Atom : smallest particle of an element The Structure of Atom Molecules : At least two atoms chemically combined or bonded together

N N N O O Elements 1. Same atoms 2.Has only one type of atom H H Ion : positively charged/negatively charged particles Atom Loses electron + ion Neutral atom Atom Gain electron Compound 1. Have different atoms 2. Two or more different types of elemets

He

ion

H H C H H

Particles in matter : are in motion Remember 3 experiments 1. Diffusion in a gas(liquid bromine) 2. Diffusion in liquid(KMnO4)solution 3. Diffusion in solid (KMnO4)crystal + jelly

State of matter Arrangement of Particles

Movement of particles

Particles are packed,close together,orderly manner Particles vibrate and rotate at fixed position

Particles are packed closely but not in orderly manner Particles vibrate,rotate and move throughout liquid. Collide against each other Particles held together by strong forces but weaker than in solid Higher(can move easily)

Particles are very far apart from each other, random movement Particles vibrate,rotate and move freely. Rate of collision is greater than in liquid Weak forces between particles Highest(movement is at random)

Forces of attraction between particles Energy content of particles

Strong forces between particles Low(movement restricted)

Changes in the state of matter (heating/cooling)

Solid liquid Liquid Gas Solid Gas Heat energy is absorbed

Liquid Solid Gas Liquid Gas Solid Heat energy is released

CHEMICAL FORMULA AND EQUATION

Subtopic : Relative Atomic Mass (RAM)/ and Relative Molecular Mass (RMM) RAM Mass of an atom compared to the mass of a standard atom i. Comparison with the hydrogen atom, Relative Atomic Mass = Average Mass of an atom of the element Mass of 1 Hydrogen atom Example: Nitrogen H
O

RMM
Relative Molecular Mass = Average mass of an atom of the molecule

1/12 of carbon 12 atom So, Just add up all the molecules Example CO2

16 + 12 + 16 Addition of all the masses = RMM =44 One nitrogen atom has the same mass as 14 hydrogen atoms RAM of Nitrogen = 14 Hydrogen But we dont use Hydrogen as standard gas Carbon atom is used as a standard i. Exist in most substances ii. Carbon -12 is a solid RAM of H=1, C=12 Mass of 1atom Hydrogen = . X mass of 1carbon atom. Therefore, Relative atomic Mass = Average mass of an atom of the element Mass of 1/12 of carbon 12 atom Carbon dioxide CO2 Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Water Substance Molecular Type of Formula atoms H2 N2 O2 Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Number RMM of atoms 2 2(1)=2 2 2(14) = 28 2 2(16) = 32

Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen

H2O

Hydrogen Oxygen

2 1

2(1) + 1(16) =2+16 =18

Carbon Oxygen

1 2

RAM H:1, C:12, Mg:24, He:4 (a) How many Hydrogen atoms has the same mass as one carbon atom?

C atom

Magnesium Mg(NO3)2 nitrate

Magnesium Nitrogen

Relative Formula Mass=

Oxygen

(b) How many Carbon atoms have the same mass as one Mg atom?

Mg atom

(c)How many times is one Mg atom heavier than one He atom?

Mg
He

e 24 4

Mg is _____ times heavier than He (d) How many atoms of Helium has the same mass as 3atoms of Carbon? RAM of C = 12 Mass of 3C=36 36/4 = 9, 9 He atoms RAM of He= 4

THE MOLE AND THE NUMBER OF PARTICLES

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Chemists measure the number of particles in moles (mol) One mol the quantity of substance containing 6.02 x 1023 particles This value 6.02 x 1023 mol-1 is known as Avogadro constant Mol tell the number of particles Why is it important? When chemical reaction takes place, particles collide each other so we need to know the ratio of particles colliding is fixed or the same or correct Number of Particles Number of atoms : 6.02 x 1023 atoms

Substance 1 mol of atomic substance

1 mol of molecular substance

O O

Number of molecules : 6.02 x 1023 molecules

1 mol of ionic substance Sodium chloride ; NaCl + + + -

Number of formula units : 6.02 x 1023 ions (each one)

1 mol of ions ______________ mol of carbon atoms

Number of ions : Number of Carbon atoms: 1.2 x 1024 1mol = 6.02 x 1023 ?mol = 1.2 x 1024 Number of H2O molecules : 2.4 X 1024

_____________ mol water molecules 1mol = 6.02 x 1023 ?mol = 2.4 X 1024

*If mole is given / stated it is vice versa