.
We can bring more hght from the moon sufficient enough
to read and write if we fix mirror on the moon. If you fix
one square meter mirror it will take the light from the sun
and reflect 3200 to 3800 square meter over the earth. The
day is not far off when our future generation will be enjoy
ing it because whoever goes to moon, they can definitely
fi x the mirror and our planet earth will be more brighter
during the night!!
Probn. Dr. G.Y. Rao
TAFE JOINS $1 BILLION CLUB
Amalgamation Group Company Tractors and Farm
Equipment Ltd. (TAPE) has joined the $1 billion club.
We congratulate for their Achievement.
Electrical Installation Engineer NewsleHer - April 2010
5
Editor-in-Chief :
S. SITARAMAN
Editor:
T.M. BHIKKAJI
Printer:
M. VENKATARAMAN
Advisor:
S. MAHADEVAN
PARTICULARS
Editorial
Contents
NEWSLETTER Tariff
CONTENTS
T.D.S. Limits W.E.F. 1st July, 2010
Know Thy Power Network - 31
PAGE NO.
5
6
6
5
8
Recent Developments in Digital Computer Based Protection and
Control in Electric Power Substations
Hannonics - 2
Technical Seminar Photos - 20.03.2010
Technical Seminar - A Brief Report
Gensets-How They Operate
Power Plant in a Box
Electrical Energy Excellence Series - 11
10-21
22-24
C4
25-26
27-29
30-32
33-34
Energy Conservation 35-36
Power Systems Studies 37-38
The Invaluable Contributions to the World ofIndians 38
Allergies 39-40
Understand KRAs to Grow 40
Wisdom of Kural 41-43
What Great People Say About India 43
Humour
Book Price List
ADVERTISEMENTS
Ashlok S a ~ Earthing Electrode Ltd.
Ashutosh Shivlal
Deep Sea Electronics PLC
Easun ReyroUe Limited
Empower India 2010
Esennar Transfomlers (P) Ltd.
Gopi Electricals
IDC Technologies Private Limited
Industrial Controls & Drives (INDIA) Pvt. Ltd.
JefTechno Solutions Private Ltd.
Power Links
Rowsons Marketing Private Limited
Universal Earthing Systems Pvt. Ltd.
Voltech Transformers Pvt. Ltd.
44
45
PAGE NO.
48
7
C3
47
4
2
21
9
3
46
36
I
CI
C2
YOUR CONTRIBUTION
TOWARDS NEWS LETTER
(A) FOR BLACK &
WHITE ONLY
1. Full Page (Per Issue)
Rs.2000
(B) FOR FOUR
COLOUR PRINTING
1. Full Pageonly (Per Issue)
Rs. 4000
Same Size Positives
CDlZip
to be supplied
by the Advertiser
Demand Draft be drawn in favour of
the "TNEIE Association 'A' Grade"
payable at Chennai.
Electrical Installation Engineer - Newsl etter - April 2010
6
T.D.S. limits w. e. f. 1
st
July, 2010
SI.No. Section Nature of Payment ExistingThreshold
limit of payment (Rs.)
Proposed Threshold
Limit of Payment (Rs.)
1. 194B Winnings from lottery or
crossword puzzle 5,000 10,000
2 194BB Winnings from horse race 2,500 5,000
3. 194C Payment to contractors 20,000 (for a single
Transaction) 50,000
(for aggregate of
transactions during
Financial year)
30,000 (for a single
Transaction)
75,000
(for aggregate of
transactions
during Financial year)
4. 1940 Insurance commission 5,000 20,000
5. 194H Commission or Brokerage 2,500 5,000
6. 194-1 Rent 1,20,000 1,80,000
7. 194J Fees for professional 20,000 30,000
Courlesy: Small Industry, March 2010
ASHUTOSH SHIVlAl
#166, Mint Street, Chennai - 600 079.
Tel: 25383871,2538 2269,42165808,42161234
E-mail: dagacc@ yahoo.co.in
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Eleclricallnstallalion Engineer - NewsleHet - April 2010 7
KNOW THY POWER NETWORK-31
Please connect yourself with my article published in the
"March 20 I 0" issue of Associ ati on NEWSLETTER. Now
it moves further.
~ Transformer Tests (Power Transformers and
Instruments Transformers)
- The accuracy of transducers, if any used in the testing
process, is important. The tests selected bould help to
reduce the impact of the mixing of di fferent instrument
transformer connections, if any occur. Further they should
help to pinpoint transportation impact / damage inside a
transformer. This kind of regularly scheduled and
performed tests help to detect the defects that normally
occur during the life cycle of a transfonner such as shorted
coils. loss of accuracy due to material changes or changes
to the loads or over excitati on (over fl uxing). In the case
of current transformers , it may occur due to transient
operations. To provide precise protection to Power System
equipment, a highly accurate testing of current transformers
is required.
Though Current transformers (both measuring and
protection type) appear to be very simple, they are so
complex. Transformer ratio, plotting of magnetization
curve, the value of unsaturated and saturated inductance
and the behaviour of the protective core during the short
interruption form the main components of the measuring
processes. Tn the case of voltage transformers, the
transformer ratio, the winding resistance, the magnetizing
current for various voltage levels offer interesting
information about the status of the transformer.
As regards the capital-intensive Power Transformers, the
test sets used should detect many critical problems before
they become potential hot spots leading to bigger damages.
In this regard, Power factor, Dissipation Factor and
Capacitance and Tan delta measurements on capacitive
bushings are of great importance to identify and locate
defects in the potential steering electrodes long before they
lead to the break down of the insulation. Further moisture,
which enters into the transformers from the atmosphere,
during manufacture, storage, installation, repair and during
operation (breathing, leaky seals) leads to
- the accelerated deterioration or ageing of the oil-paper
insulation
- decrease the dielectric withstand strength of the insulation
- emission of gas bubbles at high temperatures with the
consequential electrical breakdown.
This service ageing processes also increased the moisture
level in the transformer windings. The solid part of the
insulation holds most part of the water. Thus the assessment
of water content in the insulation / oil con titutes a key
parameter to judge the reliability and longevity of any
transformer.
As stated earlier, partial Discharge phenomena observed
in the HV equipment insulation often precede an insulation
breakdown leading to cost intensive, unscheduled outages
and costly repair. This PD test helps to bui ld out the
integrity of the HV insulation duri ng its manufacturing,
its erection and commissioning and during its operation
li fe time and finally at its end of service life. Another
important non-destructive / non-intrusive test is "SFRA
test" (Sweep Frequency Response Analysis).
- It helps to detect the mechanical or electrical changes
that take place in a transformer. Winding deformations
(axiai or radial), displacements between windings, Core
movement and many other changes can be cited as normal
probl em spots in this regard. It is a powerful and sensitive
method to evaluate the mechanical integrity of cores,
windi ngs and cl amping structures withi n the Power
Transfonner by measuri ng their electrical transfer functions
over a wide frequency range. Each electrical network }ws
got its unique frequency response which is called as
" Finger-Pri nt. " Fau l ts mechanical shocks or
tran sportati on damages cause de viati ons of t his
"Frequency response ".
On comparing the frequency response measurements thus
taken with the measurement of
- different phases
- sister units
- actual finger print s taken earlier on the same
transformer.
We can find out the positi onal or electrical variations of
the internal components. This frequency response test is a
must for the transformers which reach the work site after
a long journey or the transformers which are exposed to
the effects of faults (particularly close up faults) with higb
currents. This test will confirm the insulation integrity of
the transformer under such conditions i.e. , it help to ensure
that the transformer windings have not been damaged.
~ Measuring the contact resistance of circuit breakers,
isolating switches or busbar joints will be helpful to identify
defects which could lead to the total loss of the asset in the
event of a fault. Similarly timing measurements on circuit
breakers are also of importance as circuit breakers which
do not clear a fau lt speedily enough, will not withstand a
real fault situation. A peri odic check on the contact
resistance in the system (closed Circuit Breakers, isolating
switches and busbar joints) will avert the fatal damage to
the system during the flow of very high fault currents.
~ In any high voltage system, the grounding grid plays an
important basic role in personnel , jjghtni ng and EMC
protection/checks made on grounding system at specific
intervals will help to ensure this kind of protection. These
checks include, visual checks of the grounding system,
measurement of individual electrode impedance and the
combined earth resistance of the sy tern as a whole and
the measurement of step and touch potentials at the site.
Kindly stay tuned.
(To be COtllinued)
V. SankllJlUlorayanan B.E., FIE,
Former AddJ. Chief EngiDccrtrNEB
e-mail: vsn_4617@rediffn:uill.com
Mobile: 98402 07703
Electrical Installation Engineer - Newsl etter - April 2010 8
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I DC once again comes with their popular courses on Engineering course on Variable
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Please visit www.idc-online.com or contact us for more details:
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Electrical Installation Engineer - NewsleHer - April 2010 9
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN DIGITAL COMPUTERBASED
PROTECTION AND CONTROL IN ELECTRICPOWER SUBSTATIONS
I
I would like to begin with a description of three events
that occurred on power systems in the United States.
These events are of general intere Lto all power system
engineers, and in particular to relay engineers. Two of
these incidents had major national impact, while the
third went almost unnoticed, except by those involved
in the operation of the American Electric Power
System.
1) The first event is the major blackoul in the northeast
of the United States in 1965. The details of what
happened during and after that bl ackout have been
studied in great detail and reported extensi vely in the
technical literature. The incident began on the evening
of November 9, 1965 at the height of the load curve
for that day. There was a concentration of about 2500
MW hydroelectric generation in the Niagara area. At
the time of disturbance there was a net flow of 1500
MW going towards Toronto. Part of this (about 500
MW) was flowing towards the BECK #2 from the
United States.
There are 5 lines out of BECK #2 which go towards
north (See Figure 1) In 1956, the BECK generators
were lost following a fault and a stuck breaker. As a
result of this, breaker failure protection was added at
BECK by widening the reach of the back-up protecti on
at BECK. This reach corresponded to about 375 MW
capacity. This was well below the line rating. The
significance of this widened reach of the back-up
system was not realized on November 9th of 1965,
when the loading on these lines approached 375 MW.
In the end, one line was tripped by the back-up relays
(set for remote breaker fail ure protection), and as the
power shifted to the remaining four lines, their relays
in tum tripped them also within about 2 1/2 seconds.
The 1500 MW flow reversed to the south and
superimposed on a flow of about 1800 MW already
existing in that direction. This net change in an area
having load of about 48,000 MW caused instability
and led to a cascaded black out that was one of the
most severe in the history of the country.
Figure 1
2) The second incident I want to describe is the New
York City outage of July 1977. (see Figure-2) Once
again the inci dent occurred in the evening. New York
City was importing power over 345kv ci rcuits, from
the north. Towards the south of the city there were
two connections, one to New Jersey over a phase
shifting transformer, and one to the Long Island utility
to the east. At about 8:30 P.M., a severe bghtning storm
reached the critical transmission corridor from the
north. A lightning strike took out the double circuit
line between Millwood and Buchanan South. Because
of the generator manufacturers recommendation HSR
was disabled. Due to a timer setting error, the Breaker
failure protection tripped the remaining line out of the
station and locked out. The auto-reclose function did
not functi on because the generators had accelerated
sufficiently in the in terim so that the check
synchronizing relay blocked the reclosing. The
reclosing angle setti ng was 20
0
, determi ned by
planning type of simulation studies. About 20 minutes
later, another lightning strike took out the double
circuit line from Sprainbrook to Millwood and
Buchanan North. Once again, HSR at Buchanan North
was disabled, and it coul d not reclose on check
ynchronizing because of a preset value of 20
0

Figure 2

SO\Jrfj
..--_j-;-----...I-.J... M ILL'N"OOl)
New York City blackout of 1977
With all ties to the north severed, the line from
Millwood to the north tripped due to overload.
Here the back-up relaying consisted of directional
overcurrenl; the directional element contacts
being bent. Trip of this line led to the next line to
overload, sag, and lock-out to a permanent fault.
At this time all generation from the nOlt h was
lost, and the remaining two ties to the south were
also lost in succession due to further equipment
North-East blackout of 1965 in U.S.A.
Electricallnslallalion Engineer - Newsletter - April 2010 10
failure and operator intervention. Resulting generation!
load imbalances led to tripp in g of the major
Ravenswood generating station by its loss-of-field
relay, and eventually the entire city system collapsed.
There were serious civil disturbances and political
repercussions as a direct outcome of this blackout.
3) The third incident occurred on a Saturday morning
on the AEP system. A lightning arrester failure on the
Gavin Marysville 765kv circuit, led to a permanent
fault. (See Figure 3) On the AEP system, the standard
reclosing procedures are as follows: A hi gh Speed
Reclosing without check synchronization in about 30
cycles (at 765kv). There is an attempt to reclose the
line automatically at 10 seconds with check
synchronizing. Another attempt at reclosing is made
in about 60 seconds, and if the fa ult is found to be
pennanent the line is locked out. It can only be reclosed
manually after the lockout. When the ini tial fault led
to a trip, a High Speed Recl ose was attempted at 10
cycles and the line tripped again. The other end of the
Gavin Mountaineer line opened because of a hole in
the blocking carrier. The Mountaineer station is the site
of a new generating station; and an operating policy
prohibits HSR when the plant has only two outlets. This
policy was inforce at Mountaineer although as yet there
was no generation at Mountaineer. Thus there was no
HSR at the Mountaineer end after the false trip. The
auto reclose into the fault occurred in about 10 seconds.
At this time the breakers tripped, but a hole in the carrier
on the Gavin-Amos line tripped this line falsely. When
this line tripped the 1300 MW unit at Gavin was isolated
from the system. In about 9 cycles after the unit was
thus 'trapped' the Mountaineer line synchronized it
again by its 10 second auto-reclose. However, at this
time, the breaker failure relay at Mountaineer mis
operated because of a previously undetected wi ring
error. The Mountaineer line reopened and by a transfer
trip also tripped and locked out its Gavin end. The unit
was therefore trapped again about 8 cycles, at which
time the High Speed Reclosing of the Amos line
resynchronized it. Throughout these 9 and 8 cycles unit
isolation and resynchronization no ill effects on the unit
were observed. Since all this occurred at about 4 AM
on a Saturday morning, nothing of consequence was
felt on the system. There were two other incidents
related to this event. One was a false trip of the Kammer
Marysville circuit and the other a transformer
differential due to an undetected shorted CT secondary.
Figure 3
MARYSVILLE
KAMMER
What can we say about these events and other events
like these?
First of all, like newspaper headlines, we tend to
concentrate on the dramatic aberration of a healthy
system. We must keep in mind that these are rare
events . We talk about these because there is not much
to say about the power system when it is operating
normally. And indeed the record of service of electric
power network is remarkable in the United States and
in other parts of the world. So that there is no need to
be unduly alarmed by what we have described. We
should be concerned, but the concern is to improve the
performance so that events like these are even more
rare.
Secondly, we will concentrate upon the lessons that
are of interest to protection engineers. Quite possibly
the most important lessons in these incidents (at least
the first two) are for the system planner and the system
operator. However, we will pay attention to only those
aspects that affect relaying deficiencies.
What are the features of these incidents that are of
interest to the protection engineer?
We can summarize the protection aspects of these three
incidents as follows:
a) Relays had defective components which went
unnoticed until they were called upon to act (or to
restrain from acting), and then they mis-operated.
b) Relays were set with the help of planning studies
which helped define broad policies under assumed
contingencies. The actual contingencies that occurred
were sufficiently different in nature (although not
necessari ly more severe) so that once again the relays
operated (or failed to restrain) in ways which were
unanticipitated.
c) There were operational problems which transcend
the usually understood mechanism of relay failure, such
as the 'holes' in carrier. These failures need a more
advanced on-line monitor.
LJ MOUNTAINEER
.---------------i
l
AMOS
GAVIN
Ur

'V II'
d) Restoration of service, although not a traditional
protecti on function, is of great concern. Since
ultimately the relays provide access to circuit breakers
through which restoration is carried out, this is an area
in which relays can play an important role. This will
require, as a minimum, a link to a central
dispatch center. We may well require the
relays to adapt themselves to restoration
duties in systems of the future.
I think that the considerations I have
described above lead us to a protection
system with the following features.
Relays that have a higher diagnosis
Incident of Gavin in AEP, 1979 capability - both as to their own well being
Electrical Installation Engineer - Newsletter - April 2010 11
and that of their immediate surroundings. Relays with
* An exhaustive Bibliography on computer relaying
communication capability. Communications help as
will be found in the IEEE special publication
alarms for the diagnostic results, and also as channels
79EH0148-7-PWR.
for control execution.
Other investigators had also begun to consider digital
Relays that have the ability to adapt to changing system
computer based relaying at about the same time that
conditions. There is clearly a danger in tampering with
Rockefeller's paper was published. In two papers with
a relay characteristic (recall the Northeast blackout)
a somewhat limited scope-that of developing
but with careful engineering the adaptive feature can
algorithms for the protection of transmission lines with
be a great asset.
a digital computer-Professor Morrison and his
Relays should be components of an integrated colleagues presented rather complete computer
substation system responsible for all protection, alarm, programs., and what is more important, the authors
data logging, revenue metering, sequence of event obviously had specific computer hardware in mind for
recording and oscillography functions at the substation.
the implementation of their program. The problem of
Ultimately this system could be merged with a system
protecting a transmission line against any of the several
wide hierarchical integration. faults that may occur on it was solved by providing a
fault classification routine. This classification program
The key to all these ideas is the use of programmable
performed a rather simple check of voltage wave
computers for protection. We will now describe the
forms, and the time consuming impedance calculations
current state of integrated substation computer systems.
were deferred untill the fault type was securely
II
classified. The techniques presented in these papers
It is well known that the electric utility industry is
could be accommodated on the then-available process
among the most dedicated users of digital computers.
control minicomputers. Essentially similar techniques
Some of the largest production programs in existence
were used in two development systems: the
today are power system analysis programs. Application
Westinghouse and Pacific Gas and Electric project
of process control computers in the electric utility
reported by Rockefeller et. aI. , and the American
industry is a relatively new development. These
Electric Power project reported by Phadke et. al. Both
computers are aiding in many power system operations
of these installations were tested in the field; although
and monitoring applications. Process control computers
neither system used the computer based relay for actual
are also being used in many supervisory control
protection of the transmission line. A great deal of
systems.
practical experience was obtained from these
Use of digital computers for protection of power system
installations. An important variant of transmission line
equipment - relaying - is an idea of quite recent origin.
relaying algorithm was proposed by professor Morrison
This is a constantly changing, evolving field. For a
et. aI., and by M. Poncelet. This approach attempts to
research engineer, working on digital protection
solve the differential equation of the faulted circuit. A
systems is a rewarding experience.
similar technique was recently implemented by the
In a remarkable paper published in 1969* , Rockefeller
General Electric Company and the Philadelphia
undertook the study of protection of all the power
Electric Company is an important project involving
equipment in a substation with a digital computer. As
minicomputer-based distance relays for the two ends
a speculative thesis with no supportive experimental
of a 500 kV transmission line. Some of the other centers
data, the paper is surprisingly comprehensive. It goes
of significant research in computer relaying are at the
into substantial detail of the relaying program
Imperial College in London where Professor Cory and
organizations and clearly recognizes the problems and
colleagues have published a number of papers in this
bottlenecks associated with such a project using control
area, the university of Calgary-Professor Hope and
computers of that period. In hind sight, it seems clear
colleagues, the University of Saskatchewan-Professor
that a single computer for protection of all the
Sachdev and colleagues, and the university of
equipment in a substation - with redundancy provided
Missouri-Professors Walker, Tudor and colleagues. In
through duplication - is not a viable concept in view of
addition, most of the major manufacturers of electric
the presently available computer hardware. However.
utility equipment in Europe and Japan have active
several achievements of Rockefeller's paper still stand.
projects on digital computer based relays. Several
Almost all the benefits expected of a computer based
Electric Power Utility organizations such as the
relaying system enumerated in Rockefeller's paper are
Bonneville Power Administration, the Pacific Gas and
as they are perceived today. If anything, the economic
Electric Co., the Philadelphia Electric Co., the
picture for the digital technology vis-a-vis the
Pennsylvania Power and Light Co., have had active
conventional relaying equipment has changed even
computer relaying projects. The American Electric
more rapidly than anticipated in the paper.
Eleclricallnslallalion Engineer - Newsletter - April 2010 12
I
Power Co., with which this author is associated, has
relay-for example the relationship between the
had a major project in this field since 1970. If one looks
i optimum speed and reach of a distance relay-are
at recent technical papers sponsored by the Power
determined by the power system itself, and not by the
System Relaying Committee of IEEE, it is clear that
hardware used to implement the relay . For such
digital relaying is a subject which continues to inspire
functions, the digital relay can be designed to obtain
a large number of researchers.
the best possible performance-which is usually equal
A project was recently founded by the Electric Power
to that of a well designed conventional relay. On the
Research Institute in this field and surely this is an
other hand, certain features come more naturally to a
indication of the great value placed by the Electric
digital relay-for example memory action complex
Utility Industry on this topic. shaping of operational characteristics, etc.-which lead
to a better digital relay than the corresponding
III
conventional relay.
Considering the extensive research going on in the field
I
(3) Reliability:
of digital computer relaying, it is worth considering
the benefits that are expected to follow from the One of the most significant advantages of a
adaptation of digital relaying techniques. Although digi tal relay-perceived in the earliest technical
early workers in this field considered the use of a single papers-is the fact that the digital computer is
computer (a mini computer) for all the relaying con!inuously active, consequently a very high order
functions within a substation, the present view is that of self-diagnosis is going on continuously within a
the proper approach to this problem is to use a number digital relay. Additional diagnostic features-such as
of microcomputers dedicated to the individual relaying the monitoring of many of its peripherals-can be
tasks. These microcomputers are to have data exchange easily programmed. It is therefore expected that most
facility among themselves: some form of networking of the accidental failures within a digital relaying
of the microcomputers is definitely being considered. system can be detected immediately and appropriate
Through this networking concept, it is expected that corrective actions taken. Although some diagnostic
the main advantage of a single computer system functions are usually available in a conventional relay,
shared data between relays-can be real ized without this feature can be utilized in a digital relay with a
the attendant drawbacks of a central relaying computer. high degree of sophistication.
The most important perceived benefits of a digital
(4) Flexibility:
relaying system can be summarized as follows:
Being a programmable device, revisions or
(1) Economics:
modifications necessitated by changed operating
In the final analysis, this will be the most
conditions can be made in-place rather easily through
important consideration. The cost of digital hardware different pre-programmed memory modules. It is also
has been steadily decreasing. The cost of conventional conceivable that a common hardware system can be
relaying has increased steadily during the same period. developed which will serve as one of several relays
For example, a relaying task that required a $100,000
agajn through different pre-programmed memory
minicomputer in 1970 can now (1980) be handled by modules. This should lead to a smaller inventory for
a $10,000 microcomputer. Contrast with this the cost repair and maintenance tasks. In some relays, where
of a typical transmission line protection system which some or all of the input signals are identical, alternate
has approximately doubled from 1968 to 1978. input paths can be provided. The alternate paths would
Admittedly this takes no account of the software be unused under normal system conditions, and can
development costs for the computer relay. Although be act iva ted under program control when trouble
these are high-as with the development costs of any develop. in the normal input paths. This flexibility in
new device-these will be distributed over many the routing of input data leads to a higher level of
similar units. Furthermore, the digital computer, being reliability for a given amount of hardware.
a programmable device, can be used to perform
(5) System Interaction:
multiple functions. To the extent that this can be done
At present, there are a number of sub-systems in electric
wi thout jeopardizing the security of the individual
uti Uty substations which exchange data with remote
tasks, the economic comparison becomes even more
locations-usually a. control center. An example of
favorable to the di gital technology.
this is the alarm system, using either a simple scheme
(2) Performance:
with two alarm codes-supervisory and maintenance
It is expected that in all cases the performance alarm--or more elaborate alarm systems furnishing
of a digital relay will be at least equal to that of its
addi tional descriptive information. Another example
conventional counterpart. Certain characteristics of a
is the data acquisition system, which utilizes remote
Eleclricallnsla"ation Engineer - Newsletter - April 2010 13
units in a substation, and obtains system operational
IV
data such as power flows for a central dispatch center.
There has been some work done on digital protection
A supervisory control system is a third example of such
of transformers, generators and buses. This work has
a subsystem. In all of these systems, there is a need to
been limited to laboratory experimentation with hardly
communicate between a remote location and a
any field experience. Most of the problems associated
substation. With the existence of computers within the
with these applications are those associated with
substation, handling of these communication functions
current differential protection. Current transformer
can be integrated into a single communication system.
saturation, magnetizing inrush currents, and sensitivity
Some modes of remote interactions which cannot be
of the percent differential scheme remain key issues
foreseen in today's technology, may become practical
in digital protection field also. An interesting problem
in the future when the possibility of communicating
arises in bus differential protection. To allow for the
with the individual relays is realized.
saturation of a current transformer for an external fault,
(6) Byproducts:
the high-impedance bus differential relay (analog type)
When a computer based relaying system is considered,
has been developed. Here, the individual feeder
other totally new applications become realizable which
currents are summed into a high impedance. If the
have no parallel in existing technology . Several
current signals are sampled individually by a digital
examples of this can be given now, although almost
relay, the ability to obtain the high impedance function
certainly far more interesting ideas are likely to occur
is lost. Yet, if the analog signals have to be summed in
in the future as experience with these systems is
an analog manner, several advantages of the digital
accumulated. For example, a computer relay can
relaying system are lost. Resolution of this dilemma
furnish post-fault analysis of all observed transient
in the presence of CT's that can saturate remains an
phenomona. A distance relay could furnish the
open problem at this time.
computed distance to a fault immediately after the
Transformer protection problems are dominated by
occurrence of the fault. This information could be used
considerations of magnetizing inrush, multi-phase
by maintenance personnel for faults which are of a
multi-winding connections, CT saturation, and over
permanent nature and require transmission line
excitation. The key to the differential relaying of a
maintenance. An exhaustive sequence-of-event
transformer is to balance all these considerations with
analysis can be furnished locally or to a remote location
the help of discriminant functions that depend upon
by exchanging the post-transient data between several
mixes of various orders of harmonics. Extraction of
relaying computers. Another instance is the data
harmonic component magnitudes is quite simple in a
multiplexing activity-which exists in some isolated
digital computer.
cases in today's technology-but because it comes
V
naturally to a digital data stream, a great many more
data may be multiplexed with computer based
Of all the computer relaying topics, transmission line
substation protection systems. This will of course help
relaying has attracted more researchers than any other
reduce cabling expenses between the station yard and
subject. This is so for several reasons. Transmission
the control house. Yet another example of such a
line relaying is computationally more complex, and
byproduct comes from the low burden presented by
thus is a significant test of a computer's capability.
computer based relays to the transducers as compared
Furthermore, the high cost of conventional
to that presented by electromechanical relays. Low
transmission line relays makes this a worthwhile
burden current and potential transformers using modem
problem to tackle.
electronics and fiber-optical medium for data
Most attempts at transmission line relaying with a
transmission from high voltage apparatus to ground digital computer have centered around the
potential have been discussed in the technical literature
determination of the impedance to the fault point, from
during recent years. A relay that places low burden on which relaying decisions can be made. I want to
the transducer is a natural mate to such a transducer; describe my own work in this field, in which the theory
and would give a new impetus to the commercial of symmetrical components plays a central role.
development of the transducers. Considering the high
It should be recalled that in a three phase transmission
costs associated with conventional HV and EHV
system, there are ten distinct faul t types which a relay
transducers, a successful development of such a unified
must recognize and respond to. These are the three
protection system may tum out to be the most important
single phase to ground faults, three line-to-line faults,
byproducts of all.
three double phase to ground faults, and the three phase
fault. In conventional relaying, and also in some
Electrical Installation Engineer Newsletter April 2010 14
I
version of digital relaying, these ten fault types are
per cycle used to sample the currents and voltages of
handled by six distinct functional modules which
the transmission line, the filtering and symmetrical
respond to phase and ground faults. In digital processes,
component calculation can be combined in a very
such dedicated routines are wasteful of valuable
efficient algorithm. These symmetrical component
computing time, since all routines must be handled
calculations are performed recurrently; they are
sequentially in a systematic manner for every type of
renewed whenever a new data sample is obtained with
fault.
a minimum amount of incremental computation.
Distance relaying using symmetrical component Further, although Figure (4) shows a full cycle of
provides a convenient alternative to the procedure of sampled data being used in the calculation, it is possible
executing six fault handling routines In the to perform these calculations over any number of
microprocesser. It can be shown that the distance samples, with a consequent change in the accuracy of
calculation for all faults can be made with a single estimation in the result.
equation if certain ratios of symmetrical components
Symmetrical components can be used in fault
of currents and voltages are used.
calculation as follows. Consider a three phase fault
Phasors and Symmetrical Components from
occuring on a transmission line. The impedance of the
Sample Data
faulted line section is given by Zr =Ea / la where Ea
Consider the data samples obtained from a sinusoidal
and I, are the voltage and current of phase a.
signal as shown in Figure 4. The sampling frequency
In conventional relaying the line-to-line relays operate
is assumed 12 times the fundamental frequency. (This
on delta quantities, and will respond to an impedance
sampling frequency is shown to have several
advantages.) If the input signal samples are multiplied
E
a
-E
b
by samples taken from a pure fundamental frequency
Z
ab
=
sine wave and a cosine wave respectively, and added
I - I
a b
together, the resulting terms X(Sine ) and XICosine) are the
real and imaginary of the conventional phasor
E
b
-E
e
representation of the input wave. (See Figure 4)
Z
be
= , etc.
Furthermore this is filtered phasor, so that 2nd, 3rd
I
b
- I
c
etc. harmonics in the input no longer appear in the
phasor representation.
For the three phase fault, each of these ratios is
Figure 4
Zf' and all three relays respond correctly to the three
phase fault.
SIN DATA
COSINE
Now consider the symmetrical component
representation of the system. Notice, that
the ratio of symmetrical components of
:J\ L
voltages and currents for this case is also
I I V
0
v
I I I I
1\ , I Zf =EI / II and a relay responding to the
ratios of symmetrical components will also
~ \ ~ + I I III II I I lAFl.f. 1I [ I II/II ))1; [11 I ,I I 1 \ 11
... ' // .... "
," / / ..... -.... // respond correctly to this fault. This
''" , // ' ~ . . . . . . //
' ,' , ", ",,// ............... , //
principle has been extended to cover all
.... ."../.. ..... ,//
ten faults types mentioned earlier; and the
single performance equation based upon
symmetrical components of voltages and
currents is shown to respond correctly to
all fault types.
'---v----
' ... ", ..
A detailed discussion of this result can be
found in literature. We will give a very brief summary
of those results for the sake of completeness. Assume
Phasors and sampled data
that (Eo' E
I
, E
2
) and (10' 1
1
,1
2
) are the sequence voltages
If the pure sine and cosine waves are assumed to be and currents at the line terminal, and Zo and Zl are
shifted in phase by 120
0
the resulting phasor zero and positive sequence impedances of the line.
representation of the input signal is also displaced by a Assume further that 1[, is the prefault load current. Then
phase angle of 120
0
With a sampling rate of 12 times the following ratios can be defined:
Electrical Installation Engineer - Newsletter - April 2010 15
- -----
accuracy of the distance estimate are as expected from
the earlier laboratory investigation. A new ultra-high
Eo
speed relaying mode giving rise to a 1,4 cycle operating
k
0
=

time has been developed and tested on the field

ZoIo
generated data, and is an important feature that will be
added to the distance relay program.
EI
k
1
== VI
ZI(11-
I
)
Let us discuss the limitations of a relaying process.
Many of the operating characteristics of a relay are
E2 specified in terms of steady-state parameters. A
-
harmonic restraint relay, for example, bases its
Z
I
I
2 operation upon the presence of certain harmonics in
an input signal. It is assumed at the time of the
harmonic estimation that the input signal is in a steady
state. As another example, a di stance relay
characteristic is described in terms of the impedance
of the faulted circuit. Again, impedance is a steady
1 ifIIII=II21) state concept , and it is calculated under the assumption
= 0 otherwise
that a pair of input signals (a voltage and a current) are
1
in steady-state when the relaying decision is made.
Since critical relaying decisions are made very soon
1
Ko =
after the occurrence of a fault, the input signals contain
a significant proportion of transient components; the
use of steady-state concepts under these conditions
In terms of these ratios, the per unit di stance to any
requires care and a certain amount of explanation. It is
type of a fault on the transmission line is give by
for this reason that the task of extraction of steady state
information from a noisy input signal (i.e. filtering)
occupies such a dominant role in most relaying
k =------ - - - ----
algorithms.
Filtering, whether done with analog circuits, with
Field Tests digital computer algorithms, or with a combination of
After a period of extensive testing in the AEP laboratory the two is the usual way of producing specific signal
the computer based relay was tested in the field when components needed for relaying. A reasonable subject
staged faults were applied to a 765 kV transmission of inquiry is the following: What is the best filter for a
line on the AEP system. The inputs to the relay were given relaying application? More precisely, what is
derived from the conventional transducer secondaries, the consequence of using a more effecti ve filter in a
and the inputs and relay output were monitored. A total relaying application and what is the relationship
oftwenty six single phase to ground faults were applied. between the degree of filtering and the attendant
r-T_h_e_r_e_su_l_ts.......,.ca_n_b_e_s_u_m_m---,an__ze_d_a_s_fo_l_lo-,wr-s:____--l penalty in the relay response (usually a loss of operation
No. of Faults Relay Time Zone - I Fault Location speed)? Such an analysis has been carried out for the
(Avg.) Reach Error Error distance relaying application and the results of that
analysis will now be briefly summarized.
A power system transient is a complex phenomenon.
The zone-l reach error is the error made at the relay
There are numerous resonance modes within a power
output time. Fault location error on the other hand uses
system and the onset of a fault is usually accompanied
all fault data available to the relay upon the time that
by the oscillations of many of the e resonant circuits.
the fault is cleared. Thi s information, which can be
For certain types of faults, saturation effects further
made available locally or at a remote location almost
complicate the picture. In addition, fault currents may
immediately following the fault is a small example of
contain an exponentially decaying dc offset term which
benefits that flow from a computer based relay. It should
depends upon the instant of fault occurrence. Changes
be noted that the relay output was not connected to trip
in system loading will affect the damping of some of
any breakers during these tests. A full complement of
the transient components. The dominant resonant
existing relays provided the line protection. The results
modes will change as the system interconnections
of the field test have been very encouraging. The
change due to switching operations.
operating time of about a half-cycle, and the attendant
Electrical Installation Engineer - Newsletter - April 2010 16
345kV _-"'-........
Kf =.0015
-
600 1500 o
It is necessary to begin with a characterization of typical
to be encountered in practice, it is appropriate to
power system transient waveforms. Since the
assume that the noise (non 60 Hz components) in the
frequencies of concern in most relaying applications
fault waveforms would be an aggregrate of all observed
are confined to a relatively narrow band: dc to 1 kHz,
f requency components. Such a cumulative noi se
the spectral characterization might be restricted to this
spectnl m for the system of Figure (5) is shown in
band. One may assume either that higher frequencies
Figure; (6) .
do not exist in the spectrum, or that they are eliminated
by a suitable low-pass filter. The delay (phase shift)
Figure 6
caused by such a low-pass fi lter is of no consequence
to the relaying system. (Wave propagation relays ,
________ ____________________
which obviously deal much higher frequenc ies, ar
.002
excluded from the present discussi on. )
A convenient method of obtaining the spectrum ofrelay
input si gnals (currents and voltages) is through the u e
of a small scale model of the relevant portion of the
power system.
Figure (5) shows the one-line diagram of the sy tern
stimulated in the AEP laboratory. Various phase and
ground faults were placed on tines I and 2 at different
distances from bus I. Voltages and currents at the bus
FREQUENCY ( Hz)
1 terminal of line 1 were recorded and their spectra
Noise spectrum of voltage and current signals
obtained. System operating conditions were to simulate
Note that the high frequency components of the noi se
different load level s and di fferent network
spectrum shown in Figure (6) are attenuated to a greater
confi gurations. In all , more than 300 fault wa eforms
extent. This is in part due to the higher damping
were recorded and analyzed.
associated with high frequ ncy phenomenon in the
Figure 5
power system it. elf. However, to a cen ain
extent this is also due to the fact that the
system model on which measurements are
made exhibits abnormally high damping at
higher frequencies. Consequently, the data
in Figure L are to be interpreted as being an
J;765KV
IBUS 21
indication of lb . cale of the noise spectrum,
rath r than its detailed sbape or structure.
For the analysis that folJows, it is therefore
assumed that the spectra for noise signals in
the current and voltage waveforms are as
described by the two horizontal level lines
138kV
K 2j and K2v respectively in Figure 6. Since
1LINE 11 IUNE 2!
thes measures of the noise spectra are
obtained for the specific system
____---' configuration shown in Figure (5), they are,
strictly peaking, not appli cable to other system
Laboratory system one-line diagram
configurations. Nevertheless, these spe trum lev Is
It was concluded from these experiments that by far
wi 11 be considered as bei ng representati ve for
the most significant factor affecting the signal spectrum
commonly found sy tern confi gurations. ShouLd it be
was total length of transmission lines connected at
n cessary to b more precise in this matter, it would
buses 1 and 2. Line loading, faul t types etc. had a
be necessary to conduct simi Lar experiments on a
relatively minor effect on the frequency content of fault
sy tern model wi th the desired configuration.
signal wavefor ms. For a spec ifi ed system
Assume that a v ltage (or current) signal consists of a
confi guration, both the voltage and current waveforms
f undamental frequency component and a noise
contained a single dominant frequency c rnponent
component as given by
(besides the 60 Hz component), and [he frequency of
x (t) =x sin (wot + 8) + n (t)
this component hanged as the system configuration
was changed. Since all system confi gurations are likely which can be written as
Electrical Installation Engineer - Newsletter - April 2010 17
Where
x, = x cos e, Xi = X sin e
The noise term n (t) is assumed to have a spectmm as
described by the K2 level line in Figure (6). The time
function x (t) is sampled at sampling interval (TIN) by
the analog to digital converter, where T is the data
window (i.e. a time span over which data is obtained
and used to make the relaying decision), and N is the
number of equally spaced samples within the period
T.
x
k
=X (ktIN)
A digital filter processes the sample set (x
k
) and
produces for X, and Xi. Denoting these
estimates X, and Xi. respectively, the errors of the
estimation procedure are
p=X -X
Ar r
q =X. -X.
I I
The estimates are unbiased optimum estimates when
E{p}=E{q}=O
2 2
E {p2}=Op E {q2}=Oq:
Where 0 2 and 0 2 are minimum. The symbol E {.}
p q
stands for the expected value of the argument.
The solution to this optimization problem
has been given in the literature. The
optimum estimates take on a particularly
attractive form when the data window T
is a mUltiple of one-half the fundamental
frequency period.
X= 2 L X Sin
, -
N
X= 2
i -
N
when T = W being an integer. Also the
minimum of the estimates is
given by 4k2
2
0
2
0 0
2
=
= p + q T
where K2 is the level of the noise spectmm
as shown in Figure
Consider the computation of an L..-______--,
impedance based upon the estimation of current and
voltage phasors using a data window T and the
optimum estimation procedure given above.lfthe noise
spectra for voltage and current signal noise components
are described by level lines at K} and Ki
2
respectively,
then variance of the impedance estimated from the
current and voltage phasor estimates is given by
o 2 = 0 2 + 0
2
= 4fT (k 2 + k
2
)
z v 1 V \
The above equation is the formulation of an important
concept. Although in this instance the result applies to
an impendance relay the form of the result is of a
general nature. It relates the uncertai nty of a relay
decision parameter (0,2) with the level of noise in the
input signal (K}+Ki
2
) and the data window (T).
Although the above equation specifically corresponds
to multiples of half-cycle windows, results for other
data windows are given in literature. For the impedance
relay, uncertainty of the impedance estimates
determines the allowable reach-setting of the relay.
Thus this result can be used to obtain the relationship
between the optimum reach optimum speed settings
for an impedance relay. Figure (7) shows such a curve
for the impedance relay using current and voltage
signals with noise components as given in Figure (6).
Figure (7) (the details of its derivation can be found in
the reference cited) shows that within a confidence level
of 99% an impedance relay operating in a half cycle
can not be set to reach more than 85% of the
transmission line. A one cycle relay can be set to reach
90% of the line, whereas a 1/4 cycle relay can be set to
reach only 60% of the line. If longer reach is attemped,
. the relay is likely to overreach under certain fault
conditions.
Figure 7

SYMMETRICAL COMPONENT
1.0
DISTANCE RELAY, __________________ _
0.8
Z
::l 06
a:: .
w
a.
I
0.4
w
a::
0.2

,.
/
/
I
/
/
I
I
(
(
PHASE QUANTITIES
DISTANCE RELAY

(RADIANS]
Optimum Speed-Reach for a distance relay
The conclusion to be drawn from the results presented
in this section (and the reason for presenting them here)
is that the performance of a relay is determined
primarily by the nature of its input signals. Usually
there are well-definable limits as to what can be
achieved with a relay under optimum conditions. Such
considerations help set a limit as to what can be attained
by a specific realization of the relay, and in a sense
provides the standard by which to judge the merit of a
relaying algorithm. It is therefore of utmost importance
Electrical Installation Engineer - Newsletter - April 2010 18
that sufficient thought be given to analyses li ke this
before undertaking the development of a new relaying
system.
VU
Il has been mentioned earlier that all the substation
protection, control, alarm. and data logging fu ncti ons
can be handled by dedicated mi croprocessors. These
mul tipl e computers should be con idered to be
members of a hierarchical computer system within the
substati on. Such a struct ured arrangement lead. to
many potential benefits, and helps identi f y the
requirements and limi tations of the inter-computer
communication li nks.
Figure (8 ) shows the hierarc hical structure for
in an EHV substation. R
I
, Rr .. . etc. are
relaYing computers dedicated to the protecti on
functions of variou ' power system components in the
substat ion. For certain protec tion tasks, where
reuundancy through duplication is required, a se ond
relaying computer may be dedicated for the ba k-up
task a in conventional relaying. It may be possible to
' hare a single back-up relaying computer between
primary relaying sy tems. PI' P2' .. .etc. are the
penpheral system of each computer. For the relaying
compUler. the peripheral system consi . t. of the analog
input system and the digital input/output system. Each
relaying computer with i ts peri pheral equi pment
constit utes a dedicated protection system. These
uedicated systems do not depend on any other system
within the substation. Failures within any other system
in the substation do not affect the performance of a
protection system.
Figure 8
CONSOLE
TO
REMOT E
HOST
DISPLAY
CONTROL
PANel
Hierarchical structure for substation Computers
Several of these relaying systems require input signals
which are also used by some other relaying systems.
Examples of this are current signals used by a bus relay,
which are also used by feeder or transfonner relays
connected to that bus. Si milarly, all the rel ays
protecti ng transmission lines which originate from the
'arne bus use identical voltage signals. The computer
system shown in Figure (8) is capable of providing an
added level of redundancy whenever two or more
relaying systems use identical input signals. Samples
obtained by one r laying computer could be maue
a ai lable to another computer if its input system fails.
One method of sharing the data samples woul d be to
pro ' de each relaying computer with a multiple port
memor . However, in the current technology such
memorie ' are not commercially available. The volume
of sampled data is such that normal teleprocessing
communi cation links between processors with their
altendant oftware overheads would not be practical
means or data exchange in this case.
The bufferred p ripheral device as discussed earlier
provides a practk aj method of obtaining the redundant
data paths. It is po sible to provide a sufficient nwnber
of paralJed 1/0 po.rts for ea h processor and connect
them to the appropriate peripheral device buffers.
During nonnal operation, these alternate data paths
would be unused. However, upon the failure of ils
dedicated peripheral device (it i of cour e necessary
to detect thi failure) the affected relaying computer
would activate the alternate data paths under program
control. One may consider this to be an added level of
redundancy for the protection system; or for a given
level of redundancy requi rement for the enti re system
eliminate cerlain dupl icate backup protecli n system.
Relaying computers R
I
, R
z
' and R, are shown linked
in this fashion in Figure (9). Note that these links are
nOtl-es ential for the operation of R
I
R3 duri ng
nOlm al system conditions, but provide an addit ional
data path for certain hardware failures. Of course, some
relays may not share their data with any other relay,
and in thi s case a stand-alone relay, such as R4, is used.
Co mputer C and its peri pheral equipment P are
dedicated the data logging, alarm monitoring and
control functions. Certain of these functions may reside
in the relay computers themselves. For example,
controlIing the circuit breakers of a line can be done
through the line relay. Similarly, voltages and power
flow on the line can be computed from the sampled
data, provided a sufficient resolution can be designed
into the current input channels. The control and data
logging functions not covered by any of the relaying
computers are handled by Computer C.
All the relaying and control and monitoring computers
are connected to the station host computer through a
Electrical Installation Engineer - Newsletter - April 2010 19
teleprocessing link. Since data transfer over this link
s wi t ches, cal i brating standard voltage signals,
is at a much slower rate, a conventional serial link is
duplication of cri tical hardware etc. are some of the
considered to be adequate for this function. The host
more common approaches.
computer handles the protocol of communication over
A very interesting automatic test system built into a
this link, and each of the microcomputers contains a
relaying system was recently reported by
rudimentary interface software to handle their end of
Ki mura et. al (Tokyo Electric and Toshiba) in CIGRE
the communication protocol. Apart from the control
study committee No. 34. Although the test equipment
signals which originate at the host computer, historical
is intended to be used with conventional analog relays,
data files stored by each of the microcomputers are
tbe concept is applicable to cligital relaying also, where
transferred to the host over this communication link.
the test facility can be a software package within the
The host computer, whi ch is al so based on a digital system.
microprocessor, has a bulk storage capacity; flexible
The proposed scheme monitors certain functions and
clisks being considered at present for this function. In
automatically tests certain others. Continuous
addition, a programmer's console is connected to the
monitoring depends upon detecting a diviation from
host. This will be used for software checks and
prescribed states of output or input circuits. Thus, if an
maintenance by computer programming personnel. The
output changes state and remains in this new state for
substation maintenance personnel will access the
a period not consistent with its norm, an alarm would
system through a control and display panel. The display
be issued. In case of automatic testing, the output of
may vary from simple meter readout panels to a
the relay must be disabled, and during this period the
dynamic one-line diagram of the station on a CRT
back-up system is relied on for protection. Wherever
screen. The control panel may consist of a key-pad for
possible, a sub-assembly is tested ill this fashion, so
specific information retrieval request and various
that a minimum of service disruption results from the
control commands. Control commands will have
automatic test.
echoing or check-back features, as well as an execution
Such a system is ideally s uited for computer
confirmation phase wherever possible.
application. Clearly the peripheral equi pment - circuits
The host computer will have a teleprocessing link to a
which isolate the outputs etc. - must be employed with
remote host computer, which may be used for data
a computerized system as well . However, most other
transfer in either direction, as well as for remote control
functions, including tests, calibration, diagnosis etc.
signals. The wave form data collected by relay
can be executed by software residing within the relay
computers may be displayed as an oscillogram either
processor. Superficially, this may seem to go against
locally, or at a remote location. Sequence-of-event
the security or integrity requirements of the protection
analysis, or post fault analysis can be si milarly provided
system. But in reality this is not so. There are distinct
either at the remote host or at the local station host
advantages to building these s ftware fu nctional
upon request by an operator.
modules within the protection modules. Since testing/
VllI
moni toring etc. must be disabled when the relay is busy
As mentioned in one of the earlier sections, self
with faul t related acti vities, there are no time contention
checking and checking of the environment on a
problems in such a system. Also, through certain forms
continual basis is an important aspect of computer
of dead-man switches, the programs can be made to
based substation protection system. Some work has
test not only the relay, but also the testing module itself.
already begun on this subject, but a lot remains to be
There are several concepts on the horizon which may
done. One could consider diagnostic features at these
affect our thinking in the field of digital protection.
levels:
1) Fi ber-optic links are findi ng wide acceptance in
1. Individual subsystem hardware diagnostic.
many pplications. Currentl y, fiber optic systems which
2. Individual subsystem software diagnostic.
can furnish relay inputs and outputs from the substation
3. Functional tests of individual subsystems.
yard into the control room are being developed. The
4. Automatic cali brat ion of channels and
characteristics.
obvious benefits of such a system are reduction in
wiring co ts through multiplexed digital tran mission
recovery.
5. Program restart capabili ty on power failure and
over fiber optic l inks, immunity to Electromagnetic
6. Program restart on software failure.
Interference over the wiring, etc. The problems that
7. Maintenance of error logs.
remain are the long term performance and ease of
8. Error log transfer to remote dispatch centers.
maintenance and repair of fiber optic links and the
(Alarming)
ability of the transmitter electronics to function in the
Some of these functions can be accomplished with
harsh environment of the substation yard.
rather straight forward techniques. Use of dead-man s
Electrical Installati on Engineer - Newsletter - April 2010 20
Right angle Boot
(Round The Clock Service)
HIT
CHJOINTS
Heat Shrinkable, Type Cable Joint Kit
2) The electronic transducers have been under
development for a long time. By converting the current
and voltage signals directly into digital form at the
source, much of the hardware and vulnerability
associated with conventional transducer equipment is
removed. It is expected - although not yet demonstrated
- that costs of electronic transducers would also be
lower. These transducers would be a natural partner
of the digital relays.
3) It is conceivable that through dynamic ranging, the
same transducer would support revenue metering and
other functions requiring the same analog input signai
as those required for relaying. Work remains to be done
to prove that the requisite accuracies required by the
revenue metering needs can be met by such systems.
4) It is possible that our ideas of back-up protecti on
may undergo seri ous revision as more experience is
gained with computer based protection system.
Ultimately, a back-up system covers for the primary
system when it fails to perform its function. Thus the
back-up system is designed with the failure rate and
down-time of the primary system being the main
consideration. If a computer based relay is able to
monitor itself constantly and alarm upon detecting a
failure, completely different rules for back-up
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protection may apply. The picture changes even more
dramatically if the primary system upon detecting its
own failure enables and brings into play a
programmable back-up system as needed.
5) I think that the hierarchical computer system
furnishing links from a remote center to a substation
to an individual relay offers potential for utilization
which cannot be fully appreciated at this time. We are
currently operating under the guidelines of completely
divorcing the protection system from external inputs.
As the power and possibilities of these hierarchical links
come to be understood, we may well see systems of
the future when central control , local control,
protection, and metering/data logging functions appear
to be parts of an integrated system. Some authors have
tried to describe this concept as ' adaptive relaying' but
it seems to me this tenn is too restrictive; we may
indeed be talking about adapti ve integrated protection
and control systems for power systems of the future.
A.G. PHADKE,
American Electric Power Service Corporation
New York, U.S.A .
Presented on
April 17"', 1980
aJ Conference on Power System Portection
The Institution of Engineers (India)
Madras, INDIA.
Electrical Installation Engineer - Newsletter - April 2010
21
HARMONICS - 2
This article is the continuation of our November 2009
NEWLETTER - refer page no.26
ill
H! tti
Transformer winding connections have a significant
impact on the flow of harmonics currents from single
phase non-linear loads.
Two cases are shown in Figure.
THIRD HARMONIC CURRENTS IN THREE
PHASE TRANSFORMERS
In the Wye-Delta transformer windings, the triplen
harmonic currents are shown entering the wye side.
Since they are in phase, they add in the neutral. The
delta-wjnding provide ampere-turn balance, so that they
can flow, but they remain trapped in the delta and do
not show up in the line currents on the delta side. When
the currents are balanced, the triplen harmonic currents
behave exactly as zero-sequence currents, which is
precisely what they are. This type of transformer
WYE WINDINGS BLOCKS THE FLOW OF
TRIPLEN HARMONIC CURRENT. There is no place
for AMPERE-TURN BALANCE. LIKEWISE, A
DELTA WINDING BLOCKS THE FLOW FROM
THE LINE. ONE SHOULD NOTE THAT THREE
LEG ED CORE TRANSFORMERS BEHAVE AS IF
THEY HAVE A "PHANTOM" DELTA TERTIARY
WINDING. Therefore, a WYE-WYE WITH ONLY
ONE NEUTRAL POINT CONNECTED WILL STILL
BE ABLE TO CONDUCT THE TRIPLEN
HARMONICS.
These rules about triplen harmoni current flow in
transformers apply only to BALANCED LOADING
CONDITIONS.
When the PHASES ARE NOT BALANCED, currents
of triplen harmonlcs may very well show up where they
I connection is the most common
employed in utility distribution sub
stations with the delta winding
connected to the transmission feed.
Using grounded-wye windings on
both sides of the transformer allows
balanced triplens to flow from the
low voltage system to the high
voltage system unimpeded. They will
be present in equal proportion on
both sides.
Some important implications of this
related to power quality analysis are:
1. Transformers, particularly the
neutral connections, are susceptible
to overheating when serving single
phase loads on the wye-side that have
high third-harmonic content.
2. Measuring the current on the
delta side of a transformer will not
show the . triplens and, therefore, not
give a true idea of the heating (the
transformer is belng subjected to.)
3. The flow of trip1en harmonic
currents can be interrupted by the
appropriate isolation transformer
connection.
REMOVING THE NEUTRAL
CONNECTION IN ONE OR BOTH
Electrical Installation Engineer - Newsletter - April 2010 22
are not expected. The normal mode for triplen
harmonics is to be ZERO SEQUENCE. During
IMBALANCES, TRIPLEN HARMONICS MAY
HAVE POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE SEQUENCE
COMPONENTS, too. One notable case of this is a
THREE-PHASE ARC FURNACE. Although fed by
delta-delta connection, the THIRD HARMONICS
SHOW UP IN LARGE MAGNITUDES IN THE LINE
CURRENT WHEN THE FURNACE IS OPERATING
IN AN IMBALANCED STATE.
But to the extent that the system is mostly balanced,
TRIPLENS mostly behave in the manner described.
0.12 EFFECTS OF HARMONICS
The degree to which HARMONICS can be tolerated
is determined by the susceptibility of the load (or power
source) to them. The" least" susceptible type of
equipment is that in which the MAIN FUNCTION IS
HEATING, as in an OVEN OR FURNACE. In this
case, the HARMONIC ENERGY GENERALLY IS
UTILISED AND HENCE IS QUITE COMPLETELY
TOLERABLE.
The "most "susceptible type of equipment is that whose
design or constitution assumes (nearly) perfect
sinusoidal fundamental input. This equipment is
frequently in the categories of corrununication or data
processing equipment. A type of load that normally
falls BETWEEN THESE TWO EXTREMES OF
SUSCEPTIBILITY IS THE MOTOR LOAD. MOST
MOTOR LOADS ARE RELATIVELY TOLERANT
OF HARMONICS.
Even in the case of THE LEAST susceptible
equipment, HARMONICS CAN BE HARMFUL. In
the case of an OVEN, for example, they can cause
DIELECTRIC THERMAL OR VOLTAGE STRESS,
which causes PREMATURE AGEING OF
ELECTRICAL INSULATION.
The non linear loads connected to electric power
systems include static power converters, arc
discharging devices, saturated magnetic devices, and,
to a lesser degree, rotating machines. Static power
converters of electric power are the larger non-linear
loads and are used in industry for a variety of purposes,
such as electro-chemical power supplies, adjustable
speed drives, and uninterruptible power supplies. These
devices are useful because they can convert ac to dc,
dc to dc, dc to ac, and ac to ac.
Non linear loads change the sinusoidal nature of the ac
power current (and consequently the ac voltage drop),
thereby resulting in the flow of harmonic currents in
the ac power system that can cause interference with
corrununication circuits and other types of equipment.
I When reactive power compensation in the form of
power factor improvement capacitors, is used with
these non-linear loads. "Resonant conditions" can occur
that may result in high levels of harmonic voltage and
current distortion when the resonant condition occurs
at a harmonic associated with nonlinear loads.
ADDITIONAL TERMINOLOGY ON HARMONICS
1. DEVIATION FROM A SINE WAVE
A single number measure of the distortion of a sinusoid
due to harmonic components.
It is equal to the ratio of the absolute value of the
maximum difference between the distorted wave and
the CREST value of the fundamental.
2. DEVIATION FROM A SINE WAVE,
MAXIMUM THEORETICAL
For a non sinusoidal wave, the ratio of the arithmetic
sum of the amplitudes (rms) of all harmonics in the
wave to the amplitude (rms) of the fundamental.
3. Distortion Factor (Harmonic Factor) (AS PER
IEEE DEFINITION)
The ratio of the root-mean-square of the harmonic
content to the root-mean-square value of the
fundamental quantity, expressed as a percent of the
fundamental.
Sum of the squares of amplitudes
of all harmonics
DF = _ ____________
x 100
Square of the amplitude
of fundamental
4. Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
The term has come into corrunon usage to define either
voltage or current "distortion factor" .
S. Total Demand Distortion (TDD) (AS PER IEC
DEFINITION)
The total root-sum-square harmonic current distortion,
In percent of the Maximum Demand LOAD current
(i5 to 30 min demand).
6. POWER FACTOR, DISPLACEMENT
The displacement component of power factor, the ratio
of the acti ve power of the fundamental wave, in watts,
to the apparent power of the fundamental wave, in
Electrical Installation Engineer - Newsletter - April 2010 23
voltamperes (including the exciting current of the
thyristor converter transformer).
7. POWER FACTOR. TOTAL
The ratio of the total power input, in watts, to the total
voltampere input to the converter.
Notes:
(1) This definition includes the effect of harmonic
components of current and voltage (distortion power
factor) , the effect of phase displacement between
current and voltage, and the exciting current of the
transformer. VOLT-AMPERES are the product of rms
voltage and rms current.
(2) The power factor is determined at the ac line
terminals of the converter.
8. Non-linear load:
A load that draws a non-sinusoidal current wave when
supplied by a sinusoidal voltage source.
9. Short-circuit Ratio
For a semiconductor converter, the ratio of the short
circuit capacity of the bus, in MVA, at the point of
converter connection to the rating of the converter, in
MW.
10. Telephone influence factor (TF)
For a voltage or current wave in an electric supply
circuit, the ratio of the square root of the sum of the
squares of the weighted root-me an-square values of
all sine-wave components (including alternating waves
both fundamental and harmonic) to the root-mean
square value (unweighted) of the entire wave.
11. Harmonic
A sinusoidal component of a periodic wave or quantity
having a frequency, that is an integral multiple of the
fundamental frequency.
Note: For example, a component, the frequency of
which is twice the fundamental, frequency, is called a
second harmonic.
12. HARMONIC FACTOR
The ratio of the root-sum-square (rss) value of all the
harmorucs to the rootmean-square (rms) value of the
fundamental.
Harmonic factor (for Voltage) =
Harmonic factor (for Current) =
13. IMPEDENCE RATIO FACTOR
The ratio of the source impedance at the point in the
system under consideration, to the equivalent total
impedance from the source to the converter circuit
elements that commute simultaneously.
14. 1-T Product
Inductive influence expressed in terms of the product
of its root-mean square magnitude (1), in amperes,
times its telephone influence factor (TIF).
15. KV -T Product
Inductive influence expressed in terms of the product
of its root-mean-square magnitude, in kilovolts, times
its telephone influence factor (TIP).
For other definitions, see Chapter 3 of IEEE STD
519:1992.
The recommended practice in IEEE Std 519-1992 is
to be used for guidance in the design of power systems
with non-linear loads. The limits set in IEEE Std 519
are for steady state operations and are recommended
for "WORST-CASE" conditions. Transient conditions
exceeding the limits set in IEEE Std 519 may be
encountered. IEEE Std 519 does not cover the effects
of radio-frequency interference; however, it does
include electromagnetic interference with
communication systems.
The recommended practice in IEEE Std 519-1992
intends to establish goals for the design of electrical
systems that include both linear and non-linear loads.
The voltage and current waveforms that may exist
throughout the power system are described in IEEE
519, and waveform distortion goals for the system
designer are established. The interface between sources
and loads is described as the point of common coupling,
and observance of the design goals will minimize
interference between electrical equipment. IEEE 519
sets the quality of power that is to be provided at the
point of common coupling.
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TECHNICAL SEMINAR PHOTOS - 20-3-2010
T..,MIL".au ...&GfMu.t. ..."au.u.,. ........
.ucoc..,.. .. UAII.
Inaugural Address by Er. S. APPA VOO, B.E., Senior Electrical Inspector
Silting from Left : Mr. T.M. BHIKKAJI, Secretary, TNEIEA,
Mr. A.K. VENKATASAMY, President, TNEIEA.
Mr. R. SA TISH, Regional Manager (South). Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd.
Mr. S. SURESH IYER, Dy. Territory Manager - Retail Sales, Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd.
Mr. R. SATISH, Regional Manager (South).
Mr. S. SURESH IYER, Dy. Territory Manager
Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd.
- Retail Sales. Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd
Presenting Papers on "Captive Power Generation"
Addressing the Technical Session.
Mrs. K. SELVAM, A.M.LE., Electrical Inspector.
(Technical). Presenting Papers on "Energy
Conservation in HT Industries"
Er. S. APPAVOO, B.E., Senior Electrical Inspector
Presenting Papers on "Electrical Safety Earthing
System"
Electrical Installation Engineer - Newsletter - April 2010
TECHNICAL SEMINAR ON "CAPTIVE POWER GENERATION,
ELECTRICAL SAFETY EARTIDNG SYSTEM ANDENERGY
CONSERVATION IN HT INDUSTRIES" ABRIEF REPORT
Acute shortage of electrical power is being
at specified intervals and the routine determination
experienced in our state. This propels the Energy
of step and touch potentials at the site are required
Conservation or Energy Saving Measures to the
to avert the potential risk of personal injury.
central stage. In addition, the incidence of frequent
On taking all these issues into consideration it is
electrocution of human beings and costly losses to
tbought that a technical seminar on Electrical Safety.
properties caused by electrical fires prompts us to
Captive Power Generation and Energy Conservation
focus on "Electrical Safety", with a special reference
in Industrial sector will be of much value. With this
to earthing.
end in view, our Association and Mis. Mahindra and
In this context, the silent contribution of industries
Mahindra have jointly organised a technical seminar
to El ectrical Energy Conservati on needs to be
at Chennai on 20
th
March 2010. A capsule containing
remembered. In the se enties, when the oi l pr du ing
tbealient features of this seminar is placed below
nations created an energy crisis atmosphere, the
for _ our consumption.
industries in India came forward to turn on and off
Thiru . S. Appavoo Senior Electrical Inspector
their plants. In the eighties, when the energy
inaugurated the seminar and delivered the key note
conservation measures occupy the central stage, the
address. The chief guest briefly explained the steps
industries voluntarily replace their obsolete
taken by the Electrical Inspectorate in enforcing the
equipment with modern equipment and facilitated
economical utilization of electrical energy in the
the economical utilization of the available energy.
state and the need for employing energy efficient
In the nineties, when the energy and environmental
products in all walks of our life. Thiru. S. Suresh
issues jointly triggered a critical situation, the Indian
Iyer, Dy. Territory Manager - Retail Sales, Mis.
Industries opted for energy efficient equipment and
Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. delivered his special
intelligent devices without any hesitation. They did
address on this occasion. There was a good response
this voluntarily in addition to their normal
for this seminar; more than 100 participants have
commitment to energy conservation. Presently the
attended a real big gathering of installation engineers
energy scenario warrant many adjustments on the
and other invitees.
Power and Oil front and also refinement on the
ongoing conservation measures. The Indian
Industrial sector understands all these issues and
extend helps in all possible ways. They are second
In the ensuing technical session, three technical
presentations have been made. A summation of these
presentations is as follows
to none in the capacity building of our nation.
1. "Captive Power Generation" by Thiru .. S.
While turning to our attention to safety of operating
personnel and equipment, it because necessary to
Suresh Iyer, Dy. Territory Manager - Retail Sales,
Mis. Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd., Chennai.
turn our focus on the grounding system of the high
There is no need to stress, the importance of the role
voltage electrical system existing in the industries
pl ayed by Captive Power Generation, especially
since it forms the basis for personal, lightning and
Diesel Generation set, in today's power scenario.
EMC protection. It must therefore be correctly
Among the energy losses that occur in a Diesel Gen.
planned and di mensioned, designed and then
set, the heat losses through exhaust and radiation
commissioned properly. Voltage ri ses in the
constitute a major portion. The actual power output
immediate area of the electrical systems will have
forms only 25 - 35 Percent of the input fuel power.
dangerous consequences in the event of a fault.
Among the items that warrant attention in a D.G.
Vi ual checks of the grounding system will not offer
set are Air, water, oil, fuel, load (load factor) and
much help in this regard. Periodic checks of the
maintenance. The areas of concern are,
grounding system, measurement of ground resistance - Generation and load ones match
The average p erson walks the equivalent of twice
around the world in a lifetime.
Electrical Installation Engineer - Newsletter - April 2010
25
in electrical installations and better upkeep of earth
incorrect specification of ambient conditions)
- Improper installation (Inadequate ventilation
pits in these sites. He stressed the need for continuous
focus on electrical safety and also the importance of
- Operation at low load levels (Efficiency of the
safety in all our activities. His presentation also
Gen set varies directly with load preferable load
described in detail the factors that would lead to
factor is 80 percent and above)
damages to electrical equipment / electrical accidents
Among the factors that requires attention during
and how to avert them.
the selection and operation of the DG set are
- Maximum generation - Load/capacity - Block 3. Energy Conversation in HT Industries by
load should be considered Mrs. K. Selvam, Electrical Inspector, (Technical),
Chennai.
- Maximum voltage dips (Starting and Running)
To begin with, this presentation explained the
- Maximum frequency dip (Increase the capacity
necessity for the energy conservation in Industrial
of gen. set to avoid severe frequency dip)
sector (both HT & HT industries). Among the
- Specify correct altitude and Ambient temp
benefits that would accrue to the Industries by
consider the highest anticipated temperature and
Energy Conservation are
altitude
- Reduced energy bills
- Duty Cycle
- Increased competitiveness of their products
- Load imbalance access phases of the alternator
- Increased productivity
- Correct understanding of the required starting and
running characteristics
- Improved quality of product
- Alternator rating depends on allowable
In an Industry, the areas that would bring adequate
temperature rise and other factors like the
savings in electrical energy are
connected motor starting capability and generation
- Power delivery system
of Harmonics by the load.
- Motive Power Load
- Load and power factor - Too low load and low
- Compressed Air systems
PF will burn out the alternator capacitor loads
- Lighting
should not be connected as it will lead to a rapid
- Refrigeration and Air conditioning
rise in alternator terminal voltage and its attendant
insulation failure.
- Welding
The main areas that need focus during the - Pumps, Lifts and Cranes
procurement of Diesel Gen. set are erection site, - Cooling Towers
installation and maintenance.
The speaker dealt in detail the possible energy saving
2. Electrical Safety and earthing systems by Thiru.
measures that could be taken in these areas.
S. Appavoo Senior Electrical Inspector to
Finally the seminar was concluded with a question
Government
and answers session. There were lively discussions.
This presentation mainly focused on
Thiru R. Sathish, Regional Manager (South)
- Electrical hazard awareness
Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd., Chennai gave the vote
- Important issues related to electrical safety of thanks.
- Safe working on electrical installations. In fine, at the end of this seminar the participants
The Honourable speaker explained in detail the got some useful information on Diesel generating
importance of earthing with a special reference to sets, Earthing system and Energy saving measures
soil resistivity, ground potential rise and the need in HT industries.
for the periodical measurement of earth resistance
It is not the strongest of the species that survives, nor the most
intelligent, but the one which is most responsive to change
- Charles Darvin
Electrical Installation Engineer - Newsletter - April 2010 26
GENSETS-HOW THEY OPERATE
If the coil terminals were brought to a two segment
The theory of operation of most electric generators is
commutator instead of slip ring, a pulsating d-c voltage
based upon Faraday's Law. When the number of lines
would appear at the brushes.
(Maxwells) of magnetic flux linking a coil of wire is
caused to change, an electric motive force (EMF) In practice, permanent magnetic fields are used only in
proportional to the product of number of turns times small generators. Large generators, except induction
the rate of change of flux is generated in the coil. The generators, are equipped with d-c field windings. The
instantaneous induced voltage is given in equation (1 ). field coils are wound on the stators of most d-c generators
(dQ) to permit mounting the armature coils and commutator
e =-n --- 10-
8
volts - Equation (I) on the rotors. On a-c generators, the field coils are
dt normally located on the rotors. Field coils require only
armature shoft ormatur. coil
frame
low voltage power and only two lead wires. They are
more easily insulated and supported against rotational
force and are better suited to sliding contacts than the
relatively high voltage armature windings, which often
have ix leads brought out. Any part of the magnetic
circuit not subject to changing flux may be of solid steel.
This includes the field poles of d-c machines and portions
or al l of the rotating field structure of some a-c generators.
In machines with small air gaps, the poles are frequently
of laminated steel, even though their flux may be
bstanti ally constant. Laminations help minimize pole
face' losse arising from the tooth frequency pulsations.
The armature core is almost always composed of thin
sheets of high grade electrical steel to reduce core loss.
The windings are insulated from the magnetic structure
I and are either imbedded in slots distributed around the
periphery or mounted to enrich the field poles. The
terminals from the stator windings and from the brush
holders are usually brought out to a convenient terminal
Fig. 1. Elementary generator block for external wiring connections.
Where n is the number of turns. Circuits in Power Plants:
Q is the flux in the Maxwells and Main & Auxiliary Circuits
t is time in Seconds. Both main & auxiliary circuits in power plants can be
classified as follows:
The minus sign indicates that the induced voltage opposes
the effect which produced it. i) Main power circuits to carry the power from the
generators to the step up transformers and on to
Voltage is induced in the windings of a generator by
the station high voltage terminals.
mechanically driving one member relative to the other,
thereby causing the magnetic flux linking one set of coils ii) Auxiliary power circuits to provide power to
called the armature windings to vary, pulsate or alternate. motors to drive the necessary auxiliaries.
The magnetic flux may originate from a permanent
iii) Control circuits for the circuit breakers & other
magnet , a d-c field winding or an a-c source.
equipment operated from the control room of the
Figure 1 shows an elementary generator having a plant.
stationary field and a single rotating armature coil. It is
iv) Lighting circuits for the illumination of the plant
apparent that the magnetic flux threading the coil reverses
and to provide power for portable equipment
direction twice per revolution, there by generating one
required in the up-keep and maintenance of the
cycle of voltage in the armature coil for each revolution.
plant. Sometimes special circuits are installed to
If the variation in flux expressed as a function of time,
supply power to the portable power equipment.
the voltage generated in the coil would be given by
v) Excitation circuits, which are so installed that they
equation (1) for example let the flux vary as given by
will receive good physical & electrical protection
equation (2).
because reliable excitation is necessary for the
Q =Q
rn
Cos 21tfxt - (Equation 2)
operation of the plant.
where, Q
rn
is the maximum flux,
vi) Instrument & relay circuits to provide values of
f is the frequency and voltage, current, kilo watts, reactive kilo volt
amperes and temperatures and to serve the
t i the ti me.
protective relays.
By differentiating, equation-2, with respect to time and
vii) Communication circuits for both plant & system
ub tituting in equation 1, the instantaneous voltage is
communications-telephones, radio, transmission
found from equation 3.
line carrier & micro wave radio may be involved.
e =21t [n Q Si n 21tfxt X 10=8 (Equation 3)
It is important that reliable power service may be
The a-c voltage can be taken from the armature by
produced for the plant itself & for this reason, station
brushes on the sli p rings shown.
service is usually supplied from two or more sources.
Electricallnsta"ation Engineer - NewsleHer - April 2010 27
To ensure adequate reliability, auxiliary power supplies
are frequently provided for startup, shut down &
communication services.
Generator Protection:
In electrical equipments, chances offailure are generally
high, So, in order to avail of continuous power supply,
sufficient built-in safeguards are provided in the electrical
system, not only to save the power generation system
but also the equipments & machinery running on the
generator supply. Suitable devices are installed to prevent
or minimize damages in cases of equipment failure. Some
of these devices are :
i) Differential current and ground relays to detect
failure of insulation , which may be due to
deterioration or accidental over voltage.
ii) Overload relays-these detect overload currents that
may lead to excessive heating.
iii) Over voltage relays to present insulation damage.
iv) Loss of excitation relays for warning operators of
low excitation or to prevent pulling out of
synchronism.
v) Resistance devices & thermocouples to detect over
heating of bearings and windings through relays
excited by the two devices.
vi) Devices for-detecting over speed & lubrication
failure.
Note: Not all of these devices are used in small units
and in every pl ant. But safeguards are a must for
automatic de-energising of generators of any electrical
failure & shut down for any over-limit condition.
In the earlier pages we have seen that Gen-sets are the
most popular means of captive power generation, in
emergent situations when the power supply from the grid
is cut off. These Gen-sets-combination of prime mover
and the al ternator, convert heat energy of fuels into
mechanical energy, which in tum generates electrical
energy through generators. There are many types of fuels
which go into the working of the Prime movers for power
generat ion. They are Natu ral gas, Motor gasoli ne/
Naphtha, Kero ene. Diesel fuels, both high speed diesel
(HSD) and light diesel oil (LDO) are mi ddle distillate
fuels and residual fuels which cover fuel oi ls as well as
heavy petroleum stocks viz LSHS-Low Sulphur Heavy
Stock and HPS-Heavy Petroleum Stock. B th of these
residua l heavy stocks are bei ng produced i n our
refineries, former from the indigenous crudes which are
generall y low in sulphur and latter from mixed or
imported crudes, whi ch are generally high in sulphur. In
the page that follow, we wi ll briefl y consider what these
fuels are, how & to what national standards and what
ar their i mportant features, which Gen-set engineers
should know.
We know that all these fuels are by-products of petroleum
or rock oil, also known a crude oil. Crude oil is nothing
but complex mi xture of hydrocarbons , along with
oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur compounds in traces to
small quanti ties. Normally three types of hydrocarbon
are present in the crude oil vis. Paraffi n , Naphthenes
and Aromatics. The fourth type i.e. Olefins or unsaturated
strai ght chain hyd rocarbo ns are normall y not a
constituent of crude oil , but they come up from the
decomposi ti n or cracking of other hydrocarbons, when
they are subjected to high temperature conditions in some
of the refining processes practised in the refineries. In a
ref inery, crude oil after preliminary treatment is
fractionally di stilled in disti llation columns. Two types
of distillation processes are followed (i ) Atmospheric
distillalion (ii ) Vacuum Distillation. In the atmospheric
di sti llation, the crude oil is distilled under atmospheric
pressure upto the fraction of 350C-370C or below
400C and petroleum products like refinery gases,
liquefied petroleum gas, naphtha, gasolene, kerosene and
di stillate fuels like high speed oil and light diesel oil are
produced. The residue left in the di stillation column is
generall y used as residual fuel oi l or furnace fuel oil at
times blended with aromatic extracts, excepting in cases
where the re idue ha good potential for making lube
base stocks whe.n it is subjected to vacuum distillation
with or without steam. It is necessary to re ort to high
vacuum distillation to avoid decomposition of high
boiling fractions left in the residue. Vacuum distillat ion
of these residues gives us lubricating oil base stocks of
various viscosities. In such distillation, use of steam also
helps in improving yield and avoiding cracking. Main
products obtained from distillati ons are shown in Figs.
2& 3.
w ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ro ~ ~ ~
FR CENT CRUCE 011..
Fig. 2. Proportion of dieseJ fueJ and otber petroleum
products processed from crude petroleum.
The atmospheric disti llation gives us the followi ng
main fractions:
i) Gases upto 60F (I S.6C)
ii) Ga aline 60
0
P - 300F (15.6C - 149
c
C)
iii ) K rosene 300F - 450F (l 49C - 232C)
iv) Gas Oil 450F - 650F (232C - 343C)
v) Heavy Gas oil upto 650F - 700F (343C
371C)
VI R sidue-Above 700F (Above 371 0C) .
Variou fract ions rhus btained are further bl nded
and doped with additive to get marketable Products.
CAPTIVE POWER GENERA TIONA MUST!
lndu tries in Indi ha e by and large. embarked upon
an ambitiou programme for elf reliance regarding
t heir power need by install ing c apl i e power
generation plants. Thi is mainly to offset the acute
power shortage which in many parts of the country
has come to stay. Tbis is obvious, when one works
Eleclricallnstallation Engineer - Newsletter April 2010 28
out the total energy costs in industry. Industry spends
about 3 per cent of their reserve expenditure on power.
But for this, they would have to waste 97 percent of
their' turnover. In addition, they would have to pay
for their fi xed expenses on labour, machinery and
administrative over-head ' . In a paper prepared by
FICCI (Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce
and lndu try) 10% shortage in power supply means
loss in indu tri a1 production to the tune of Rs.7,500
rore . To ac hi eve these objectives, Government also
has offered several incentives for generating captive
power-incentives like capital investment allowances
and 100% depreciation on energy saving devices, heat
recovery system- and use of internal combustion
engines using natural gas. Such an approach would
obviously result in phenomenal growth of the gen. set
industry for captive power generation. But such a high
growth woul d al so res ult in high r gr owth i n
consumpti on of diesel fuel, as most of the D.G. sets
produced i n our country run on di e el. Hig her
consumption of diesel fuel would also need higher lube
consumption. So it is very important that proper steps
are taken to reduce or optimise the consumption of
fuels and lubricants in the gen. set industry. Cost of
production of diesel power varies between Rs.l to even
Rs.lO/- per unit depending upon the size, fuel used
and other infrastructure for stand-by generating sets.
Hence, it is very important that right from the stage of
selection, installation operation and maintenance
proper care is needed. By efficient running of gen. set,
substantial amount of precious diesel can be saved.
AIR REQUIREMENT F O R CO OLING AND
ENGINE ROOM VENTILATION
Engine rooms heat up during gen. set operation due to
heat radiation from the engine and from the hot exhaust
pipes and due to the hot air from the radiator fan or
from the exit of air cooled engines circulating in-side
the room. When the ambient temperature in the engine
room increases, the hot air available increases the fuel
consumption due to decrease in the air fuel rati o; as
the mixture becomes richer, there is decrease in fuel
efficiency. It has been seen that with the increase in
air intake temperature from 25 to 40C, the air fuel
ratio decreases by about 5% and this will result in
higher BSFC in the range of 0.5 to 2% depending upon
the engine design, i.e. whether naturally aspirated or
super charged and or intercooled. Table 1 shows
correction factors on engine output versus intake
temperatures, ISO-3046 also lists various formulae on
the effect of air inlet temperature and engine design
i.e. super charged or not. It is therefore, very es enti al
that the engine room shall be properly ventil ated so
that hot air is continuously removed by circulation with
c 01 air. For this pusher fan, which takes air from the
engine side and throws on to rad iato r has been
preferred. In such a case the entire gen. set hould be
positioned near a window or an opening in the wall so
that the air is drawn on the engine from the room and
ejected through the opening. If the radiator fan is motor
driven. tb gen. set can be located any-where in the
m "bile the radi ator fan assembly can be mounted
on (he \\ :ill in rhe peuing or a window. Windows also
be pI vided on the opposite side for effective removal
of radiation hear. The heat radi ated in a diesel engine
is usually of [he order of 4 to 8% of the heat input into
the engine. Table no. 2 gives air volume needs of small
gen. sets.
Table No.1
INTAKE TEMPERATURE VERSUS CORRECTION
FACTOR FOR ENGINE OUTPUT
Intake Temp. C Correction Factor
32 or less 1.000
35 0.986
38
I
0.974
41 0.962
43 0.950
46 0.937
49 0.925
52 0.913
54 0.900
Table No.2
Rating of set. cfm for combustion cfm for
inKW radiation
20 130 3000
30 195 5000
40 260
I
5500
60 395 6000
HOW TO REDUCE RADIATED HEAT
As we an know, much of the radiated heat is from the
exhaust manifold and exhaust pipes. Heat radiation
from the exhaust pipes and manifolds can be reduced
by using some type of insulation lagging. Table 3 gives
the heat loss from lagged and unlagged pipes of
different dia, at exhaust temperature around 400C and
ambient temperature around 30C.
Table No.3
Heat loss from lagged and unlagged Exhaust pipes
Dia of exhaust pipe (mm) 150 200 300 400
Heat Radiation in K callh.
per meter of pipe length
i) Base pipe 5800 7800 1600 15600
ii) Pipe with 50rnm
thickness lagging.
235 350 520 630
iii) Pipe with 100mm
thickness lagging.
145 215 300 370
While designing the engine room, factors like ambient
temperature, whether batteries positioned inside gen.
set. room or not and whether radiator fan is in flow
type or pusher type, whether the engine is air cooled
or water cooled, whether engine is naturally aspirated
or uper charged should be taken into account.
Coutesy: Power Generation & Diesel Gen-Sets,
by Petrot.!um Conservation Research Association, New Delhi
Electrical Installation Engineer - Newsletter - April 2910
29
"POWER PLANT IN A BOX"
Some more Technical details as gathered
Introduction:
We had published in the March' 10 issue, a News llem Fuel Cells and Developments:
from The Hindu dated 26
th
February titled Launch of As we aJ l know, the Technology of Fuel Cells have
a "Power Plant in a Box" that can be a Power House been in Re earch an Development for a very very long
for providing Energy even in remote areas. The ti me and in India too in the Research Centers at
Technology is based on Improved and Cost Effective Karaikkudi . Tuticorin and many other places, small
Fuel Cells us ing CNG or BJOGAS as Fuel. The capacity units have been developed but the 'Cost ' was
Capacity offered atpresent is lOOKW rating. It kindled one important factor.
interest in India too as it was by an Indian American As the very n me 'Fuel Cell' conveys, the Cell requires
and it has of course been a sensation in US with support fuel supply for the Anode and the Cathode, which are
flowing from many top Business Houses. Higher generally Hydrogen and Oxygen (Air). Anodes,
Capacities or multiples of lOOKW would probably be Cathodes and the Electrolytes in between as shown in
corning soon and it is also expected to be cost effective. the Diagram 1 below, are all generally made of Special
It could also be used for Captive Power Generation Metals and Materials and with complex controls.
and the Technology would be a welcome one for India.
"You should never do anything wrong; it will catch up to you"
Electricat Installation Engineer - Newsletter - April 2010 30
Diagram 1 Fuel Cell
Developments in Fuel Cells and Power Solutions:
As per information available from an MNC with Indian
operations, Fuel Cells of Capacities of around 200KW
are developed commercially and Power Storage
Solutions with combination of 'Electrolysis' for
Hydrogen generation and ' Fuel Cells' using Hydrogen
and Oxygen with Capacities up to 200KW are offered.
The Diagram below illustrates the set up.
Electrolysis & Fuel Cells
Eieclricily
t
Hp
Fu el Cell
.... Heal
L-___.-J
t
Hydrog en and Oxyg en
Diagram 2 Electrolysis and Fuel Cell
Power Plant in a Box:
As per information provided, the Power Plant in a Box
. a unique and cost effective Product built using abun
a n t l ~ a ailable and affordable materials. The fuel cell
te hnolog: uccessfully developed is fundamentally
different fr m the legacy 'hydrogen' fuel cells most
people are famili ar with.
Anode
H H H H
team
Electrolyte

Electricity
Cathode
000 0
eat
Utilizing Planer Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Technology
(SOFC) and using the specially developed Silicon
based Electrolytes with 'Special Coating' , the 'Power
Plant in a Box' produces clean Power and the Tech
nology is claimed to be adoptable for High Volume
Low Cost Production.
SOFe
Picture 1 Electrolyte of Ceramic Plates and Special
Coating
Fuel source, ranging from natural gas to a wide range
ofbiogases is used for supplying electricity via a clean
electrochemical process, rather than the usually
adopted combustion System through IfC Engines and
Generators etc.. .
The Modular Architecture employed enables total in
stallation size to be tailored to the base load Electric
ity Demand. Installation can be scaled from lOOKW
to 1 MW or more.
Electrical Installation Engineer - Newsletter - April 2010
31
Input Enclosure
'1' I'' r
Picture 2 Arrangement of the Power Plant in a Box
Picture 3 Photograph 100 KW Installation
Some Calculations:
Power Plant in a Box - I OO KW Module
Fuel is CNG or BIOGAS
Input Energy required through
one of the above 0.616 MM
BTU/Hour
=0.661 x ]06=0.661 x
1000000 = 661000 BTUlHour
or 155229 K.Caloriesl Hour
Output =100 Units 1Hour
One Un it =3412 BTU or 860
K Calori e.
100 Units = 341200 BTU or
86000 K Calories
Efficiency of Conversion is
calculated as 341200/661000 =
0.52 or 52%
Calorific Value of CNG is
about 9000 K.Cal.lKg
Therefore CNG required per
would be 17.25 Kgs per Hour
for 100KW Unit
If it is Biogas, about 35 Kgs per Hour
would be required due to lower calorific
Value.
CNG or BIOGAS used Engi ne Generator
System; the Effi ciencies are around 33
40%
However in case of Engine Generator
System, the overall Effi ciency can be
improved with Wasle Heat Recovery and
use.
Advantages:
T he superi o r Electrical Efficiency
eliminales the need for the complicated
CHP Sy tern and thus expands the scope
for uti liz.i ng more of the needs and the
opportuni ti es available. These are also
uila 1 for installation outdoors and it is
expected that the installations can be
completed fast.
Compiled by
lvlr.S.Mahadevan,
Consultant,
Energy and Energy Efficiency
Mobile: 98401 55209
Electricallnstallalion Engineer - Newsletter - April 2010 32
ELECTRICAL ENERGY EXCELLENCE SERIES - 11
Electricity(G E)
Bio Energy and Bio Electricity Choices and a Case
Study:
Presented below are some Extracts from an Article
based on the Presentation made by the Author in one
of the All India Energy Seminars at Delhi recently,
bringing out the "Choices" available and comparative
Investments and outputs of Bio Energy and Bio
Electricity.
"A Study of Alternative Technological Choices and
Energy Generation. Study with particular reference to
Poultry Litter (Biomass) And Namakkal District of
Tamilnadu"
"
3. Namakkal and Energy from Poultry Litter
13.1. A look at Potential
Focusing on Namkkal District of Tamilnadu, with
sizable activities of Poultry Farming for Eggs with
population of around 4 Crore Birds, the litter generation
could approximately be about 2000 to 2500 Tons Per
Day . This is Substantial quantity of biomass for
generating electricity, Heat and Fuel forms of Energy
for meeting the complete needs of the District and
probably few more districts around. This creates the
possibility of feeding a sizable quantum of Electricity
into the Grid as well.
3.2. Energy Alternatives by use of Poultry Litter
The Litter can be collected from the farms to a near by
.- ~ l area chosen and ubjected to Energy Production
.1LU w .f [ 3 alternati ves are available as under which
we ill 1) ze. Each a1 ternative is given a code symbol
to ideOlif). refer to further in the Article and understand.
Poulltry - Layers - Litter
Bioenergy Alternatives
Electricity(C E)
GE - this refers 110 the Process where Gas is Generated
by Methanation Process. which is then used in Engines
as Prime Movers to run the Generators to produce
Electricity.
GF - This refers to the Process where Gas is Generated
by Methanation Process, which is, then Scrubbed,
Enriched, Cleaned and Compressed for use as Fuel
for Automobiles.
CE - This refers to the Process of Combustion and
Electricity Generation through Boiler and Turbine and
Generator.
GE is already being done in Namakkal area. The
approximation and broad details of costs and Gas
Production and Generation etc. are all based on the
experience there. Around 20Kgs of Litter Produces 1
Cub.M ofBiogas. 12,000 Cub.M ofBiogas used in IC
Engine and Generator can Generate 24,000 Units of
Electricity per day equivalent to 1 MW Capacity. The
approximate total Capital cost of 1 MW installation is
Rs.14 Crores.
This would use around 240 Tons of Litter per day.
The Electricity is purchased by Utility at Rs.3.15 per
Unit (at present this is increased to Rs . 4.50 per Unit)
and the Daily Output of the Plant works out to
Rs.75,600/
GF is not yet tried out in Namakkal but Processing of
Biogas to Compressed Auto Fuel Gas with a Calorific
Value of about 10,000 K.Cal per Kg., is already done
in small scale in some Goushalas in Northern India
with the Technology of liT, Delhi. This requires trials
and Scaling up in Namakkal. Reasonable estimates are
however arrived at, with the assumption that in GF,
the equipments required would be Scrubbers, Pumps
and Compressors in Place of equipments like Engines
and Generators and aUied Equipments as in case of
Electrical Installation Engineer - Newsletter - April 2010
33
GE. Hence the Capital cost of same Rs.14 Crores for
handling 240 Tons per day capacity can be assumed. It
would produce 12,000 Cub.M of Biogas per day. Based
on liT Experience, 12,000 Cub.M of Biogas ( 60%
Methane) could give eruiched Gas of about 5,520 Kgs.
Assuming a Price of about Rs.40/- per Kg. (Equivalent
Fuel LPG used in automobiles in Southern India at
present is Appx.RsA8 per Kg.), the daily out put value
from the Plant is Rs.2,20,800/
CE is not yet tried out in Namakkal. but the estimates
and calculations are based on Successful European
In GE Waste Heat is available and if recovered and
used, energy output value can increase, but this will
require additional in vestment.
There is Good Scope for 'Carbon Credits' in all the 3
Cases as there is 'Fossil' alternative as well as
'Methane' avoidance.
The complete Dimensions of Financial Analysis is not
covered. as there are Subsidies. Carbon Credits etc. that
are all invol ved. The Projects are found to be viable taking
into consideration the Concessions.
Table 1- Table of comparative Investments and
Experience. whicb can now be offered in India with I-__...--__--.-___Oru_t_p_u_ts..,...___--.-___--l
over 90% Indigenous contents of Equipments. Process Lin rTons Co of Capital
Assuming use of same quantity of 240 Tons of litter Perda} LitterRs. Cost Rs.
per day, this could feed a 6 to 7.5 MW Capacity Plant. Lakhs Crores
This Size could just fit into A ' Minimum Viable Size
of Plant' Capacity for Combustion and Steam and
Gross Approximate
Energy Gross Value
OutputPerday of Energy
Output Per
Day
Rs
Electricity Generation. Fuel and Ash Analysis are I---l----+---t----Ji----t-- . ---i
carried out with random samples from Namakkal _-4_1._ 2_-+_1_4._0
Poultry Farms. The Calorific Value is 2998 K.Cal. per I--GF_--+_2_40__+-1_ .2_--+_1_4._0__ --I
Kg and the Ash is rich in Phosphorus, Potassium, CE 240 1.2 45.0 l.44.000 Units 4.53,600/
Calcium and other minerals. Approximately 35 to 40 f-_ --J:-....__...J......__---1..__--1-___--1-__----\
Tons per day can Generate 24,000 Units per day or I
MW Capacity. 240 Tons per day could generate 6 MW
or 1,44,000 Units per day. The Capital Cost could be
around RsA5 Crores for this capacity. Assuming the
same price of Rs.3.15 per unit (presently this is
enhanced to RsA.50 per Unit) for Electricity by Utility
as in case of GE above, the daily out put would be
RsA, 53,600/- Regarding the Quantum of Litter per
MW per day there are different Estimates based on
Moisture Content, Calorific Value etc. and the quantity
of 40 TonslMW/day considered is quite conservative.
It is important to note in case of CE that
a) CO
2
Produced in the Combustion Process is
'Accepted' as Carbon Neutral as it is from Biomass.
b) The Fertilizer value of the Bio waste is not lost
due to Combustion as around 15 to 18 % of dry
Ash produced is Valuable as seen in the Ash
Analysis. This Ash is traded as a Valuable Fertilizer
in Europe.
3.3 Comparison of Costs and Outputs
The Table below summarizes the details given in the
earlier Paragraph. The following points may be noted
while analyzing the Details
In all the three alternatives discussed, apart from
the 'Energy' output, there is also output in the form
of Manurel Ash Fertilizer. The recovery of net value
from this in all the Processes can be assumed to be
same.
4. Conclusion
Combustion Process is more attracti ve in tenns of value
addition, but the minimum Plant Size and Investment
requirements are high.
Combustion is considered a Good solution particularly
for Poultry litter due to the strong Odor and Pollution
possibilities.
What we have dealt here is about the large Potential in
case of Layer or Egg Farms in Namakkal. There are
huge potentials in other areas as well as 'Broiler' farms
in various places in Tamilnadu and other states.
There are efforts for setting up Pilot Plants of both GF
and CE Technologies in Namakkal. Special support
from Government can accelerate the Process.
Bio Electricity and Scope for DDG (Decentralized
Distributed Generation):
A Namakkal case Study is presented above and there
is another area in Coimbatore District with equally
attractive potential with large scale 'Broilers' activities.
Both these areas together with a potential of around
10 Plants of about 5MW each can help DOG and thus
save substantially on Transmission and Distribution
losses.
(To be continued)
S.Mahadevan, BE, FIE, MBA,
CODSultant, Energy and Energy Efficiency
Mobile: 98401 55209
Indians are committed to Harmony and are dedicated to the constitution
Electrical Installation Engineer Newsletter April 2010 34
ENERGY CONSERVATION
INTRODUCTION:
Electricity is very essential for economic and social
progress of any country. Electrici ty enhances the
quality of life and contributes for the overall
development of a nation. Our society depends on
affordable and reliable Electrical Power. There is a
strong correlation between energy use per person and
standard of living in each economy. A higher per capita
energy consumption is an indication of higher per
Capita Gross National Product. The per capita energy
consumption in our country is very low compared to
that in advanced countries. Our energy resources are
fast depleting or getting depleted leading to increased
energy cost every sector. Hence. energy saving is
essential in developed as well as in developing
countries.
What is energy conservation?
Energy Conservation means using energy more
efficiently or reducing wastage of energy. Sometimes,
energy saving may involve a small decrease in
convenient or comfort which can be tolerated. Energy
consumption usually requires new investments towards
installation of efficient equipments to replace old
inefficient ones. Also, energy conservation leads to
more job opportunities, lower costs, cheaper and better
products etc.
PRINCIPLES OF ENERGY CONSERVATION:
1. Maximum energy efficiency
2. Maximum cost effectiveness in energy use
System working at maximum energy efficiency gives
maximum output or work done. Only part of energy
input is converted into useful work. The reminder is
lost in energy conservation and transfer process and
energy discharge.
Work = Energy input - Energy loss in conversion and
transfer - energy discharge\
The energy loss can be electrical, mechanical, heat,
chemical, etc. This energy loss is finally dissipated to
the surroundings in the form of heat. The energy
discharge depends on the speed of exhaust, discharge
rate and temperature of discharge.
So, system efficiency can be improved if energy loss
'on ersion & transfer and energy discharge are
minimized. Thus, all energy conversion techniques aim
at reducing these losses.
ENERGY CONSERVATION PLANNING:
It can be divided into four steps.
l. Specifying energy Conservation targets and
preparing a detailed plan for Conservation.
2. Identifying the facilities which are energy inefficient.
In tbi5 step, the facilities and equipments which are
energy inefficient are identified. The indices used for
this purpose are (i) Energy efficient index (i.e. Energy
Quanti ty index) (ii) Energy quality index.
Energy Quantity Index = Energy used / Energy input
Energy Quality Index = Energy availability of output /
Energy availability of input
These two indices indicate the extent of energy loss.
The equipments and processes which have the lowest
values of these indices are the first to be taken up for
modifications, changes and replacements.
3. Adoption of energy conservation measures.
4. Evaluation of energy conservation benefits.
IMPLEMENTATI ON OF CONSERVATION
MEASURES:
1. Method of installation: i.e. recycling (i.e. using
scrap), retrofitting and changing process. (i.e. from
existing to more efficient one)
2. Method of heat use: Example: Installation of
equipment for waste heat recovery and utilization,
waste material, utilization and process efficiency
improvement.
EVALUATION OF BENEFITS:
In this step, the overall cost and benefits of the
programmes are studied and calculated. A production
behaviour model can be written as
1. Production level = fl (capacity, utilization, sales,
energy conservation requirements)
2. Reduction in energy input = f2 (technology, age of
equipment, location, etc.,)
A cost function takes the form:
A man does not know what he is saying
until he knows what he is not saying. GILBERT K. CHESTERTON
Electrical Installation Engineer' NewsleHer . April 2010
35
Benefit/cost =f) (production quantity, unit price, etc.,)
where f3 indicates the function
Energy conservation can be implemented in the
following areas:
1. Industries such as
(a) Chemical Industry
(b) Pulp and paper Industry
(c) Cement Industry
(d) Sugar Industry
(e) Petroleum Refinery
(t) Iron and steel Industry
(g) Textile Industry
II. In Transport Sector
Using improved aerodynamics to minimize drag can
increase vehicle fuel efficiency. Reducing vehicle
weight can significantly also improve fuel economy.
i.e. use of composite materials.
III. In Household and Commercial Sectors. Energy
used in illumination. heating, cooling. cooking, etc.,
IV. Energy Conservation in Agriculture
V. Energy Conservation in Electrical Generati n.
Transmission and Distribution.
A Thermal Plant has a number of auxiliary systems
and about 10% of the generated energy is used to run
these auxiliary systems. It is possible to reduce this
percentage to 9% by optimizing the design and
operation of auxiliary system, proper selection of
various motors and improvement of power factor of
motors . A lot of fuel saving is possible through
computerized generation scheduling.
The Transmission and Distribution losses in our
country is about 25% at present, This can be reduced
to at least 16 to 20% by changing the existing size of
conductors. installing power capacitors at substation
and distribution points and increased load factor.
CONCLUSION:
A separate organization called "Bureau of Energy
efficiency" is functioning under the control of ministry
of power, GOVT of India on energy conservation
measures. Energy conservation bill aims at mandatory
energy audit, energy labeling of equipments and other
energy conservation promotion measures.
Prof N. Sundaresan,
HODIEEE. R .. \I.D Engineering Co/lege, Kavaraipettai.
Paper presenled on in 'lit! ~ m i n a r on "Energy Conserl'mion &
Energy Jlanagement" by the Institurion of Engineers (India)
OTVPE
II S
From
E
I. I KV (LT) to Jl KV
Electrical Installation Engineer - NewsleHer - April 2010 36
POWER SYSTEMS STUDIES
1.1 DESCRIPTION
A. Provide a harmonics study for the electrical
distribution system. The intent of this study is to verify
that the specified and supplied equipment will operate
properly when correcdy installed in the system and will
not adversely impact the operation of other equipment,
whether existing or new.
B. The harmonics study shall include all portions of
the electrical distribution system, from the normal and
alternate sources of power down to each load shown
on the one-line diagram. The harmonics study shall
consider operation during normal conditions, alternate
oper at ional configur ati. ons, em ergency power
conditions and any other operations which could result
in harmonic distortion exceeding proscribed standards.
1.2 QUALIFICATIONS
A. The contractor shall have the harmonics study
prepared by qualified engineers of an independent
consultant. The consultant shall be a Registered
Professional Electrical Engineer (licensed in the state
where the project is completed) who has at least ten
(10) years of experience and specializes in performing
power system studies.
B. The harmonics study shall be performed using the
EDSA computer software package.
C. Pre-approved: Power Systems Engineering, P.S. -
Covington, W A
1.3 SUBMITTALS
A. The contractor shall submit the harmonics study
within 30 days after the electrical equipment submittals
have been received for review by the engineer. The
electrical submittals will be reviewed but not approved
until the harmonics study has been recei ved and
reviewed.
B. Submit three (3) copies of the harmonics study.
2. EXECUTION
A. The harmonics study shall be in written form and
shall include analysis of the harmonic voltages and
currents which are likely to be produced on the power
distribution system by operation of plant equipment.
B. The study shall include the "worst case" situation
that is likely to be produced. The worst case is defined
as that combination of equipment which is deemed most
likely to create the highest level of total harmonic
\oltage distortion and total current demand distortion
- a given point.
c. ::-be .udy shall include all plant equipment likely
to inllu n e the results of the study. This shall include
but is nor limir d to all feeder circuits attached to the
same substati on tran former, all conventional loads on
those feeder, conventional loads, all non-linear loads,
all reactors, all capacitors and all filters .
D. Non-linear loads shall be modeled with the spectrum
produced at full load.
3. ANALYSIS
A. Analyze the harmonic calculations and discuss the
results at the following locations:
1. The primary side of each unit substation (normal
power).
2. The bus of each switchboard (normal and alternate
power) .
3. Each alternate power source (including generators)
4. The point of common coupling
The point of common coupling shall be taken at the
utility metering point (primary side if not primary
metered) . In the case of multiple primary metering
points, the point of common coupling shall correspond
to that defined in ANSIlIEEE std 519 (latest version).
B. Include recommendations for mitigating the total
harmonic voltage distortion or total current demand
distortion on the system if the combination of loads
exceeds or violates the limits of the electric utility or
ANSIIIEEE 519 (latest revision).
C. Include recommendations for mitigating the impact
of the harmonic distortion on plant equipment or
processes if the levels are such that equipment or
processes may be impaired. (*** draft standard)
D. If diversity factors are used, include discussion on
affected units, the loading assumed on each load and
the multiplying factor used for each load.
E. Include discussion of verification measurements and
how they compare with calculated results. Account for
any discrepancies, adjust model and recalculate Values,
if necessary.
4. VERIFICATION
The consulting firm performing the harmonic study
shall perform the following:
A.Measure the harmonic voltages at the following
locations:
L The primary side of each unit substation (normal
power)
2. The bus of each switchboard (normal and alternate
power)
3. Each alternate power source (Including generators)
4. The point of common coupling
B. Measure the harmonic current at the following
locations:
Electrical Installation Engineer' Newsl etter April 2010 37
I
1. The feeder from the secondary of the unit substation
to the associated itchboard (normal power)
2. The feeders to aU orher witchboards (normal and
alternate power)
3. The feeder from the alternate power source to the
associated wi tchboard (alternate power)
C.An measurements shall be taken for how many (X)
days while the plant is operating from its normal
source of power and how many (X) hours while
operating from the alternate source of power. If
operation from the normal source of power includes
more than one operating configuration,
measurements shall be taken when plant is operating
under the configuration that is calculated to produce
the highest distOliion.
5. REPORT
The results of the harmonics study shall be summarized
in a final repOli. The report shall include the following
I attributes:
A. Introduction and executive summary sections
which include assumptions and recommendations.
Reiterate assumptions stated elsewhere in the
report.
B. Copy of the project one-line drawing(s) .
C. Printouts from EDSA software package of
calculated harmonic currents and voltages. Include
input data. Provide separate section for each
scenario studied.
D.
Pri ntouts f rom EDSA software package of
calculated voltage waveforms at all significant
buse and current waveforms on all significant
circuits. Provide separate section for each scenario
studied.
E. Copies of manufacturer data on harmonic spectrum
produced by each nonlinear load in the system.
F. All sections shall be clearly tabulated and shall
include an index page for easy reference.
THE INVALUABLE CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE WORLD
OF INDIANS - Lived Thousands of Years Ago
ACHARYA CHARAK - (600 BCE) FATHER OF MEDICINE
Acharya Charak has been crowned as the Father
medicinal qualities and functions of 100,000
of Medicine. His renowned work, the ' Charak herbal plants. He has emphasized the influence of
Samhita', is considered as an encyclopedia of
diet and activity on mind and body. He has proved
Ayurveda. His principles, diagoneses, and cures
the correlation of spirituality and physical health
retain their potency and truth even after a couple
contributed greatly to diagnostic and curative
of millennia. When the science of anatomy was sciences. He has also prescribed and ethical charter
confused with different theories in Europe,
for medical practitioner' two centuries prior to the
Acharya Charak revealed through his innate genius
Hippocratic oath. Through his genius and intuition,
and enquiries the facts on human anatomy, Acharya Charak made landmark contributions to
embryology, pharmacology, blood circulation and Ayurvedal. He forever remains etched in the
diseases like diabetes, tuberculosis, heart disease,
annals of history as one of the greatest and noblest
etc. In the 'Charak Sarnhita' he has described the
of rishi-, cienti ts.
BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES TO LIVE BY TO NURTURE
CHILDREN AND TEACH THEM, VERBALLY AND BY EXAMPLE,
TO FOLLOW THE PATH OF DHARMA
CONTINUING SELF-STUDY
Loving fathers and mothers keep informed by studying the Vedas, Agamas and sacred literature,
listening to swamis and pandits. Youth face a world they will one day own, thus parenTs prepare their
dear children to guide their own future progeny.
YAKSHAPRASNA MAHABHARAT
1. What is heavier than Earth?
Mother
2. What is Higher than Sky?
Father
3. What is Faster than Wind?
Mind
4. What is more in number than the twigs?
Worry (Chintha)
Electricallnslallation Engineer - Newsleller - Apri l 2010 38
ALLERGIES
An 'allergy' can be described as sensiti veness of the
body to a substance which does not nonnally affect
other persons. There arc innumerable substances in the
environment which can cause mi ld to violent reactions
in many people. These reactions range from true
allergies due to intolerance of certain foods and
substances, to those resulting from pollution.
Allergic reactions may occur withi n a few minutes of
the patient coming in contact with the allergen, or they
may be delayed for several hours or even several days.
Almost any part of the body can be affected by allergies.
The portion of the body which is affected is called a
shock organ. Common sites are the nose and eyes, the
skin, chest, intestines and ears.
Allergic reacti ons are cau ed by a wi de range of
substances and conditions. These include pollen, dust,
cosmetics and animal hair ; poisonous pl ants, serums,
vaccines and drugs; physical agents such as heat, cold
and sunlight; as well as a variety of foods. Among the
numerous allergens in the food department. the more
common ones are oranges, milk, eggs, wheat. fis h,
chocolates, cabbage, potatoes, tomatoes and
strawbenies.
Symptoms I
The symptoms of allergy are as varied as the ubstances
causing the reaction. These include recuning headache,
migraine, dizzines s irritability, nervousness,
depression, neuralgia, sneezi ng, conjunctivitis,
diabetes, eczema, heart-burn, hay fever, indigestion,
constipation, diarrhoea, gastric ulcer, asthma,
overweight, high blood pressure, chest pain, heart
attacks, a stuffy or runny nose, shortness of breath,
swelling of the face and eyes, etc. The same food can
cause different symptoms in different people. Many
allergies are multiple and may be caused by multiple I
allergen '.
Causes
Allergy is an indication of lowered resistance and
internal disharmony caused by dietetic errors and faulty
style of living. It is believed that the major cause of
allergy is feeding babies such foods as cereals, meat,
corns, whole rllilk, etc. before they reach the age of 10
to 12 months. These foods cause allergic reactions as
babies lack the proper enzymes needed for their
digestion before that age. Babies should be breast-fed
for at least eight months as this is nature's way of
providing all the required nutrients during this period.
Another important cause of allergy is today' s processed
foods loaded with numerous cherllical additives, many
of which cause powerful reactions. An allergic
conrution can result from diet imbalances. There can
be a breakdown in the body's ability to handle sugar
due to excessive intake of refined sugar and consequent
blood sugar irregularities, or mineral and vitamin
imbalances due to defective dietary patterns.
Emotional and psychological stress can also lead to
allergies. According to Dr. Hans Salye, the world's
premier researcher on stress, allergic symptoms are
often nothing more than body's reaction to stress. A
person can through chronic stress, become sensitive to
common foods or commonplace substances like petrol
fumes.
Treatment
There arc various ways to tackle many of the allergic
disturbances. First, the sources must be identified. This
is a difficult but not impossible task. Second, once the
sources are discovered, they should be avoided. Third,
and most important, general health and resistance
should be built up to establish immunity to them.
There are two methods to detect disturbing foods . The
rust method is the trial -and- error elimination diet.
This automatically eliminates many hazards and foods .
Keep to organic, untreated, unprocessed foods as far
as possi ble and you will eliminate another set of hazards
such as pesticides, various sprays and other poisons.
After having eliminated as many disturbing factors as
po ib1e, a. elf-search should be carried out to ascertain
an uspicious symptoms from foods. It is advisable
to try an eliminary diet, excluding suspected foods for
two weeks unti l the cause is detected. Occasionally,
by chaIlging the brand or the type, you can find a food
substitute that does not upset you.
Another way to detect the cause of allergy is by Dr.
Coca's "pulse test." The method is as follows: Check
your pulse before a meal. Then limiting that meal to
one food only, wit for half an hour after eating and
take your pulse again. A slight increase is considered
nonnal, even up to 16 extra beats. If your pulse does
not rise above 84, you may be allergy-free. But if your
pulse rises beyond that point, and remains high an hour
after the meal, you have found yom food allergy. The
best way, however, to prevent or overcome allergies is
to strengthen the overall physical resistance so as not
to fall an easy prey to every allergen that comes along.
To start with, the patient should fast on fresh fruit j uices
for four or five days. Repeated short juice fasts are
likely to result in better tolerance to previous allergies.
After the fruit juice fast, the patient can take a mono
diet of vegetables or fruits such as carrots, grapes or
apples, for one week. After that one more food is added
to the mono diet. A week later the third food is added
and so on. After four weeks, the protein foods can be
introduced, one at a time. In case an allergic reaction
to a newly introduced food is noticed, it should be
discontinued and a new food tried. In this way all real
allergens can be eventually eliminated from the diet.
The body requires a large alkaline reserve for its daily
acti vi ty. The many emergencies of acid formation
through the day from wrong foods, fatigue, mental
stress and lack of sleep can be met by the competency
of the alkaline reserves. Boosting the normal body
reserve of alkalines by liberal use of alkaline- forming
foods is essential for those suffering from allergies.
The foods which should be excluded from the diet are
tea, coffee, chocolate, cola drinks, alcohol, sugar,
sweets and foods containing sugar, refined cereals,
meats, fish, chicken, tobacco, milk, cheese, butter,
smoked, salted, pickled foods and foods containing any
chemical additives, preservatives and flavouring. These
foods cause either toxic accumulations or over
stimulation of adrenal glands or strain on pancreatic
Electrical Installation Engineer - Newsletter - April 2010 39
enzymes production or disturb the blood sugar balance.
by an Indian physician, Dr. Hement Pathak. He found
For preventive purposes, the entire C complex vitamins
that the use of five drops of castor oil in a little juice or
- known as the bioflavonoids , are recommended. They
water taken on an empty stomach in the morning, is
gradually strengthen cell penneability to help immunise
highly beneficial for allergies in the intestinal tract,
the body from various al lergies, especially hay fever.
skin and nasal passages. Dr. Pathak, who is an expert
Often the addition B5, or pantothenic acid brings great
in Chinese medicine, has reported numerous cases of
relief to allergy sufferers. Multiple allergies may result
allergic protection by this method. For allergic
from poor adrenal gland functioning. In such cases
conditions in which an element of stress is present, it
liberal amounts of pantothenic acids help cure them,
is essential to employ such methods as relaxation,
although the recovery will take several weeks . An
exercise, and mind control. These methods
adequate intake of vitamin E is also beneficial as this
will reduce or remove stress and thereby contribute
vitamin possesses effective anti-allergic properties, as
towards the treatment of allergies. Yogic asanas like
some studies have shown.
yogamudra ardhmatsyendrasana, sarvangasana,
An exciting remedy for allergy has been discovered shavasana and anuloma-viloma , pranayama are also
beneficial.
UNDERSTAND KRAs TO GROW
Much to the jealousy of your peers, you grabbed that
coveted job. But, 'Will I be able to keep my job?' is what's
employees of a team or department contribute to what can
be called as the KRA of hIS team! department.
on your mind. Do not worry! Read through to understand
Now why most of the employees fail in their jobs,
what helps employees succeed and grow in an organisation.
the first job is because of their lack of understandmg of
Every organisation has a mission (purpose of the
organisation). It has a set of long-term goals, short-term
goals, values, beliefs and a culture. Now a successful
employee is the one who adapts eas ily to the culture of the
organisation and strives for the overall development of the
organisation. This is why appraisal processes ha. everal
parameters like the attitude of the employee, his willingness
to learn, ability to collaborate and work in teams, his skills,
qualifications and experience, and his ability to adapt and
foster change. Above all, his contributions to help the
organisation achieve its goals and objectives, decide fiis
success and growth in that organisation. Now, how are these
contributions measured?
To accomplish its mission, an organisation has to achieve
the targeted results in some significant areas. These are its
goals for that period. For example, an organisation's
mission is to be a leader in insurance industry. Now after a
careful analysis of its current position in the market,
strengths, weaknesses and the opportunities, the
organisation decides that it has to increase revenue, improve
its customer services, expand the domain of products and
increase its utilisation of technology. These are its goals
for the period and achieving them moves the organisation
closer to accomplishing its mission.
what they are doing and why they are it. Generally
employees go through their description and Job profile and
stopthere to take on their role. No doubt they perform their
dutIes precisely as mentioned in their profile. But, withoul
proper unde rstanding of the purpose of their role in the
onwni ation. they wil l not be able to contribute what
expected from them. For example consider acustomer cart
executive. Say the purpose ot hi role or KRA is t? offeJ
exceptional services to customers so that they bring mne'>'
customers. But, if the employee only religiously
his profile that defines he should do while interactinJ
with a customer, he may rruss out the actual purpose of hI:
role that is to increase the number of customers. So, by thl
end of the day, he fails to meet the expectations.of thl
organisation and the dissatisfaction reflects on hiS nex
appraisal. Sometimes, the consequences can be mor
serious, like asking the employee to leave. The
important point employees should keep in mind is that thei
performance in the organisation is measured in terms c
the results they achieve . By understanding his KRAs, th
employee can divert his efforts in the right direction; h
can devise the right action plan to achieve the targete
results and can experience the satisfaction of being a pa
of his organisation 's growth efforts. This feeling
his sense of worth and self-confidence, and enthuses hI!
There can be any number of goals an organisation aims to to contribute more. Further, it helps him to assess h
achieve during a particular period of time. Each goal can
performance and devise an action plan to grow in tt
require contributIOns from various departments of the
organisation.
organisation. And each department can be respons!ble for
achieving certain goals. So, every department has Its own
set of goals that contri bute to achievement of goals of the
organisation. Further down , each role in a department has
its set of goals, which together achieve the goals of the
department. So, everything an employee does has apurpose
and it helps his organisatIOn move a step further towards
its goals.
Once the employee is able to comfortably achieve h
KRAs, he should look at the next level that is the KRAs I
goals of his department. When he does his job keeping
mind the goals of his department, his contributions increa
or improve. So, before assuming your role, meet your bo
to discuss and understand the KRAs of your rol
department and the organisation. In times like now, wh
projects are being halted, staff is reduced and there is a I
The goals of the individual employees are translated as of confusion, looking only at your individual KRAs w
KRAs or the Key Result Areas. KRAs are the measure of take you nowhere. Difficult times are a great opportun:
contributions of employees to their department and to showcase your talents. So look at the larger picture
organisation and are qUIte useful during performance help your organisation or at least your department floun:
assessments. AKRA is adefinite, measurable, achievable, Your contributions will not only help you survive but al
reasonable and time bound goal that is mutually agreed reap you larger benefits when the situation gets better.
upon by the employee and the employer. The KRAs of
Courtesy: The Hindu, lit: 07.01.2
Electricallnstallalion Engineer - Newsletter - April 2010 40
I
WISDOM OF "KURAL"
Part 4
On Wealth (continued)
In the times of Tiruval luvar the
Style of Governance was only
Monarchy in most parts of the
World. As some one pointed out,
Democracy, with voting right for everyone is,
relatively a very Young form of Governance. But in
loday's context, the Heads of Government Bodies,
Executive, Administration, Justice and Business
Leaders and Heads of all Sectors of Business Large,
Medium and Small and Profi t and Non - Profit, can all
DRAW LESSONS from the Wisdom of KURAL. Il is
therefore apt to be clear in our mind that what is referred
and translated as 'King' can apply to any 'Leader' .
It is important for a king to have worthy friends . This
applies, of course, to everyone. As water gets
discoloured when a little soil is put into it, so also man's
character, wisdom and reputation are all influenced by
the company he keeps. Good friendship grows from
strength to strength. A full moon is destined to lose its
intensity, but good friendship can never weaken. A true
and sincere friend is one who gently corrects your faults
and helps you to improve. He is always true and frank
in his relati onship towards you. The face does not
always reveal what lies in the heart. So, beware of false
friendship.
"With soil changes the water's taste;
With mates changes the mental state".(452)

(452)
"Good men's friendship grows like crescent moon;
Friendship with fools, like full moon will wane soon".
(782)
I
rfilJM (]a;oornLD
UimrfilJ J6L.4 (782)
Rulers, wh ile exercisi ng disci pline, must be
compassionate and kind, and refrain from harshness.
Cruelty brings ruin.
"Harsh words and punishment beyond the right
Is a fil e that saws away a monarch's might". (567)

(567)
"True modesty and kindl y word combined,
He is a jewel; the rest are not refined". (565)
@mmIT QUQIjQIJ6\JW
(565)
Never gi ve up trying. Have a strong will. These are the
secrets of success. Without effort there is no gain.
Ti ruvall u ar exhorts us to be energetic. When troubles
come, face them. Every failure is a stepping stone to
success. He who refuses to be defeated by failure will
overcome all grief and pai n.
Those who speak t o large audi ences have a
responsibili ty. They have to choose their words
carefull y, and should use the time allotted to them
profitably. Book knowledge is empty if one does not
ha e the ability of transmitting it to others effectively.
There is no harm, Valluvar goes on to say, in amassi ng
wealth. But such wealth should be earned by the
individual by honest means. Money gained by a person
in a deceitful manner or by causing pain and suffering
to ot.hers ought to be spumed.
Despite the seriousness with which Tiruvalluvar deals
with lofty themes, there is a light-hearted side to his
nature. His wit overflows in the chapter entitled 'Not
Drinki ng". It is remarkable that even two thousand
years ago, alcoholism and gambling were rife among
the people of that time. The hilarity, with which the
poet saint approaches these themes, ought to be
sufficient to tum any drinker or gambler away from
these vices.
"To buy with money one' s unconsciousness,
Is nothi ng but rank foolishness". (925)
rnlLUJ!61 UJlTrnLD 14 QUITm
UJlTrnLD QILIT61T6\J. (925)
The saint says that there is no such thing as drinking
' secretly' .
"Who drink in secret and whose eyelids close,
At them the village laughs, for all the village knows".
(927)
J6ILUU(]ruT OTlTm!DIW
ILmTlJlTW UruT. (927)
"To reason with a man who is dead tight
Is like s arching under water with a light". (929)
ILlTlJmlTW 1.VrfilT&
UJri>!DI' (929)
Alcohol, drugs and gambling are addicti ve. A single
taste of any of these vices drives one to greed, and a
desire for more. A fish, attracted by the bait on a hook,
will find it nearly impossible to gain release after a
bite at the baited hook. Likewise, an addict cannot
escape easily from an addi tion. This is especially true
of gambling. A void these vices like one avoids a king
cobra. You lose your wealth and your dignity and can
gain nothing but poverty.
El ectrical Installation Engineer - Newslett er - April 2010 41
"Dress, wealth, food, fame and learning all depart,
If on gambler's gain he sets his heart". (939)
lLoU5&rm-!!)J
QlLITmlm-. (939)
On Noble Birth
Tiruvalluvar has written thirteen chapters on themes
other than virtue, stately wealth and love. They are
described as 'Miscellaneous'. The first is on 'Noble
Birth' .
Nobility is a state of mind. Although the word is often
used to describe people of royal birth, nobility is within
the reach of all, even beggars. What then are the signs
of nobility? Amongst other things, they are good
conduct, modesty, truth, humility, cheerfulness,
generosity, and kind and courageous words. One must
have a charitable heart even though one does not have
the means. He must show excellence in speech, be
humble and treat everyone, be he a servant or king,
with great respect. He should always speak sweetly
and lovingly.
'The high born will not stray from these things three:
Good conduct, truth and modesty". (952)
6\flWrnLDl4 W ILfTWJW@W
@Q!lffilLfTlT LlPJU!D;!; (952)
"A smile, generosity, good words and courtesy:
These are the signs, they say, of true nobility". (953)
@m-QlffToU @1L1j?fTrnLD !fifTm-w
6Um1MTm-U runUrnLDffi Lll-ffi. (953)
"The high born, though they have no means for charity,
Won't lose their ancient liberality". (955)
lLoWWlw u1j?rJLll
uoWUloU @m-!!)J. (955)
"Plants reveal the soil from which they grow,
And men of noble birth, their speech will show". (959)
ILfToUlLfTL0W; ILfTL0W
Q<'ffToU. (959)
On Honour
Shun acts that will cast doubts on your honour. Success
and failure can be used to advantage; success should
make one more respectful and failure strengthen one's
dignity.
On greatness
Greatness is a quality of mind, not of birth. All are
equal at birth. Our actions make us different from one
another.
"Living beings are all alike at birth,
The difference comes from acts of special worth". (972)
OToUOllfT
Gr;ujJ!!)JrnLD UJfTm-. (972)
"High born, whose souls are mean, are never great;
The low, of lofty mind, are not of low estate". (973)

OllruT. (973)
On Perfection
While the road to perfection is a long, slippery and
very difficult one, the mastery of a few virtues will
take one there by leaps and bounds. Do not kill any
being or creature. Even loftier than this is not to injure
anyone in thought, word and deed. Ahimsa is one of
the highest of virtues. Give up the detestable
faultfinding habit. Always return good for evil.
"Not killing is the essence of penance;
Not finding fault is virtue's excellence. (984)
QlLfToUOllfT G!fifTm-rnLD
Q<'ffToUOllfT <'ffToUY (984)
"The strength of the noble ones is humility;
With that, the wise disann all enmity". (985)

LDfT!!>!DfTmy 1.DfT!!>!!)Jw UrnL. (985)
On courtesy
It is wrong to belittle others. Even highly intelliger
people lose respect from everyone if they are n(
courteous.
"Though sharp as file, their intellect is good,
Who are void of courtesy are blocks of wood". (997
8O...ITrnLDUJ GiyWJw lDI)"WGUfToUruT
LDffilLLUoWY @oUOllfT (997)
On Wasted Wealth
What is the use of money if it is not used for t
common good? Imagine a fruit tree in a busy mar1
place. If it bears tasty fruit, it brings joy to people, t
if it bears poisonous fruit, it is of no use; its presence
a source of great pain. A wealthy miser is like sue!
tree. He has everything, but is in greater need tr
others, for he is not really happy and peaceful.
"Who neither spend their wealth nor give,
Amidst their millions, in want they live". (1006)
!if QU(fl}Q<'foUru1J
@UJoUUlOllfT (1006)
On Modesty
If you desire to attain perfection, you must not be af
to have a genuine feeling of shame whenever
commit any mistakes. Those who have no feeling
Electrical Installation Engineer - Newslelter - April 2010 42
guilt are usually unaware of their faults. Some people
humour. This third book is not as well-known as the
consider it a weaknes s to blush. On the contrary,
other two.
blushing is not at all a weakness, but a virtue. It reveals
Conclusion
a sense of shame and is a sign of modesty and humility.
The Tirukkural is the guiding light to humanity. It leads
' Food, clothing and the rest are common to the race,
one to live in moral purity, in eternal wisdom, in
But modesty is mankind's special grace". (1012)
spiritual knowledge, and in perfect prosperity, wealth
and health. It is a faithful friend to the family man, to
the mother, to children, to teachers, artists, scholars,
OT80/FW e...wna.@jOTr.1l6\lrTW a5\.Qll.2}Jr.1l&\l
(10 i 2)
rulers and politicians.
"Those who have no shame at heart, their stance
He roundly condemns accumulation of material wealth,
Is like wooden dolls; when pulled by string, dance".
but praises it if such wealth is acquired by honest means
(1020)
and used for the common good of society. In the same
!!)rT00 @r.1l6\lrTrT @UJa.If.W I..DI}iJUrT0lfl6\J
breath he encourages the growth of intellectual and
!!)rTOlIllTrTr.1l UJriJIDI' (1020) spiritual development. He wants people to acquire
Section 3: On Love
learning and, having learnt, practise it. Yet, spirituality
is superior to all else. As early as in the second verse
In the third book 'On Love' , the saint portrays a mood
of the Tirukkural, he says:
rather than a conduct. This section is of use only to
householders. It is a very deep and subtle portion of
"Of what avail is learned scholarship,
the Tirukkural. The saint talks of meetings, of falling
If the Lord's divine feet they do not worship?" (2)
in love and the pangs of parting experienced by lovers.
6\lrTUJ uUJGi5lJTffiGlf.fTr.1l 6\JfT&\l)!l1N>ir
He portrays the blossoming of love. The quarrels and
!!)riJ!!>rTm OTm1r.1l. (2)
reunions of lovers are described with delicacy and
(y) George Bernard Shaw,
WHA T GREAT PEOPLE SAY ABOUT INDIA,
Irish dramatist, literary critic, socialist spokesman
INDIAN WORK AND GREA T INDIA
(1856-1950):
(x) Jean-Sylvain Bailly, French Astronomer,
(1736-1793):
'.,
-'
.....

. I
-.
...
.
1, ' ..
L.
k
"

I
f
"The Indian way of life provides the vision of the natural,
"The motion of the stars calculated by the Hindus real way oflife. We veil ourselves with unnatural masks. On
before some 4500 years vary not even a single the face of India are the tender expressions which carry the
minutefrom the tables of Cas sine and Meyer (used mark of the Creator 's hand. "

in the 19-th century). Indian people do not live for bread alone. They want religion
which is their heritage, which has uplifted them through ages
and which is capable of protecting them ever, even against
.. .The Hindu systems of astronomy are by far the
the onslaughts of persecutions and alien domination.
oldest and that from which the Egyptians, Greek,
India has now achieved independence and we must get back
Romans and - even the Jews derived from the
theism, otherwise ruin of the whole structure of modern
Hindus their knowledge. "
civilisation may be inevitable.
Electrical Installation Engi neer - Newsletter - April 2010 43
HUMOUR
Some Honest Defmitions
School: A place where Papa pays and Son plays.
Life Insurance: A contract that keeps you poor all _our
life so that you can die Rich.
Nurse: A person who wakes u up to give you sleeping
pills.
Marriage: It is an agreement in which a man loses his
bachelor degree and a woman gains her masterS.
Tears: The hydraulic force by which masculine willpower
is defeated by feminine waterpower. COllference: The
confusion of one man multiplied by the number present.
Compromise: The art of dividing a cake in slich a way
that everybody believes he got the biggest piece.
Dictionary: A place where success comes before work.
Conference Room: A place where everybody talks,
nobody listens and everybody disagrees later on.
Father: A banker provided by nature.
Boss: Someone who is early when you are late and lale
when you are early.
Politician: One who shakes your hand before elections
and your Confidence ajier.
Doctor: A person who kills your ills by pills, and ":iLl
you by bills.
Classic: Books, which people praise, but do !lot read.
Smile: A curve that can set a lot of things straight.
Office: A place where you can relax after your strenuous
home life.
Yawn: The only time some married men ever gel to open
their mouth.
Etc.: A sign to make others believe that you know more
than you actually do.
Committee: Individuals who can do nothing individually
and sit to decide that nothing can be done together.
Experience: The name men give to their mistakes.
Atom Bomb: An invention to end all inventions.
Philosopher: Afool who torments himself during life, to
be wise after death.
HUMOUR - AFTER THE WOMEN' S DAY
A man wa SICK and TIRED of going to work every day while
his wife stayed home.
And furt her jealous of her, as she received lot of Women's Day
wishes and compl iments.
He wanted her to see what he went through so he prayed: "Dear
Lord: I go to work every day and put in 8 hours while my wife
merel y stays at home. I want her to know what I go though. So,
please allow her body to switch wi th mine for a day. Amen'"
Poof'!'
God, in his infinite wisdom, granted the man' s wish.
The next morning, sure enough, the man awoke as a woman.
He arose, Cooked breakfast for his mate, Awakened the kids,
set out their school clothes, fed them breakfast, packed their
lunches, drove them to school, came home and picked up the
dry cleaning, took it to the cleaners and stopped at the bank to
make a deposit, went grocery Sboppi ng, then drove home to put
away the groceries, paid the bills and balanced the check book.. .
He cleaned the cat's litter box and bathed the dog.
Then, it wa already 1.00 p.m.
And he hurried LO make the beds. do the laundry, Vacuum, Dust
and Sweep and mop the \j[ :hen tl r. Ran to the school to pick
up lb kieb and :=0[ imo an argument \ ith them on the way
home .
Set out milk and cookies and got the kids organized to do theil
homework. Then, set up the ironing board and watched TV while
he did the ironing. At 4:30 pm, he bagan peeling potatoes ane
washing vegetables for salad, rolled meatballs and snapped fresl
beans for supper. After supper, he cleaned the kitchen, ran th(
dishwasher, folded laundry, bathed the kids, and put them t(
bed. At 9.00 pm, he was exhausted and, though his daily chore
weren' t finished, be went to bed where he was expected to mak,
love, which he managed to get through without complaint.
The next morning, he awoke and immediately knelt by the be
and said: "Lord, J don't know what I was tbl nking. I was s
wrong to envy my wife' s being able to stay home all day. Pleas(
oh! Oh! Please, let us trade back. Amen!"
The Lord, in his infinite wisdom, replied: "My son, I feel yo
have learned your lesson and I will be happy to change thin!
back to the way they were . You'll just have to wait IN
MONTHS, though. You got pregnant last night."
HUMOUR - A INDIAN NEGOTIATING WITH GOD
God came and asked me for a wish, I told GOD "Let
all my friends be healthy and happy forever!"
GOD said: But for 4 days only!
I said: Yes, let them be a Spring Day, Summer Day,
Autumn Day and Winter Day.
GOD said: 3 days .. .
I said: Yes, Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow.
GOD said: No, 2 days!
I said: Yes, a Bright Day (Daytime) and Dark Day
(Night-time).
GOD said: No, just 1 day!
I said: Yes!
GOD asked: Which day?
I said: Every Day in the living years of all my frienc
GOD laughed, and said: You INDIANS know how
negotiate. But since you are praying and aski
happiness for your friends, I can't refuse. I 10
everyone who thinks of others fIrst, so don't you wor
Electrical Installation Engineer - Newsletter - April 2010 44
TAMILNADUELECfRICALINSTALLATlON ENGINEERS'ASSOCIATION'A'GRADE
Old No. 82 / New . o. 123. L10yds Enclave, Avvai Shanmugam Road, Royapettah, Chennai - 600 014.
Phone: 28111300/2811 4886/2811 5978 Fax: 2811 0162 /28111908 E-mail: tneleengrass n@vsnl.net
BOOK PRICE LIST
S.No Title-Description of the Books
1 Electrical Design of Medium Voltage
Bus Bars/Connections/Duct.
2 Guidelines On Electrical Installations
For Practicing Contractors.
3 CEIG - Extra High-High Voltage Electrical
Installations-Indian Electricity Rules
Pre-commissioning Texts of Electrical
Apparatus And Equipments.
4 (1) Installation of Captive generator (2) Electricity
H.V & M.V. Installation Proposals (3) Precautionary
Measures to be taken in design & Installation of
building services including Electrical Services.
(4) The Indian Standard Specification.
5 Self Certification Procedure
6 1. Allowable Current Density in Bus Bar
Installations.
2. Electricity-Details on Implementation of
renewable Energy Devices.
3. Electricity-Electrical Inspectorate service
Rendered by Inspectorate scale of fees.
4. Electricity-Captive power Plant of Industries
and other consent.
7 1. Electricity Guidance Notes for New, Extension
to Existing or Modification of Electrical Work.
2. Indian Electricity Act 1910 & Rules 1956.
Statutory Appeal.
8 Abstract I Electricity-Policy on Captive
Power Generation Plant.
9 Abstract -II Electricity-Electrical Inspectorate
Services rendered by Inspectors-Scale of fees
Revised-Orders-Issued. Energy (Bl) Dept.
10 Electricity - Code of Practice of Earthing
Cost
(Rs.)
300
200
150
75
50
40
75
30
50
(IS-3043-1987) 50
11. T.N. Tax on Consumption or sale of Electricity
Act 2003 and Rules made there under. 75
12. Guidelines for Installation of Transformer
SUb-station oil filled equipment etc. in the Buildings 60
13. Technical Hand Book on Electrical Information 10
14. Indian ElectricityAct 2003, Indian ; . , . i t y Rules 1956 60
15. Electrical Data 50
16. Electricity Pack 400
N.B. Packing & Forwarding Charges Extra.
PLEASE NOTE : Out-station members are requested to send the payment by
D.O. only in favour ofTNEIE Assn ' A' Grade
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