Performance of a Commercial Internal Combustion Engine on Ammonia Fuel

Ted Hollinger Hydrogen Engine Center, Inc.

Ted Hollinger October 10, 2006 2006 Ammonia Conference 1

The amount of sunlight reaching the earth's surface in 10 seconds is enough to power the world for one day. The total amount of fossil fuel used by humans since the start of civilization is less than 30 days of sunshine. Energy is not the problem. Gathering, storing and transporting this energy is the problem.
Ted Hollinger October 10, 2006 2006 Ammonia Conference 2

Fuel Synthesizer
eElectrolyzer Haber Bosch Power Source

Power

NH3 Storage

By synthesizing ammonia, you dont need fossil fuels.

Ted Hollinger October 10, 2006

2006 Ammonia Conference

Electricity Sources
Wind Power

Solar Power

Electricity could come from a wide range of renewable energy sources

Wind Power Solar Power Hydro Power

Hydro Power

Sources like nuclear can be used Facilities are already in place and operating successfully
Ted Hollinger October 10, 2006 2006 Ammonia Conference 4

Electrolyzer
Wind Power

Solar Power

Electrolyzer

Split water into hydrogen and oxygen Produced by many companies including:
Hydrogenics
www.hydrogenics.com

Hydro Power

Norsk
www.hydro.com

ITM Power
www.itm-power.com
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Haber Bosch Process

Wind Power

Solar Power

Electrolyzer

Haber Bosch

Hydro Power

Combine nitrogen and hydrogen to create ammonia Presentation, Ammonia as a Transportation Fuel II, Argonne National Labs, Norm OlsonIowa Energy Center

Link to Presentation: http://www.energy.iastate.edu/renewable/biomass/ download/2005/Olson_Transportation.pdf

Ted Hollinger October 10, 2006 2006 Ammonia Conference 6

Storing Ammonia
Wind Power

Solar Power

Electrolyzer

Haber Bosch

NH3 Storage Hydro Power

Ammonia tanks and infrastructure in place Solves hydrogen storage problem

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Transporting Ammonia
Wind Power

Energy in a Bottle
Solar Power Electrolyzer Haber Bosch

NH3 Storage Hydro Power

NH3 Storage

DOT regulations established Equipment readily available Safety requirements widely known
Transport and handling experience
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Creating Power from Ammonia

Wind Power

Solar Power

Electrolyzer

Haber Bosch

Power Source

Power

NH3 Storage Hydro Power

NH3 Storage

Internal Combustion Engine

Manufacturing and servicing in place Ammonia burns cleanly and efficiently

Fuel cells can also provide the power

Ted Hollinger October 10, 2006 2006 Ammonia Conference 9

Material Neutral Process

Location 1
Wind Power

Location 2 3O2

3O2
Electrolyzer

2N2
Haber Bosch

2N2 4NH3
NH3 Storage Power Source

Solar Power

Power

6H2 6H2O

4NH3
NH3 Storage

Hydro Power

6H2O

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Effects of Engine Efficiency

CR Eff ~10:1 30% ~30:1 50% ~10:1 30% ~30:1 50% Pout 120hp 200hp Ploss 280hp Ptotal 400hp 400hp 400hp

NO!
120hp 280hp 280hp 280hp

YES! 2.33 times more hp

Ted Hollinger October 10, 2006 2006 Ammonia Conference 11

Crankshaft Designed for 120hp

6 cylinder expected power = 280hp 3 cylinder expected power = 140hp 2 cylinder expected power = 93hp
2 cylinder allows for higher future power

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Crank Strengthening

Note the 2 dowel pins Note the dowel retainer

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2 Cylinder Engine
1.6L engine Constructed by cutting a 6 cylinder engine down and welding together to create the Baby Oxx

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Fuel Injectors

2 cylinder engine has two sets Can run 3 fuel types at one time
For example, run hydrogen and ammonia through fuel injectors and combine with carbureted gasoline
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Relative Sizing

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Engine Testing Process

Fuel Type: Alter fuel type in 5% increments until running on 100% Ammonia
Findings will be reported at a later date
Ted Hollinger October 10, 2006 2006 Ammonia Conference

H2 100% 95% 90%

NH3 0% 5% 10%

0% 100%
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2 Cylinder Blocks

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Issues Solved
Emissions
Ammonia as a fuel = no emissions

Time & location of use Energy problem

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Issues Solved
Emissions Time & location of use
Wind turbines in Patagonia can harness energy, use the process to convert energy into ammonia and transport to final location for required time of use

Energy problem

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Issues Solved
Emissions Time & location of use Energy problem
Energy in a Bottle Off-peak heights in renewable energies can be stored for peak usage in any location for any time of use

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Summary
Ammonia is the Other Hydrogen
Solves hydrogen storage issue

Processes in place and companies established We CAN put Energy in a Bottle Ammonia fueled power source (ICE or FC) provides missing key to make NH3 as the renewable fuel of the future
Ted Hollinger October 10, 2006 2006 Ammonia Conference 22

Commercial Application of 2 Cylinder

HEC will work together with Sawtelle & Rosprim, Inc. to design and build an Ammonia-Fueled Irrigation Pump System
Prototype system being designed to run 24 hours a day Expect system to be tested during 2007 irrigation season
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Thank You
Hydrogen Engine Center, Inc. 2502 E Poplar St Algona, IA 50511 P) 1.515.295.3178 F) 1.515.395.1877 www.hydrogenenginecenter.com info@hydrogenenginecenter.com

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