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From J. S. Lee and L. E. Miller, . Boston: Artech House, 1998. CDMA Systems Engineering Handbook
2
Hata Model Parameters
Type of area a( )
open ( log ) log log
suburban ( log ) log
/ 1
1.1 ) 0.7 / 4.78 ) 18.88 ) 40.04
1.0 ) 0.8 2 ) 28 .
4
0
) 400) 8.2 11.7/ 4.07 0
medium-small city
large city ( (log )
1 The category of "large city used by Hata implies building heights greater than m.
80 At the cellular frequency of MHz, the Hata model becomes
L log log a( ) log = 146.18 (44.0 6. / ) d / 18.82 / 1
Hata 10 / 10 /: : 10 /
where
Type of area a( )
open
suburban
medium-small city
large city (log )
/ 1
28.26
2.2 / 8.77 0.70
0
8.2 11.7/ 4.07 0
:
:
10 :
2
3
CCR Model
An empirical formula for the combined effects of free-space path loss and terrain-
induced path loss was published by the CCR (Comit Consultatif nternational des
Radio-Communication, now TU-R) and is given by
(dB) log log a( ) L = 60. 26.16 ) 18.82 / /
10 10 1 2
( log ) log B 44.0 6. / d
10 1 10
where and are base station and mobile antenna heights in meters, respectively, / /
1 2
d )
is the link distance in kilometers, is the center frequency in megahertz, and
( log ) ( log ) a( ) = 1.1 ) 0.7 / 1.6 ) 0.8 /
2 10 2 10
log (% of area covered by buildings) B = 80 2
10
This formula is the Hata model for mediumsmall city propagation conditions,
supplemented with a correction factor, B.
The term B is such that the correction B 0 is applied for an urban area, one =
that is about % covered by buildings; for example, if % of the area is covered by 1 20
buildings, then B log dB. = 80 2 20 = 2.
10
4
The Extended Hata Model
1. 2 For urban PCS applications at GHz, it was found by a European study
committee (COST 231) that the Hata model consistently underestimates path loss,
and an "extended Hata model was developed to correct the situation.
The basic formula for the median propagation loss in dB given by extended Hata
propagation loss model is
log log log L = 46.88 (44.0 6. / ) d 88.0 )
AHata 10 / 10 /: 10 'H:
a( ) log , / 18.82 / C
: 10 /
where
.
medium city and suburban areas
, metropolitan (urban) centers
= C
0,
8
_
The ranges of parameters for which this model is considered valid are the following:
100 _ ) _ 2000 80 _ / _ 200
'H: /
. 1 _ d _ 10 1 _ / _ 10
/: :
5
Walfisch-kegami Model
n Europe, research under the Cooperation in the Field of Scientific and Technical
Research (COST) program has developed improved empirical and semideterministic
models for mobile radio propagation.
n particular, Project 231 (COST 231), entitled "Evolution of Land Mobile Radio
Communications, resulted in the adoption of propagation modeling recommendations
for cellular and PCS applications by the nternational Telecommunications Union
(TU), including a semideterministic model for medium-to-large cells in built-up areas
that is called the Walfisch-kegami model.
The Walfisch-kegami model (WM) has been shown to be a good fit to measured
propagation data for frequencies in the range of to , MHz and path distances 800 2 000
in the range of to km. 0.02
6
Walfisch-kegami model (continued)
The WM distinguishes between LOS and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) propagation
situations.
n a LOS situation, there is no obstruction in the direct path between the transmitter
and the receiver, and the WM models the propagation loss in dB by the equation
log log , L = 42.64 26 d 20 ) d _ 0.02
1Oo 10 /: 10 'H: /:
Note that the propagation law (power of distance) for the LOS situation is
modeled as being , so that L . 2610 = 2.6 d
1Oo
2.0
This model assumes that the base station antenna height ( m) ensures that _ 80
the path has a high degree of Fresnel zone clearance. Recall that the propagation
loss in free space is given by
log log L = 82.4 20 d 20 )
)- 10 /: 10 'H:
The LOS propagation loss can be written as
L L log L log L log = 10.10 6 d = 6 0 d = 6 d 20
1Oo )- 10 /: )- 10 /: )- 10 :
( ) ( )
7
For NLOS path situations, the WM gives the path loss using the following parameters:
Base antenna height over street level, in meters ( to m) = 4 0 /
/
Mobile station antenna height in meters ( to m) = 1 8 /
:
Nominal height of building roofs in meters = /
1
Height of base antenna above rooftops in meters = / / = /
/ / 1
Height of mobile antenna below rooftops in meters = / / = /
: 1 :
Building separation in meters ( to m recommended if no data) = 20 0 /
Width of street ( recommended if no data) = /2 n
Angle of incident wave with respect to street (use if no data) = 00
Street level
Buildings
Base antenna
Mobile
antenna
8
Walfisch-kegami model (continued)
n the absence of data, building height in meters may be estimated by three times the
number of floors, plus m if the roof is pitched instead of flat. The model works best 8
for base antennas well above the roof height.
Using the parameters listed above, for NLOS propagation paths the WM gives the
following expression for the path loss in dB:
L
L L L , L L
L , L L
=
_ 0
< 0
`1Oo
)- rt- :d- rt- :d-
)- rt- :d-
_
where
L Free-space loss log log = = 82.4 20 d 20 )
)- 10 /: 10 'H:
L Roof-to-street diffraction and scatter loss, and =
rt-
L Multiscreen diffraction loss =
:-d
The loss terms L and L are functions of the NLOS parameters shown previously.
rt- :-d
9
The formula given for L involves an orientation loss, L :
rt- ori
L log log log L = 16.0 10 n 10 ) 20 /
rt- 10 10 'H: 10 : ori
where L
=
10 0.84 , 0 _ _ 8
2. 0.07( 8 ), 8 _ _
4.0 0.114( ), _ _ 00
ori
_
_
_
10
The formula given for the multiscreen diffraction loss term L is
:-d
L log log log L = / / d / ) 0 /
:-d /-/ a d 10 /: ) 10 'H: 10
n this expression, L is shadowing gain (negative loss) that occurs when the base
/-/
station antenna is higher than the rooftops:
L
log
=
18 (1 / ), / 0
0, / _ 0
/-/
10 / /
/
_