Grammar ReferenceLevel 1

Unit 1
bestatements Affirmative
I am (Im) You are (Youre) He/She/It is (Hes/Shes/Its) We are (Were) They are (Theyre) from New York.

Negative
I am not (Im not) You are not (You arent/Youre not) He is not (He isnt/Hes not) We are not (We arent/Were not) They are not (They arent/Theyre not) from Tokyo.

beyes/no questions and information questions Yes/No questions

Am I Are you Is he/she/it Are we Are they from Kyoto? Where

Information questions (What, Where, When, How old)

am I are you is he/she/it are we are they from?

Unit 2
Articles a/an Plural nouns
We use a before singular nouns, e.g., a singer. We use an before singular nouns that begin with a vowel, e.g., an artist. Before plural nouns, we dont use a or an, e.g., doctors.

Possessive nounss and s To make a possessive noun

add s to singular nouns, e.g., Brittanys add s to plural nouns, e.g., sisters Note: Richards a car mechanic. = Richard is a car mechanic. Richards car is here. = possessive noun (the car belongs to Richard.)

Unit 3
Simple presentstatements and yes/no questions
We use the simple present to describe things that are generally true or permanent situations.

Affirmative/Negative
I/You/We/They He/She/It like / dont like buys / doesnt buy

Yes/No questions
Do I/you/we/they music. Does he/she/it like music? Yes, No, Yes, No,

Short answers
I/you/we/they he/she/it do. dont. does. doesnt.

Spelling: Change y to i for verbs ending in consonant + y, e.g., He/She studies.

Simple presentinformation questions Question word

What/Where/ When/Why/Who

Auxiliary
do does

Subject
I/you/we/they he/she/it

Verb
watch/do/etc. ?
D.R. Macmillan Publishers, S.A. de C.V. 2010

Grammar ReferenceLevel 1
Unit 4
Frequency adverbs
0% 100%

never rarely sometimes often usually always

Note: Frequency adverbs come before the verb be, e.g., Diana is rarely late. They come after other verbs, e.g., We often go to the movies.

Clauses with until, before, after To talk about the order of events
before after I always touch the grass before I start to play. After I do that, I always play well. We use before with the second event. We use after with the first event.

To talk about the duration of events

until I stay in the dressing room until the other players leave. We use until to talk about an event that continues up to another event or a specific time.

Punctuation: Use a comma if the clause with until, before, or after comes first. e.g., I always play well after I do that. After I do that, I always play well.

Unit 5
there is/there are with some, any, several, a lot, many Affirmative Negative Questions should Affirmative
You should go to Harrods. There is a cool festival in my city. There are several/some/many/a lot of festivals in my city. There arent many/any/a lot of festivals in my city. Are there many/any/a lot of festivals in your city?

Negative
You should not/shouldnt visit on Mondays. Note: Dont use to after should. Dont use do with negatives or questions.

Information questions
What should I see in London?

Adverbs of certainty (definitely, really, and probably) usually come after the modal verb should and before shouldnt in statements: e.g., You should probably visit the museum. You probably shouldnt go to the zoo.

Unit 6
Present progressive
1 We use the present progressive with situations or events that are happening now or around now. 2 We form the present progressive with be + verb ing 3 We dont use the present progressive with some verbs, (e.g., like, know, want, need).

Affirmative/Negative
I He/ She/It You/We/ They am/ am not is/ is not are/ are not working.

Yes/No questions
Am I

Short answers
Yes, I am./ No, Im not.

Information questions
am I he she it you we they

Is he/she/it

working?

Yes, he is./ No, he isnt. Yes, they are./ No, they arent.

Where

is

working?

Are you/we/they

are

Spelling: When the verb ends in e, drop the e before adding ing, e.g., taketaking. When the verb ends in consonant-vowel-consonant, double the final consonant, e.g., planplanning.
D.R. Macmillan Publishers, S.A. de C.V. 2010

Grammar ReferenceLevel 1
Unit 7
can/cantability
We use can to talk about ability. Questions and negatives do not use the auxiliary do.

Affirmative/Negative
I/You/ He/She/It/ We/They can cant (cannot) swim.

Yes/No questions
Can I/you/ he/she/it/ we/they Yes, swim? No,

Short answers
I/you/ he/she/it/ we/they can. cant. (cannot)

can/cant with adverbs of manner

1 Adverbs of manner describe an action, e.g., She can sing beautifully. 2 Adverbs usually come after the verb, e.g., She cant dance well.

Formation of adverbs:
1 We usually form the adverb by adding -ly to the adjective, e.g., slowslowly, quickquickly. 2 For adjectives that end in -y, we change the -y to -i and add ly, e.g., funnyfunnily. 3 There are some irregular adverbs, e.g., goodwell, fastfast.

Unit 8
this, that, these, those Singular nouns
this that

Plural nouns
these those

Use
to talk about things that are close to the person who is speaking to talk about things that are not very close to the person who is speaking

Comparative adjectives One syllable adjectives Two syllable adjectives ending in y Adjectives with two or more syllables Irregular adjectives
We use less with all adjectives, e.g., less cold, less hot, less popular.

Add er, e.g., oldolder, smallsmaller. For adjectives that end consonant-vowel-consonant, double the final consonant and add -er, e.g., thinthinner, fatfatter. Change the y to i and add er, e.g., happyhappier, funnyfunnier. Use more or less, e.g., interestingmore interesting, popularmore popular. badworse, goodbetter

Unit 9
Count and noncount nouns Count nouns
Singular Plural Examples

Noncount nouns
Examples I want some rice. bread I dont want any rice. beef Do you want some/ rice any rice? Noncount nouns do not have a plural form. Do not use a/an before noncount nouns.

Affirmative Negative Questions

I want some bananas. chipchips I dont want any bananas. Do you want some/ orangeoranges Do you want a banana? any bananas? Count nouns have singular and plural forms. Use a/an before singular count nouns.

I want a banana. I dont want a banana.

Infinitive phrases Statements for expressing desire

I would like/Id like to I would love/Id love to

Questions for inviting

Would you like to ? Do you want to ?

I want to Note: Use the infinitive (to + base form) after would like, would love, would have, would need, would want. To make a suggestion, use Lets + base form.
D.R. Macmillan Publishers, S.A. de C.V. 2010

Grammar ReferenceLevel 1
Unit 10
Simple pastaffirmative statements Regular verbs
Base form answer carry Simple past form answered carried eat go

Irregular verbs*
Base form Simple past form ate went

Spelling: Most verbs: add ed. Verbs ending in e: add d (prepareprepared). Verbs ending in consonant + -y: Change -y to ied (studystudied)
*See past tense endings of other irregular verbs on page 127 of the Students Book.

Simple pastquestions and negative statements

be Other verbs The menu didnt have a very big selection. Did you like Brennans? Yes, I did./No, I didnt. What did you do on the weekend? Where did you go?

Negative statements Yes/No questions Short answers Information questions

The food wasnt very good. Was it expensive? Yes, it was./No, it wasnt. How was your weekend?

Unit 11
Simple past with when clauses
The action in the when clause happened at the same time or before the other event in the sentence. The when clause can come first or second in a sentence. If it is first, we use a comma.

when clause
When Steve was older,

Main clause
he learned to work with crocodiles. (Use a comma.)

Main clause
Steve learned to work with crocodiles

when clause
when he was older. (Dont use a comma.)

Object pronouns Subject pronouns Object pronouns

I me you you he him she her it it we us you you they them

Unit 12
Present progressive as future
We use the present progressive to talk about definite plans.

Questions
What are you doing this weekend?

Affirmative
Im going shopping.

Negative
Im not going anywhere.

going to
We use going to for future plans.

be + going to + verb Affirmative statements Negative statements Questions

Im going to improve my English. Were not going to have a test next week. Is Victor going to study tomorrow? Yes, he is./No, he isnt. What are you going to do tonight? Were going to play cards.
D.R. Macmillan Publishers, S.A. de C.V. 2010