Static the branch of mechanics that deals on forces in equilibrium that results in keeping the object

at rest. A. Nature of Force: Force: - simply defined as a push or a pull - it is a vector quantity + This suggests that objects must be in contact with each other to exert forces. Examples: closing a door (causes motion) water in a glass (force exerted on the sides/ bottom of the glass) + It can also be exerted without being in contact with each other Examples: magnet attractive force gravitational force of the earth and objects in space Units of Force: In MKS (Meter-Kilogram-Second) System: NEWTON kgm/sec2 In cgs (centimeter-gram-second) System: DYNES g cm/sec2 Spring balance is one of the instruments used in measuring force. A Newton balance is a spring balance calibrated in Newton. B. Composition and Resolution of Forces: - it is a process of determining the resultant of forces: It can be obtained using the past knowledge that you have learned in resolving vectors for force is a vector quantity. Thus: 1. In the same directions: - get the sum of the two forces interacting and retain its direction. Ex. 40 N, 0 + 10 N, 0 = 50 N, 0 60 N, S + 30 N, S = 90 N, S 2. In opposite directions: - get the difference of the two forces interacting and take the direction of the greater force. Ex. F1 = 20 N to the right F210 N to the left F = 10 N to the right 3. At right angle with each other: The resultant of two forces acting at right angle with each other can be solved using the Pythagorean Theorem, with the two legs as the sides and the hypotenuse as the resultant. Its direction can be obtained using any of the fundamental trigonometric functions. Example: 1. Two forces act at right angle with each other. F1 is 6 N, East while F2 is 5 N, North. What is the magnitude and bearing of their resultant force?

Exercises: 1. A force of 25.0 N acts southward on point O. A second force of 20.0 N acts westward on the the same point. Determine the magnitude and bearing of the resultant of this forces. 2. A force of 240 N is directed at 00 and another force of 400 N acting at 2700. What is the resultants magnitude and bearing of these forces? 3. Gavino Ang together with Aiko Ylara pull a box towards their aunts room. Gavino exerts a force of 50 N upward while Aiko pulls with a force of 35 N leftward. Determine the magnitude and bearing of their resultant force. 4. At an acute angle: If the force is acting at an angle, the force can be resolved by getting the components of the force along the X and Y axes. Example: A gardener pushes the handle of a lawn mower with a force of 300 N that forms an angle of 600. What are the vertical and horizontal components of this force?

Exercises: 1. A force of 2000 N is acting NW. Determine the northward and westward component of this force. 2. A 250 N force acting at 300 East of South. What are the magnitudes of its eastward and southward components of this force? 3. A boy pulls a loaded wagon with a force of 250 N. The handle of the wagon makes an angle of 300 with the ground. What are the horizontal and vertical components of the force. 5. At different Angles: The resultant of two forces acting at an angle between 0 and 360 upon a given point is equal to the diagonal of these forces when combined. This can be obtained using the: Graphical Method, the Component Method and Sine-Cosine Laws. Examples: 1. One force of 100.0 N, E acts on point O. A second force of 300.0 N, 600 S of W acting on the same point. Determine the magnitude and bearing of the resultant force.

2. Three forces act simultaneously at the origin. One force is 10.0 N at 900, the second force is 20.0 N at 1050 and the third force is 30.0 N at 2900. What is the magnitude and bearing of the resultant force.

Exercises: 1. Two forces of 10 N at + y - axis and 30 N at 600 below X- axis respectively, act on the same point. Determine the magnitude and bearing of its resultant force? 2. Three forces act simultaneously (concurrent force) on point O. One force is 10 N at 00, the second force is 15 N at 2100 and the third force is 30 N at 300. Determine the magnitude and bearing of the resultant force? 3. Four tug boats pull a barge in different directions. Tug boat 1 exerts a force of 500 kN at 300 North of East, Tug boat 2 applies a force of 800 kN at 300 East of North, Tug boat 3 uses 700 kN at 250 West of North and Tug boat 4 exerts 675 kN at 750 North of west. What is the total force applied on the barge and in what direction. C. Equilibrium and Equilibrant Force: 1. Equilibrium is a state of balance. It is a condition wherein all the forces that act on an object are all equal in all directions. Static Equilibrium is a condition in which all forces acting on the body are balance in all direction causing the body to remain motionless or keeping it at rest. It can be: a. At rest {statics) b. In motion (moves with constant speed or uniform velocity) 2. Equilibrant Force is that single force applied at the same point that produces equilibrium. If applied to the resultant force, it has the same magnitude as the resultant but acts in opposite direction. it can be resolved in the same way as the resultant force. 3

Exercises: 1. Two forces of 10 N at + y - axis and 30 N at 600 below X- axis respectively, act on the same point. Determine the magnitude and bearing of its resultant and equilibrant forces? 2. Three forces act simultaneously (concurrent force) on point O. One force is 10 N at 00, the second force is 15 N at 2100 and the third force is 30 N at 300. Determine the magnitude and bearing of the resultant and equilibrant forces? D. States of Equilibrium: The states of equilibrium of a body depend on the location of the bodys center of gravity. Center of Gravity an imaginary point in the body where its weight is considered to be concentrated. It can be obtained by: a. For Uniform or regularly shaped objects: - The center of gravity of the object is located at its geometric center. - However, other objects have their geometric center not within their mass like the ball or a hanger but it is outside of it. b. For Irregularly shape objects: - It can be obtained by: a. approximation b. suspension or hanging c. using the plumb bob or plumb line method. c. Factors affecting the center of gravity: a. size of the base b. mass of the object States of Equilibrium can be: a. Stable - the center of gravity is very low. It can easily return to its original position after being slightly disturbed. - Stability of the object can be enhanced by: 1. increasing the area of its base 2. Increasing its mass b. Unstable the center of gravity is very high. - it does not easily return to its original position after slightly disturbed or it easily topple down or turn turtle when it is off balanced. c. Neutral the center of gravity is at its center - it easily moves and gains its state of rest. E. Conditions of Equilibrium: There are two conditions of equilibrium; A. First Condition: It states: A body under the action of concurrent forces is in equilibrium if the resultant of all the forces acting on the body is zero. or For a body to be in equilibrium and has no translatory motion, the sum of the forces acting on it translationally (moving along its respective axis) must be equal to zero. Fx = Fy = Fz = 0

Sample Problems: 1. A 550 N boy wants to climb a tree by means of a rope. Determine the tension on the rope when the boy climbs on it.

2. A 300 N signboard was supported by two chains that make an angle of 300 with the horizontal. Determine the tension in each chain.

3. A 3000 N chandelier was supported by two wires. One wire makes an angle of 600 with the vertical and was attached to the ceiling. The other wire pulls it perpendicularly towards the wall. Determine the tension in each wire.

Exercises: 1. A traffic light is supported by a cable that forms an angle of 100 with the horizontal on each side of the light. What is the maximum safe weight of the traffic light if the maximum safe tension on the cable is 800 N? 2. A boy weighing 600 N sits in the middle of a hammock which is 3.0 m long and sags 0.85 m below its point of support. Determine the tension on the rope that support the hammock and the boy. 3. Dinah Mita and Cochelle Yu were hanging in a cab on a zip line which forms an angle of 7.50 from one support and 12.00 from the other. If the combined weight of the two persons is 1150 N, what are the magnitudes of the force exerted by the supports that holds the zip line? SECOND CONDITION OF EQUILIBRIUM Torque () the twisting effect of a force. - it is the product of the force and its moment arm.

= Fd
Where: 6

 = torque
F = the force acting at a certain point d = the length of the moment arm Moment arm (torque arm) = this is the perpendicular distance from the fulcrum to its line of action of the force. F1 Torque arm F2

fulcrum

Terms related to fulcrum: 1. pivot point 2. axis of rotation 3. point of support Second Condition of Equilibrium: For a body to be in equilibrium and has no rotary motion, the sum of the torques that act on it must be equal to zero

Or

=0

For a body to be at rest and has no rotating effect, the sum of the torque clockwise must be equal to the torque counterclockwise

clockwise = counterclockwise
cw = ccw Fl = Fl
Sample Problems: 1. A car weighing 2000 N on a bridge is 6 m from one end of a 10 m long bridge. If the bridge alone weigh 30000 N, how much force that each pier of the bridge exert?

2. A 2 m long uniform rod, with negligible weight, has weights of 10 N and 30 N hung at its ends respectively. At what point should the rod be picked up if it is to have no tendency to rotate?

3. A uniform bar 4 m long weigh 50 N. It is used by two boys to carry a load of 200N. Where the load must be placed so that one of the boys exerts a force of 100 N at one end.

4. A Wheel and axle is use in a machine shop to lift a heavy load. A force of 100 N is exerted on the axle is just enough to keep the load on the wheel balanced. The axle has a diameter of 30 cm while the wheel has a diameter of 80 cm. How heavy is the load?

5. A beam that projects beyond its support is called a cantilever. A diving board is an example. A 500 N diver stands at the end of a 4 m of a diving board. The board is attached and supported by two supports 1.5 m apart. Find the force exerted by each support if the board alone weighs 150 N.

Exercise 1. Gabby Tie and Gay Hanger are carrying a sack weighing 3.0 x 102 N on a pol between them. The pole is3 m long and the load is 1.0 m from Gabby. If the pole weighs 40 N, find the force exerted by each boy? 2. A uniform meter stick is balanced at its midpoint. A 10 N weight is placed at the 20 cm mark. What effort should be applied at the 90 cm mark in order to balance the meter stick? 3. A bar 4 m long weighs 350 N. Its center of gravity is 1.5 m from one end. If a weight of 400 N is attached at the heavier end and a weight of 500 N is attached at the lighter end, (a). What is the magnitude and direction of the action force that produces the equilibrium. (b). Where must this force be applied?

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