Bacteria

Maulita Cut Nuria, M.Sc., Apt

Fungi

Plant

Animal

Protista

P k Prokaryotae t

Five-kingdom system is a commonly accepted system of classification

Eukaryotes

Archaebacteria

Eubacteria

Universal Phylogenetic Tree derived from comparative sequencing of 16S or 18S RNA. Note the three major domains of living organisms.3

Divisions and Classes in the Kingdom Procaryotae (M (Monera) ) Identified Id tifi d by b Common C Names N DIVISION Typical gram-negative cell wall CLASS Nonphotosynthetic bacteria Anaerobic photosynthetic bacteria Cyanobacteria y Rods and cocci Actinomycetes and related organisms Mycopeanas Archaeobacteria
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Typical gram-positive cell wall Wall-less procaryotes Unusual walls

The taxonomic classification scheme for bacteria may be found in Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. In Bergey's Manual, bacteria are divided into four divisions. Three divisions consist of eubacterial cells, and the fourth division consists of the archaeobacteria. Each division is divided into classes

Classes are divided into orders genera species

families

Bacterial species is defined simply as a population of cells with similar characteristics characteristics.

St i is Strain i a group of f cells ll all ll d derived i df from a single i l cell. ll

Struktur Sel Bakteri

Classification of bacteria
1. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

2. DIFFERENTIAL STAINING 3. NUCLEIC ACID HYBRIDIZATION 4 NUMERICAL TAXONOMY 4.

MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Morphological p g characteristics are useful in identifying y g bacteria. For example, differences in such structures as endospores or flagella can be helpful. However, many microorganisms appear too similar to be classified by their structures.

DIFFERENTIAL STAINING

( (For example p Gram staining) g) Most bacteria are either gram-positive or gramnegative. But not useful in identifying either the wallless bacteria or the archaeobacteria with unusual walls.

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PENGECATAN GRAM

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Gram-Negative

Gram-Positive

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Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) from Cell-Wall of Gram-Negative Bacteria are Endotoxin

O-Region: Repeating tri-, tetra- or pentasaccharides (up to 25) Outside Cell Polysaccharide Core C ll W Cell Wall ll
HO OH O P O OH O C O CH2 CH2 CH O (CH2) 10 O C CH3 O (CH2) 10 CH3 CH3 C CH3 (CH2) 10 (CH2) 10 CH (CH2) 10 CH3 O (CH2) 10 HC OH HC OH CH CH2 CH2 C O C O C O NH HO O NH O CH2 O O CH2 O OH P OH O

Lipid A Inside Cell

NUCLEIC ACID HYBRIDIZATION

o The similarity between genomes can be compared more directly by use of nucleic acid hybridization studies. o If a mixture i t of f single-stranded i l t d d DNA f formed db by heating dsDNA is cooled and held at a temperature below the Tm, strands with complementary p y base sequences will reassociate to form stable dsDNA, whereas noncomplementary strands will remain single. single

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NUMERICAL TAXONOMY

The development of computers has made possible the q p quantitative approach pp known as numerical taxonomy. Information about the properties of organisms is converted into a f form suitable it bl f for numerical i l analysis l i and d th then compared by means of a computer. The resulting classification is based on general similarity as judged by comparison of many characteristics,each , given equal g q weight. g
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THANK YOU
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