ISAC - OVERVIEW

Revision-14 2009 M.V.Kannan

Rajendrasingh P Byali -Santosh Hebbar Projects Division, PPEG

INTRODUCTION: The presentation on overview - ISAC under IITP technical module is intended to give an overall perspective of ISRO satellite centre to young and aspirant engineers who have joined ISRO. It also intends to specifically expose engineers to various technical areas in satellite domain, technological growth and challenges in these areas. With this specific objective in view, this document is made covering aspects such as the evolution of ISAC, role of ISAC and major activities, achievements, organization structure, ongoing and future satellite programmes, major fabrication and test facilities, technologies realized at present and future requirements/technological challenges etc. In this document both Satellite and Spacecraft are used synonymously depending on the context. EVOLUTION OF ISAC The establishment of Thumba Equatorial Launching Station (TERLS) in 1963 and the Experimental Satellite Communication Earth Station (ESCES) in 1967 was the prodigious precursors of Space activities in the country. started Division decision Satellite in the at right Space in Activities relating to satellite technology earnest at Satellite Systems Science & Technology Centre, sixties. Later when a conscious 1972 to build the first Indian the scene shifted to Bangalore the Indian Scientific Satellite move was to prove propitious electronic industry nurtured the The

Trivandrum in the late emerged Aryabhata This of

with the formulation of Project (ISSP). as the cradle

activity further and the space programme structured itself in to three separate components namely: Launch Vehicles, Satellites and payloads and applications. the industrial sheds at Peenya. Indian Institute of Science campus initially housed the project activities until it moved to It was here that a handful of engineers and technicians fresh from the Universities sowed the first seeds of satellite technology in the country. With practically no prior-art existing within the country, and with sparse infrastructure put together from scratch, this young team developed the first Indian Satellite ARYABHATA in the make-shift industrial sheds at Peenya, Bangalore. With the success of the
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ARYABHATA mission, the fledgling space activity soon developed into a full-fledged programme with national priorities. Thus was born the ISRO Satellite Centre (ISAC) in 1976. In 1984 the Centre moved to the present 32 acre campus at Airport Road, Vimanapura in Bangalore. The main campus which houses the major fabrication and test facilities, a new 110 acre campus (ISRO Satellite Integration & Testing Establishment (ISITE) - established

about three years back) about 8 KMs away on the Marathalli outer ring road is replete with Integration and environmental test facilities under one roof namely a large clean room(for S/C Assembly, Integration & testing) , a compact antenna test facility (CATF)specific to communication satellites and antenna systems , a comprehensive Assembly and Test thermo vacuum chamber (CATVAC), a comprehensive Assembly and Test vibration facility (CATVIB). This facility is to enhance our throughput build of satellites, 5 communication satellites at a time. ISAC is the lead centre for design, development & integration of Communication, Remote sensing, scientific and small satellites. The activities include research & development in the area of advanced state of art technologies, total management of all satellite missions, creation of vibrant space industry for realization of space systems, Technology transfer, academia interface etc. Cutting edge technologies meeting various mission requirements are developed in the Centre keeping ISAC in the forefront of spacecraft technology frontiers. ISAC has realized till now 54 satellites (Communication & Meteorology: 22, Remote sensing: 17 and others: 15) out of which 23 satellites (Communication & Meteorology: 12, Remote Sensing: 10 and others: 1) in operation and providing good service for various applications they are intended for. The 51st spacecraft is the Chandrayaan-1, a completely indigenous lunar orbiter which has shot India into International prominence as a space fairing nation capable of interplanetary missions. The 52nd spacecraft is W2M, ISROs first commercial satellite while ANUSAT is the 53rd satellite which was built by University scholars and students of ANNA University, Chennai-Tamilnadu.

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The Centre is fully equipped with state of the art facilities for fabrication and testing of mechanical and electronic hardware/subsystems and integrated satellite. To name a few:3 Clean Rooms (Assembly, Integration & Testing of about 5 Spacecraft at a time), Solar panel lab (fabrication & testing), Space Simulation Chambers, Anechoic chambers and EMI (Electrical/Mechanical interference) test facility, Vibration & Acoustic facility, Precision Mechanical & Electronics Fabrication facility, HMC (Hybrid Micro Circuits) & Electronics packaging facility and ISITE (AIT+CATF+CATVAC+CATVIB). [AIT-Assembly, Integration & Testing; CATF-Compact antenna test facility; CATVACComprehensive Assembly & Test vacuum chamber; CATVIB- Comprehensive Assembly & Test vibration facility.] The human resources total strength of ISAC is around 2400 with 78% technical and 22% administrative staff. The total budget outlay of ISAC is around Rs.1500/- crores per year. ORGANISATION STRUCTURE: The Centre is functionally organized into six major areas [MSA, DCA, CMA, RCA, ICA, PSAPA] ,four programme managements offices [GEOSAT, SATNAV, IRS & Small Satellites] two independent groups [PPEG, CIG] and Two divisions [SAID, APD] apart

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from divisions in other areas [Administration, Purchase, Accounts, Stores, Canteen,

Transport]. There are three programme management teams to co-ordinate and implement their respective projects. The projects are organized on inter Groups / Divisions and inter-centre basis with identified teams participating in the developmental tasks at subsystem/system levels. To utilise the limited resources and simultaneously execute multiple projects, matrix style of organisation is adapted in the Centre. The Centre was re-organized on 1st March 2009 and two new areas i.e., Integration and Checkout Area (ICA) and Power System and Avionics Production Area (PSAPA) was carved out with Spacecraft Integration Group (SIG) and Spacecraft Checkout Group (SCG) coming under Integration and Checkout Area (ICA) and Power Systems Group (PSG) and Avionics Production Division (APD) coming under Power Systems and Avionics Production Area. Auxiliary support is provided by the Administration Group headed by the Controller. Each functional area is headed by Deputy Director and supported by Group Directors, Division Heads, and Section Heads etc. The heads of functional Areas and S/C programme management directly report to Director of the Centre. Associate Director, All the Deputy Directors, all Programme Directors, Controller, Group Director, PPEG and Head, P&GA form the core members of ISAC council chaired by Director, ISAC. The ISAC Council is the highest management forum in the CENTRE responsible for all policy guidelines and major strategic decisions.

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Programme Planning & Evaluation Group (PPEG): The Programme Planning and Evaluation Group (PPEG) is the central coordination team of ISAC that provides interface between the various technical groups, the administrative divisions and the management and outside agencies. It is the nodal hub and nerve Centre in orchestrating the inter-group/inter-divisional coordination for techno managerial issues. It also serves as the technological secretariat to the Director of Centre by assisting him in the crucial tasks of resolving techno managerial issues by collection, retention retrieval, archival and providing data, information and feed back at right time, for decision making. The Group also assists in planning, coordinating, monitoring and evaluating the activities of the Centre. Group Director, PPEG reports to Director, ISAC. The following are the major highlights of functions of ISAC PPEG. Overall staff support for Technical and Managerial planning of Spacecraft programmes including infrastructure build-up, resources allocation & prioritization, monitoring & evaluating functions. Futuristic studies in frontier areas of Space Review and compilation of on-going projects Centre Budget Planning and Expenditure Control. Human Resources Development related activities Providing management information system Provide advisory support on selected administrative matters of the Centre. In addition ,the Group will provide special assistance to Director in specific areas that include general management and progress in technical areas of the Centre Appropriate interface between the technical and administrative wings of the Centre. Industry interface & Technology Transfer, Intellectual Property Rights related activities Specialized public relations and coordination including publications. Coordination and follow up of TDPs (Technology Development Programme) and RESPOND programs Contract Management, Strategic Planning Organization system, design, reviews and implementation Organization development and Review Advance planning (Five year plans) Safety & Security Event Managements and handling VIP/VVIP visits etc

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The above functional tasks are carried out by PPEG through the following Divisions and Cells namely Projects Division, Budget, Organization & Methods Division, Human Resource Development Division, Safety & Security Division, Management Information System Cell. A Programme Planning Cell (PPC) is constituted by Director, ISAC recently where in Engineers from functional groups have been selected and designated as Programme Planning Engineers .They all report to their respective Group Directors. This cell is basically created for facilitating young engineers for learning various management techniques early in their careers and shoulder higher responsibilities of the Centre in future. They will be responsible for: 1. Group level Resource Managementa. Budget Planning, monitoring, reporting and procurement status follow up b. Man power planning & Reporting c. Space-Optimal utilization plans 2. Projects subsystems realization plan-Scheduling, status monitoring & reporting 3. Status reporting of Technology Development Programme in the Groups/Facilities 4. Liaison activities with PPEG & PMOs. FUNCTIONAL AREAS (TECHNICAL): A spacecraft as a system has many subsystems and associated technology development take place in each of the functional area. The scope and expertise of each functional area are briefly covered in the following section.

TYPICAL COMMUNICATION SATELLITE

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Mechanical Systems Area (MSA)

This area is responsible for Design, Analysis, Fabrication, Testing and Delivering Mechanical hardware to all Spacecraft projects including associated Research and development. MSA is headed by Deputy Director who reports to Director, ISAC. The Mechanical Systems Area comprises of three groups viz. Structures Group (STG), Thermal Systems Group (TSG) and Spacecraft Mechanisms Group (SMG).Group Directors of respective systems report to Deputy Director. The Structures Group has the total responsibility for Design and Analysis, Manufacture, Testing and delivery of spacecraft structure for all spacecraft projects. Know-how for different types of structure construction, fabrication processes and use of material with high specific strength and stiffness, expertise in computer aided design and manufacturing, accurate analytical prediction and nondestruction evaluation and experimental testing both static and dynamic rests in the Structure Group.

Thermal Systems Group is responsible for design and analysis, development and testing, control implementation systems for all of Thermal spacecraft.

Development of thermal control system by selective employment of multi layer insulation blankets, optical solar reflectors, and auto controlled heaters and heat sinks, heat pipes, passive radiant coolers etc, its implementation and testing are the major activities of Thermal Group. Development of heat pipes, capillary pumped loops, Cryo coolers, indigenization of thermal control material and development of analysis techniques are also taken up by the group. Spacecraft Mechanism Group is responsible for the design, development, analysis, and fabrication, testing of various types of Mechanisms for Spacecraft applications. These include hold-down and release systems, deployment mechanisms, antenna pointing mechanisms, coillable lattice boom with sail of 16 meters length, dual gimbal antenna and deployment systems for large unfurlable antenna to name of few.

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Analysis capabilities for deployment dynamic studies and component analysis also exist. The Group also undertakes R & D for futuristic projects. The Group has successfully demonstrated successive 112 on-orbit deployments of various systems in GEOSAT and IRS series of Spacecraft.

DIGITAL & COMMUNICATION AREA (DCA):

Digital and Communication area is responsible for digital and communication systems for all GEOSAT and IRS series of satellites including associated Research and development. It is headed by Deputy Director who reports to Director, ISAC. The Digital and Communication Deputy Director. Area has two groups viz. Digital Systems Group (DSG) and Communication Systems Group (CMG). Group Directors of respective systems report to

DSG is mainly responsible for design, development, fabrication and testing of proven Telemetry and Telecommand systems for all spacecraft. Spacecraft payload data handling systems for different types of remote sensing payloads, solid state recorders having Tera Bit storage capacities and gigabit rate read/write capabilities, image

DATA COMPRESSION SYSTEM (3.3:1)

SOLID STATE RECORDER (SSR)

Compression techniques etc are developed. Geo-mobile communication, TTC system for deep space missions are other areas of expertise. It has also developed expertise in the areas of command encoders which are installed at various Ground Stations for controlling the ISRO Spacecraft all over the world. The Group also carries out R & D in the design of systems for multimedia networking, Space Link Protocols, Onboard Data Networks, Security for Telecommand and Data Handling links, Digital PSK demodulator/bit synchronizers, embedded software such as Programmable Automatic Temperature Controller (PATC) and packet based TTC systems. CMG has the responsibility of design, development, fabrication and testing of TTC receivers and TM transmitters in VHF, S, C and Ku bands for all GEOSAT, IRS series and other spacecraft. For earth observations and scientific missions data transmitters in S, X, Ka bands with modulation and data rates up to 400 mbps are also being pursued. SSPAs up to 20 watts at S and X band, Temperature Control Crystal Oscillator (TCXO) at 350 MHz, light

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weight, shaped beam, high power, high gain micro-strip antenna arrays at C Ku bands, Omni antenna systems at S and Ku bands, light weight global beam antenna at C and Ku-bands are also within the expertise domain of this Group. CONTROLS & MISSION AREA (CMA): CMA is responsible for design, development, fabrication and testing of control systems and engaged in mission planning & analysis, software development related to flight dynamics and satellite navigation. It is headed by Deputy Director who reports to Director, ISAC. The Controls and Mission Area (CMA) has five groups viz. Control System Group (CSG), Mission Development Group (MDG), Flight Dynamics Group (FDG), Satellite Navigation Group (SNG) and Computer Simulation and HILS Facility (CS&HF). Group Directors of respective systems report to Deputy Director. CS & HF is headed by a General Manager reports to DD.

CSG is responsible for analysis and synthesis of technologies for control system design, systems engineering aspects, simulation techniques including simulation software development, capability to build spacecraft operation sequence. The competence of the group rests in design and development of Attitude Orbit & Control Electronics (AOCE) including control computer software and peripheral systems of the computer, test beds, DC brushless motor, etc. An onboard computer-Bus Management Unit (BMU) integrating the Telecommand, telemetry, sensor processing, thermal control, and spacecraft autonomous operation is a jewel in its crown. The Group also undertakes development of various magnetic torquers, dry lubrication for various spacecraft mechanism, finite element analysis and magnetic circuit analysis and design of standard mechanical packages for AOCE. CSHF is responsible for carrying out hardware-in-loop-simulation test of control electronics with associated sensors and actuators as per the mission requirement for all spacecraft projects. The Group also carries out the required sensors simulators establishment, HILS facility up gradation and maintenance and testing of the control system in open loop and closed loop environment (HILS). MDG is responsible for mission planning and operation with necessary documentation, interfacing with all sub-systems, launch vehicle and network teams, carrying out perlaunch simulation and initial phase operations. Development of software system for monitoring the health and status of the spacecraft and instruments, acquiring, organizing, processing, archiving and distributing the data telemetered from the spacecraft for real-time and post flight analysis, also form the activities of this Group.

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FDG is responsible for Orbit selection for mission, analysis of orbit and attitude. Development of software and algorithm for orbit determination, mathematical modeling and software development for orbit acquisition, station keeping, and strategies for transfer, launch window and maintenance are also form a part of its expertise. SNG is responsible for development of suitable models, algorithms, software related to generation of precise navigation parameters to the users. Currently the group has navigation software development responsibilities for GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation (GAGAN) and Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) Projects under SATNAV Program of ISRO. RELIABILITY & COMPONENTS AREA (RCA) RCA is responsible for reliability and quality assurance of all spacecraft hardware and space qualified component management including Hybrid Micro Circuits (HMC) development. The area is headed by Deputy Director who reports to Director, ISAC. RCA has two groups viz. System Reliability Group (SRG) & Indigenization and components Group (ICG). Group Directors of respective systems report to Deputy Director. SRG is responsible for the total quality and reliability assurance pertaining to the fabrication, design, analysis, testing, audit and review of hardware of subsystems, starting with the lowest assembly level till the final integrated level of the spacecraft. The whole gamut of Quality Assurance (QA) and reliability activities like design assurances, reliability prediction and assessment, quality assurance of parts, materials and process, vendor qualification and certification, test and evaluation of modules, subsystems and spacecrafts system and software QA of systems are planned and executed by the expertise available within the Systems Reliability Group. Apart from executing the routine quality and reliability related activities pertaining to each project, the group is involved in such activities as, generation and up gradation of various design/reliability guidelines/alerts, development of failure database of various subsystems(observed during ground testing and also those observed in orbit), addition of analytical methods, like risk analysis, Worst Case Circuit Analysis (WCCA) and up gradation of test philosophy applicable to production of space hardware. ICG is responsible for the Reliability and Quality Assurance management of all the EEE parts for the ongoing satellite programs. The activities include incoming inspection, screening and qualification of parts. The division is also responsible for management of bonded stores. The parts transactions and inventory management are efficiently carried out though the computerized data base system, ICSDBS developed and maintained by the Group. It is also responsible for Radiation Hardness Assurance (RHA) which includes radiation dose estimations; shielding calculations and performance of Total Dose testing and Single Event Effects (SEE) characterization. Development of micro electronics through design,
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qualification and fabrication of Hybrid Micro Circuits, and indigenization of components and devices for use in future satellites come under the preview of ICG.

Integration and Checkout Area (ICA)

ICA is responsible for complete mechanical and electrical integration of spacecraft, EMI control plans, spacecraft ground check out systems support and integrated spacecraft level testing, final operations at launch complex. The area is headed by Deputy Director who reports to Director, ISAC. The Integration and Check out Area has two groups viz. Systems Integration Group (SIG), Spacecraft Checkout Group (SCG). Group Directors of respective systems report to Deputy Director.

SIG is responsible for configuration design and layout, Design of electrical distribution system, planning and implementation of function and interface tests, supporting integrated Spacecraft Tests, configuring the spacecraft for the environmental test, planning and conduct of EMC tests and drawing up and carrying out launch base operations. The SIG also specializes in spacecraft transportation container design, electronic housing design, estimation and measurement of Centre of Gravity (C.G), Moment of Inertia (M.I.) and cross product of Inertia guidelines for EMI free design, ESD control and mitigation, circuit modeling, simulation and Design of dedicated Test system is part of its responsibility. The SIG operates and maintains all clean rooms at ISAC (three clean rooms) and ISITE (one clean room), R.F. Shielded chamber for subsystem EMC tests, a shielded anechoic chamber and Compact Antenna Test Facility of world class. SCG is responsible for evaluating the performance of different sub assemblies and integrated system during various stages of progressive integration till launch. Integration checkout systems which takes care of uplink, downlink power feeding, measurement and characterization of communication, remote sensing and special payload systems, are part of their core competence areas.

Power Systems & Avionics Production Area (PSAPA)

Power Systems & Avionics Production Area is responsible for delivery the hardware required for power systems of all spacecraft. It is also engaged in productionisation of onboard standard electronic hardware like digital systems, power systems and control systems. It is headed by Deputy Director who reports to Director, ISAC. PSAPA has one group and a division namely: Power Systems group (PSG) and Avionics production

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Division (APD). Group Directors of respective systems report to Deputy Director. Head, APD directly report to DD.

PSG is responsible for design, development, fabrication and testing of power electronics hardware, batteries includes solar for panels and Its chemical expertise for spacecraft.

state-of-the-art

technologies

generating power up to 6KW using Silicon, GaAs and multijunction solar cells. In the field of energy storage, batteries of various types like Nickel Cadmium, Nickel Hydrogen and Lithium Ion batteries have been developed and used in various satellite eclipse phase requirements of power as high as around 5KW. In the area of power conditioning control and management, distribution technologies for power up to 6KW are in place. Various topologies for extensive applications have been developed. Battery management technologies have been developed to manage the new Lithium ion batteries. APD has the responsibility to provide necessary managerial support to facilitate groups and projects and act as a single window support to achieve faster turnaround time for realization of standard electronic packages on end-to-end basis. It is interfacing with external vendors for fabrication and testing activities of standard electronic sub systems like Telemetry & Telecommand (TMTC), core power, Electro Explosive Devices (EED), distribution packages, DC-DC converters, BMU etc. The Central Electronic Fabrication Section, External Fabrication Section and Space Quality Component Section come under APD. GEOSAT PROGRAMME: GEOSAT programme is responsible for definition, conceptualization, design and building of all geostationary satellites to suit various applications. GEOSAT programme headed by Programme Director is to establish and operate the multi-agency, multi-purpose operational INSAT system to provide domestic Telecommunication, Meteorological Earth observation, Weather Data Relay, nationwide TV & Radio broadcasting /networking, TV programme distribution and Satellite Aided Search and Rescue payloads. ISRO/DOS is the nodal agency for establishing and operating of the INSAT System, through INSAT Coordination committee (ICC), under SATCOM policy of the Govt. of India.
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GEOSAT Management office comprises of Systems Engineering (Electrical, Mechanical & Propulsion), Budget and Planning, Configuration & Data management. Programme Director is supported by Project Directors and project Executives of respective projects. Internal Financial Advisor (IFA-(P)) is responsible for all finance & contractual aspects in regard to Programmes and supports Programme Management Office. Space segment development and management of IRNSS will be responsibility of GEOSAT programme .Project Director and Associate project director of space segment will report to Programme Director, GEOSAT at ISAC.GEOSAT Programme Director Report to Director, ISAC. IRS PROGRAMME & SMALL SATELLITES: IRS programme is responsible for definition, conceptualization, design and building of all earth observation satellites to suit various applications. IRS programme headed by Programme Director is to establish and operate the multi-agency, multi-purpose operational IRS system for National Resource Management System and use of data for various applications such as agriculture &soil, land form & land usage studies, water resource, forestry, draught & flood monitoring, cartography, town planning & coastal zone monitoring, oceanography studies etc. ISRO/DOS is the nodal agency for establishing and operating of the IRS System, through Coordination committee (PC NNRMS). IRS & SMALL Satellite Management office comprises of Systems Engineering (Electrical, Mechanical & Propulsion), Budget and Planning, Configuration, Data management and advance planning of projects. Programme Director is supported by Project Directors and project Executives of respective projects. Internal Financial Advisor (IFA-(P)) is responsible for all finance & contractual aspects in regard to Programmes and supports Programme Management Office. Projects like Chandrayaan-1 & 2, MEGHA-TROPIQUES, ASTROSAT, RISAT, YOUTHSAT, SARAL, RESOURCESAT-2 and all other small satellites come under this office. Programme Director Report to Director, ISAC. SATNAV PROGRAMME: Satellite Navigation has been identified as one of the important activities in DOS. To begin with, ISRO & Airports Authority of India have jointly taken up GAGAN TDS as a forerunner for the operational Satellite based Augmentation System (SBAS) over the Indian Airspace and the operational phase GAGAN has to be taken up subsequently. Government of India has approved the plan to establish IRNSS which will put in place an indigenously developed satellite navigation system to cater to the requirements of critical National applications in addition to providing a back-up to the present global SATNAV system being used by our commercial & other establishments in the country. In
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order to organize and implement the above activities effectively, a Satellite Navigation Programme was constituted. To implement the SATNAV Programme, the organizational structure in various ISRO Centres has been created and activities such as GAGAN TDS & FOP and IRNSS will be part of this programme. ISAC is identified as the lead centre for Satellite Navigation Program activities and Programme Director (SNP) is identified for this purpose. He will be assisted by Project Directors at ISAC, SAC & ISTRAC. Programme Director, SNP will have the overall responsibilities for all aspects of the program and shall report to Director, ISAC. Project Director IRNSS and all Associate Project Directors will report to Programme Director, SATNAV, and Satellite Navigation Office (SNPO) at ISRO HQ. Human Space Programme (HSP) The major objective of manned mission program is to develop the fully autonomous three-ton Orbiting Vehicle (OV) spaceship to carry a 2 member crew to orbit and safe return to the Earth after the mission duration of few orbits to two days. The extendable version of the spaceship will allow flights up to seven days, rendezvous and docking capability with space stations or orbital platform. ISRO plans to use GSLV-MK II launcher (GSLV-MK II is Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle with an indigenous cryogenic engine with a capability of carrying a payload of 2.5 ton) for launch of OV spaceship. The launcher will inject the OV into an orbit, 300 km400 km from the Earth about 16 minutes after lift-off from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC), Sriharikota. The capsule would return for a splashdown in the Arabian Sea. There are two main components of OV namely a Crew module and Service module. The primary responsibility of ISAC is to develop and qualify service module (SM) along with configuring overall mission operations like attitude and orbit control, providing Environment Control & Life Support Systems for onboard crew. All the hardware systems of service module will be developed by ISAC ensuring safety margins, added redundancy and increased reliability for man rating systems to be fail safe. Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) will develop and qualify the crew module (CM). The Endto-End testing of CM+SM stack will also be carried out at ISAC. ISRO will be setting up an astronaut training centre in Bangalore by 2012, to prepare personnel both for first manned mission and for future manned Moon missions which will land Indians on the Earths natural satellite, Moon after 2020. The Rs. 1,000-crore centre will train the selected astronauts in rescue and recovery operations, surviving in a zero gravity situation, study of radiation environment and for the long journey in the space through water simulation. This world class Astronaut Training and Research Centre will house all major facilities like micro gravity simulators, centrifuge, quarantine, medical & health care, flight suit, space food, sports & physical training and other such facilities. ATC will also be responsible for final selection and training of Indian Astronaut who will fly onboard Indias Human Space flights.
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HSP (Service Module) and HSP (ATC) are headed by Associate project directors, designates from ISAC.

Computer & Information Group (CIG)

CIG is responsible for establishment and management of Centralized IT infrastructure in ISAC. Its main activities include managing the Central Computing Facility (CCF), Mail and Internet services and software development. The Group has expertise in areas like heterogeneous Unix system management, cross platform applications software management, internet security, mail administration, network management, software development under standard, open source environments and search application development. CIG Group Director reports to Director, ISAC. SPACE ASTRONOMY & INSTRUMENTATION DIVISION (SAID): SAID is involved in optical, with a x-ray strong and gamma-ray on

astronomy

research

emphasis

instrumentation. Instrumentation activities include design and development of laboratory, engineering and flight models. Expertise also exists in simulation studies and tools for optimisation of various system performance parameters such as detector performance, onboard background estimation, energy calibration, detector sensitivity and modeling instrument response.

Facilities

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ISRO Satellite Centre has a host of high end Environmental Test Facilities under one roof to cater to the need of testing from component to full spacecraft. The facilities include a fully fledged space simulation chamber of 9.0m diameter for validation of thermal design and checking the spacecraft performance for in-orbit thermal environment and a 6.5 m chamber at ISITE. There are 12 smaller thermal vacuum chambers including 4.0 m diameter chamber. Electro dynamic shakers of capacity 16 ton and 29 ton are available for testing of spacecraft and its complex payloads. Apart from these, four shakers of capacity-0.6T, 2T, 4T and 8T are used for subsystem testing. The shock & vibration lab is complete with capability for sine, random and shock testing. The instrumentation at vibration lab includes data acquisition and reduction capability of up to 160 channels and a 256 channel system at ISITE. The Environment Test Facility has state of the art climatic Test lab for testing electronic units and ultra high vacuum lab for testing materials for deep space conditions. An ultra modern fabrication facility for making Printed Circuit boards is also an important lab under facilities. The Facility has a mechanical fabrication area where all drawings are prepared using Computer Aided Design (CAD). Machining all types of

space grade materials is done to realize mechanical elements with conventional machine as well as CNC machining centre. ISRO SATELLITE INTEGRATION AND TEST ESTABLISHMENT (ISITE):

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Presently the integration and all testing facilities for realization of spacecraft are being carried out at ISAC campus. The present setup has the capability to realize two to three spacecrafts per year. But to cater to the growing need to realize 5 - 6 satellites per year as per 11th five year plan, ISITE has been established with all the Assembly, Integration and Test facilities needed to realize a full spacecraft under one roof. With the establishment of this new facility the increased load to realize 5-6 satellites per year can be easily met with. ISRO Satellite Integration and Test Establishment (ISITE) a world class Assembly, Integration & Test (AIT) complex with all spacecraft integration and test facilities under one roof was inaugurated and commissioned during April 2006. The complex is fully laid out and equipped with facilities for the complete assembly and test sequence that can enable rolling out of a flight worthy spacecraft from the stage of a bare structure. INSAT-4B & INSAT-4CR were fully integrated and tested in this facility .Presently AIT activities of W2M (EUTELSAT), GSAT-4 are in progress in this facility. ISITE is fully operational at present and all communication satellites are being

integrated in the clean room therein. ISAC Main campus clean rooms are being used for assembly, integration and testing of IRS, Small Satellite and Space Science projects. A large clean room for AIT complemented with associated checkout facilities for the complete test protocols of large high power satellites, a 6.5 m Thermo vacuum chamber

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(CATVAC) for Thermo vacuum performance qualification of the spacecraft, a 29 ton vibrator shaker (CATVIB) and for dynamic tests, the various Test physical Facility parameter makes the measurement facilities comprehensive Antenna

establishment replete with all facilities for complete integration and testing at spacecraft level. The campus is situated near to the present ISAC campus. ISITE is 110 acres in area and other ancillary units and housing, along with establishments for commercial activities are planned to be constructed here. Assembly, Integration and Test (AIT) Clean Room is of the size 54.634.616.7 m with a cleanliness level of 1,00,000 class. It consists of two Airlock rooms. The temperature and relative humidity levels maintained are 22 C 1C and 55 5% RH respectively. The other facilities commissioned here are Vertical Dynamic Balancing Machine, CG (Centre of gravity) and MI (Moment of Inertia) Measurement System, Seismically isolated floor for alignment and verification and Permanent Zero g fixture for solar panel deployment.

The Spacecraft Checkout System is presently configured for simultaneous testing of two high power spacecrafts. Overall checkout, special checkout and payload checkout for Uplink / Downlink, Power feeding, measurement and Characterisation of Communication remote sensing & special payload systems has been established. It has been configured with automated state-of-art spacecraft testing facility with centralized computer system. Comprehensive Assembly & Test Vacuum Chamber (CATVAC) has the capability for Thermo vacuum and Thermal Balance tests on Ariane-5 class spacecraft using IR
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techniques. Thermal cycling on Spacecraft appendages using thermal cycling enclosures and agility / deformation and vibration characteristic measurement using provisions for free suspension of spacecraft and structures can be conducted here. Test specimen of Diameter 4.5m and Length 6.0m and weight 3tons can be loaded here. Vacuum level of 210-6 mbar and the temperature level of 80deg.K-383deg.K can be achieved. Electro dynamic shaker capable of generating a force of 29 tons has been installed at Comprehensive Assembly & Test Vibration Facility (CATVIB). Frequency range is 52000Hz, maximum bare table acceleration 75g, maximum velocity 1.9m/s and maximum displacement 50.4mm. The slip table dimension is 2m2.5m. 48 channel control system and 256 channel data acquisition system with capability to record time domain data at a rate of 51.2 kHz on each channel has been established. Compact Antenna Test Facility (CATF) with Chamber size of 30m20m16m has been established. The Frequency range for Illumination System is 1.47GHz to 200 GHz and for RF Instrumentation is 1.47GHz to 40 GHz. The Quiet Zone at Centre is 5.5m5.0m8m and Scanned Zone Extendable to 7.8m.the measurement capabilities include Radiation Pattern 2D/3D, Gain, Cross Polarization, Bore sight Determination, DUT in Transmit mode and Integrated Satellite Level Measurement. The Antenna Measurement Accuracy is Gain 0.25 0.35 dB and Bore sight 0.0140.

Administrative Divisions
The Administration Area of the Centre is headed by Controller, ISAC. It has one group viz., Construction & Maintenance Group (C&MG) and three Divisions viz., Finance and Accounts, Personnel & General Administration and Purchase & Stores. The Transport wing and the Medical Unit also report to the Controller. The Engineering Maintenance Division was renamed as Construction and Maintenance Division and is responsible for Construction and Maintenance activities of the Centre including LEOS. The Division is elevated as Construction and Maintenance Group (C&MG).

Finance & Accounts

The responsibility for wages and salary administration, implementation of financial rules and regulations, effecting payments to vendors/suppliers/outside agencies, contract management, compilation of accounts etc., fall under the purview of the Accounts Division.IFA (P) and IFA (C) are responsible for finance and accounts of spacecraft projects and Centre activities respectively.

Personnel and General Administration (P&GA)

The Personnel and General Administration (P&GA) Division is a staff department whose functions include employee recruitment and placements, maintaining of records pertaining to the staff, implementation of employee welfare measures, ensure
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compliance of personnel rules and guidelines, employee review and promotions and general administration of the Centre.

Purchase and Stores (P&S)

The Purchase & Stores division carries out the important function of procurement of materials, equipment, components etc. both from foreign and local sources and inventory management while at the same time ensuring that the purchase rules and regulations are complied with.

Library and Documentation Division (LDD)

LDD has a collection of over 3 lakh documents in different formats and subscribes to nearly 350 national and international technical journals. Digital Library has full text collection of papers published in Journal of Spacecraft Technology, audio files of lectures and seminars held at ISAC, internal reports and Satellite News Digest. Internet Resources are identified, catalogued and made available as an HTML, file of bookmarks (URLs) on Home page.LDD also markets the in house technical journal Journal of Spacecraft Technology a bi annual publication covering the technical achievements of the Centre.

SPACE EXHIBITION: The space exhibition mirroring the achievements of ISRO in space is as informative as it is a treat to the mind and eye. A good display of satellite elements, scaled models of satellites, technology posters and allied information on satellite technologies etc is done in this exhibition area for the benefit of school children/college students and general visitor.

TECHNICAL JOURNALS & NEWS LETTERS:

A bi-annual in house technical journal Journal of Spacecraft Technology is published by Editorial committee constituted by Director, ISAC. The technical papers are of good standard and all papers are published after review by experts in allied technical areas. An exclusive quarterly UPAGRAH news letter is also brought out which covers technical, administrative information, event managements, achievements, awards, Hindi implementation news in our centre, articles in Kannada etc. EVENT MANAGEMENTS: National Science Day:
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Science promotion activities like the National Science Day, celebrated on 28th of February every year, are organized with the participation of the school/college students and the teaching community every year. The event is marked with various competitions for students and teachers and has gained immense popularity. Satellite Technology Day: Nineteenth of April 1975 is a special day for ISRO community. On this day, our first satellite ARYABHATA was launched successfully, which has since spear headed the growth of Satellite Technologies. To commemorate this great event, 19th of April, every year is being celebrated as Technology Day, since 2000, showcasing the milestone achievements in the area of Satellite Technologies. This event is to encourage young engineers who have contributed in terms of innovative ideas in our satellite programme and honor them. Employees Welfare: ISAC Welfare Association, Space Officers Association and Satellite Benevolent

Association have well devised schemes for work life balance.

LABORATORY LEOS for is

FOR in

ELECTROPeenya, and

OPTICS SYSTEM (LEOS): situated Bangalore and is mainly responsible research, development of productionisation Electro-Optics

systems for both launch vehicles and satellite programmes of ISRO. It supports ISAC in providing sensors and electronics for satellites. Development of various types of attitude sensors like earth, sun and star sensors in several spectral regions for attitude measurement are done at the Laboratory for Electro Optics System (LEOS). The laboratory has till date developed scanning earth sensor and digital sun sensor specific to geo-synchronous satellite application and conical earth sensors, Five Sun Sensors, 4 Pi Sun sensors, Precision yaw sensor, star sensor for remote sensing satellites. Optical components to image the earth for meteorological and remote sensing application area also developed here. The laboratory houses extensive facility for sensor calibration and testing and fabrication of large optics. Development of fibre optics gyros, laser altimeter, microelectro-mechanical systems (MEMS) for actuators and sensors, payload optics for space probes and interplanetary mission etc. are other major areas of expertise of LEOS. The Director of LEOS reports to Secretary, DOS/Chairman, and ISRO. In order to maintain close coordination between LEOS and ISAC, Director, ISAC is the Chairman of LEOS-MC (LEOS Management Council). The ISRO Radar Development Unit situated in Peenya,
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Banglore, is responsible for Radar Development work and can handle Doppler Weather Radar, Tracking Radar, MST Radar, Wind profiles to name a few. It is a unit of ISTRAC. INDUSTRY PARTICIPATION: Over the years, the Indian industry has been a strategic partner of ISRO in its endeavors. While the association has enabled the industry to upgrade its technology and improves quality levels, ISRO has gained through optimizing program. Production of systems and products required by ISRO to concentrate on its core competency of R&D and development in related fields is by relieving in-house resources to this effect. In the spacecraft programs of ISRO about 30-40% of the fabrication/testing activities of the on-going projects are undertaken through contracts with external agencies. Arrangements are in place to broaden the scope of this partnership with the Indian industry in days to come. ROAD MAP Satellites & Technologies -A glimpse: Over the years, ISAC has planned and executed several satellite missions of ISRO. These missions represent a broad spectrum of satellite technology. Beginning with scientific and application experiments, these have culminated in operational space systems. The primary development of satellite technology in India at (ISAC) has evolved through the building and launching of six satellites both experimental and technological, in a phased manner over the decade (1972-82). This has resulted in ISRO establishing capability in the design and development of simple spinners and a more complex, three/axis stabilized satellite for near earth orbit as well as geo-stationary applications.

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Till date, ISAC has successfully planned and executed 47 satellite missions representing

broad spectrum of satellite technology. After the developmental efforts, projects were also undertaken starting from mid-Eighties to establish operational Space-based services through satellite systems in the areas of communication, meteorology and remote sensing through the INSAT and IRS series of satellites. In 1988, these efforts led to the launch of operational I generation Remote Sensing Satellites. IRS-1A (1988) followed by IRS-1B (1991) with multi-spectral cameras having spatial resolution of 72.5 m and 36 m respectively. The second generation remote sensing satellites IRS-1C (1988) and IRS-1D (1990) with improved spatial resolutions of 70 m multi-spectral, 5.8m in Panchromatic bands, a wide field sensors with 188m resolution and 800 Km swath were developed and successfully operationalised in 1995 and 1997 respectively. As a follow on to IRS-1C/1D spacecraft, the third generation remote sensing satellite RESOURCESAT-1 was launched in 2003 with improved spatial resolution in all three bands (23m) for Linear Imaging Self Scanner (LISS-III) camera, advanced wide field sensor (AWIFS) with 56 m resolution and 740 Km swath and LISS-IV camera with 5.8 m resolution and selectable panchromatic or multi-spectral imaging modes. Subsequent developments in the launch vehicle front-Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) by ISRO paved the way for the launch of 5 spacecraft in IRS-P series.

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Technology Experiment Satellite (TES) launched in October 2001 is intended to

demonstrate and validate technologies that could be used in the future cartographic satellite missions. In order to maintain a lead in the remote sensing area and provide data to the Indian and global users of Geographic Information System (GIS), CARTOSAT-1 (IRS-P5) and CARTOSAT-2 series of satellites with improved spatial resolution and imaging capabilities have been taken up. CARTOSAT-1 was launched in May 2005 and it has two panchromatic cameras (Fore and Aft) with spatial resolution better than 2.5 M. CARTOSAT-2 series of satellites with spatial resolution better than 1 m and around 10 KM swath in panchromatic band are planned and in that series, the first one in this series namely CARTOSAT-2, a high agile platform, with a panchromatic camera to provide spot images was launched on 10th January 2007 by PSLV C7. Due to high agility, the platform can be steered to any orientation to cover any user specific needs on the ground. This mission is meant to meet the ever increasing user demands for cartographic applications at cadastral level, urban and rural infrastructure development and management and various land information system (LIS) and Geographical information system (GIS) applications. Cartosat-2A is an advanced remote sensing satellite carrying onboard a single panchromatic camera capable of providing scene specific spot imageries for cartographic

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and a host of other civilian applications. The spacecraft weighs around 686 Kgs. The satellite has high agility and capability of steering along and across the track up to + 450. The nominal altitude of the satellite is 630 Kms in sun synchronous polar orbit. There is a provision to bring the satellite to a special orbit of 560 Kms with a revisit period of 4 days.The panchromatic camera is designed to provide better than 1 meter spatial resolution imageries with a swath of around 10 Km. The satellite is configured to provide multi-scene imaging capability during a pass. The satellite is designed for an operational life of 5 years. The Cartosat-2A was successfully launched on 28th April 2008 onboard PSLV-C9. The satellite is performing satisfactorily in orbit. The Cartosat-2B satellite, a follow on of Cartosat-2A weighing around 690 kgs is configured to provide multi-scene imaging capability during a pass. The advanced remote sensing satellite will be carrying onboard a single panchromatic camera providing scene specific spot imageries for cartographic and a host of other civilian applications. The satellite is highly agile having a capability of steering along and across the track up to + 450. It will be placed in a sun synchronous polar orbit of a nominal altitude of 630 kms. There is a provision to bring the satellite to a special orbit of 560 kms with a revisit period of 4 days and 1 day respectively. The panchromatic camera is designed to provide better than 1 meter spatial resolution imageries with a swath of around 10 km. The satellite designed is for an operational life of 5 years. The Cartosat-2B is in realisation phase and is planned to be launched onboard PSLV in the first half of 2010. Resourcesat-2 is a follow on mission to Resourcesat-1 to provide continuity of data. The configuration is similar to Resourcesat-1, except that, LISS-4 multi-spectral swath has been enhanced from 23 km to 70 km based on user needs. Suitable changes including miniaturization in payload electronics have been incorporated in Resourcesat-2. The spacecraft mass is around 1220 Kg with a power generation capacity of 1250W. The spacecraft is scheduled for launch before 2010. Oceansat-2 mission is envisaged as the continuity service provider to OCEANSAT-1 (IRSP4) data users. Oceansat-2 satellite carries two main payloads for ocean related studies, namely, Ocean Colour Monitor (OCM) and Ku-band Pencil Beam Scatterometer. An additional piggy-back payload called ROSA (Radio Occultation Sounder for Atmospheric studies) developed by the Italian Space Agency (ASI) is also a part mission. Oceansat-2 will be in a near polar sun-synchronous orbit of 720 Kms altitude with an equatorial crossing time of 12 noon. This orbit combined with the wide swath of both payloads will provide an observational receptivity of 2 days. The spacecraft weighs around 956 Kg with a power generation of 1360W and mission life of 5 years. OCM is a 8-band multi-spectral camera operating in the Visible Near IR spectral range. This camera provides an instantaneous geometric field of view of 360 meters and swath of 1420 Kms. To avoid sun glint due to specular reflection from ocean surface, there is a
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provision to tilt the OCM by + 200 in the along the track direction. The configuration of OCM payload is identical to the one flown in IRS-P4 but for the spectral band which is modified for Band-6 and Band-7 based on the experience from IRS-P4. The Ku-band Pencil beam Scatterometer is an active microwave radar and operates at 13.515 GHz providing a ground resolution cell of size 50 Kms x 50 Kms. Basically, it consists of a parabolic dish antenna of 1 meter diameter which is offset mounted with a cant angle of about 460 with respect to the yaw axis (earth viewing axis) This antenna is continuously rotated at 20.5 rpm using a scan mechanism with the scan axis along the +ve yaw axis. By using two offset feeds at the focal plane of the antenna, two beams (inner beam and outer beam) are generated which will conically scan the ground surface. The back scattered power in each beam from the ocean surface is measured from which the wind vector is derived. ROSA payload is a dual channel GPS receiver with two antenna and receiver package. ROSA will be providing of vertical profiles of atmospheric density, refractivity, pressure, temperature and humidity to a height of about 30 kms. The radio Occultation antenna looking along the satellite velocity vector receives signals from the rising GPS satellites neat the earth horizon. These signals get refracted from the atmosphere and from the bending angle, a temperature and humidity profiles are derived. The precise orbit determination (POD) antenna looking at the zenith of the satellite gives the precise position of the receiver. The mainframe systems of Oceansat-2 are derived from the heritage of previous missions like IRS-P6/P5/Cartosat-1. Oceansat-2 was launched on 23rd September 2009 onboard PSLV-C14 along with six other nano satellites. The payloads have been commissioned and the performance of the spacecraft is normal. Radar Imaging Satellite (RISAT), the first of its kind, is a microwave remote sensing mission with Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) as a payload operating in C band. SAR is an active imaging sensor, which operates in the microwave frequency range of the electromagnetic spectrum. The sensor has its own illuminating source and does not depend on sunlight for taking the imagery. The SAR payload is a planar active array antenna based on TR (Trans-Receiver Module Architecture) and the size & weight of the panel is 6m x 2m and 900Kg respectively. The total mass of the satellite works out to be 1780 Kg. The satellite is designed for an operational life of 5 years. The satellite is planned to be launched onboard PSLV in 2010. Megha-Tropiques mission aims at developing a satellite using IRS mainframe and payload from Centre National dEtudes Spatiales (CNESs-French Space Agency). The spacecraft will be placed at an altitude of 867 Kms with an inclination of 20. The mission life is envisaged to be 5 years. The spacecraft will be launched onboard
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PSLV during 2010. ISRO Telemetry Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) ground station at Bangalore will be used for spacecraft control and also for receiving the science data. IMS-1 is the first satellite in the micro satellite series envisaged to provide satellite platform within 100 kg class including payloads, for earth imaging, space science, atmosphere /ocean studies etc. It carries two payloads viz., Four Band Multi Spectral Charge Coupled Device (CCD) Camera (MxT) & Hyper Spectral Imager (HySi-T). The spacecraft is designed such that payload will be earth pointing during imaging operations and solar panels will be sun pointing during non-imaging periods for maximum power generation. The Hyper-spectral Imager was first flown onboard IMS-1 to evaluate and validate the payload similar to the one flown on Chandrayaan-1 mission. The Solid State Recorder of 16 GB has been configured to meet the mission requirements. The micro satellite bus provides 3-axis stabilization with a mission life of 2 years. Indian Mini Satellite (IMS-1) was launched as co-passenger with Cartosat-2A on 28th April 2008 onboard PSLV-C9 and is performing satisfactorily. ANUSAT is the first microsatellite designed and fabricated in ANNA University, Chennai supported by ISRO. This is the first effort of this kind in India to bring university based academicians and student community, develop the micro satellite under the guidance of ISRO. The satellite is a spinner satellite weighing ~ 40 Kg using magnetometers as sun sensors and torquers, for spin rate and spin axis control as actuators. ANUSAT uses extensively Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit (VLSI) technology in the form of Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), Hybrid Micro Circuits (HMCs), microprocessors etc. The Very High Frequency (VHF) receivers are designed in total digital form an all digital Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) receiver for payload reception onboard the satellite. The spacecraft was successfully launched onboard PSLV on 20th April 2009. It carried onboard a digital Store & Forward payload for amateur communication in HAM band as primary payload. In addition, technological payloads like Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) magnetometer, MEMS gyro are flown. ISAC provided support such as structure fabrication, solar panels & chemical battery in the form of subsystem deliverables in addition to the guidance in the prior mentioned areas. Ground stations for operating the store & forward payload is established in Pune University and Madras Institute of Technology (MIT). The spacecraft control centre for command operations is operated by MIT. ANUSAT will find application in amateur communication.

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SARAL (Satellite for ARGOS & ALTIKA) payloads is designed and developed for a mini satellite series in the weight range of 400 to 450kg capable of carrying payloads up to a weight of 200 kg. The satellite is envisaged to carry two payloads of Centre National dEtudes Spatiales (CNES) called ALTIKA & ARGOS. It is planned to be launched onboard PSLV in 2010. The IRS class of satellites typically weighs around 1000-1500 kg at launch and operates from the polar sun-synchronous orbit of around 600-800 km. A unique combination of communication and meteorological payloads combined in one satellite is a marked feature of the ISROs first generation of indigenous geo-stationary satellites. Five satellites in INSAT-2 series, INSAT-2A through to INSAT-2E have been launched during the period of 1992-1999. In INSAT-3 series INSAT-3A (2950Kg), 3B

(2070 Kg), 3C (2650 Kg), 3D, 3E (2750 Kg) have been launched. The yet to be launched, INSAT-3D is a fully meteorological satellite with Imager and Sounder payloads. INSAT4A (3080 Kg) was launched on December 22, 2005 carries 12 Ku band and 12 C band transponders. INSAT-4B (3111 Kg) with 12 Ku band and 12C band transponders is launched on 12th March 2007 from French Guyana by Ariane 5 V175 launch vehicle.INSAT-4CR (exclusive KU band payloads) is launched by GSLV F04 on 2nd September 2007.
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The INSAT system is one of the largest domestic communication satellite systems with 11 live and operational spacecraft (INSAT-2E,3B,3C,3A,3E,4A,4B,4CR,GSAT2,3,KALPANA-1). The INSAT system totally account for about 210 transponders (includes 12 KU from INSAT-4CR) as on date. The GEOSATs under realization are GSAT-4, INSAT3D, INSAT-4D/GSAT-5, INSAT-4E/GSAT-6, INSAT-4F/GSAT-7, INSAT-4G/GSAT-8, IRNNS). The KALPANA-1 (2002) a 1,000 kg satellite dedicated to meteorological applications. GSAT-1 flown on the first developmental test flight of Indian Geo-synchronous Launch Vehicle (GSLV), was intended to prove new spacecraft technological elements like 10N RCS thrusters, Fast Recovery Star Sensor, and heat pipe radiator panels. The GSAT-2 was the payload for the second development flight of GSLV. GSAT-3 (EDUSAT) is a spacecraft dedicated to educational purpose while GSAT-4 is a technology demonstration satellite, acting as a precursor to Advanced Communication Technology Satellite (ACTS). It will incorporate Ka-band regenerative and bent pipe transponder payload and a number of new bus elements. The ACTS is thought of as a pure technological satellite, which will provide convergence of remote sensing with Information Technology and information/knowledge/data collection and distribution with a constituent of one or two LEO satellite. HAMSAT (40 Kg), an application specific micro-satellite designed to provide satellite based Amateur Radio Services to Indian and international HAMs (Amateur Radio Operators) was launched on board the PSLV in 2005 as an auxiliary payload along with IRS-P6.

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GSAT-4 spacecraft is an experimental technology demonstrator with a lift-off mass of 2200 kg to be flown on-board developmental flight of GSLV-D3 built using indigenous cryogenic upper stage (CUSP). GSAT-4, first Indian spacecraft in Ka band, is configured as a forerunner to advanced communication satellite (ACS) and will be utilized for conducting various experiments in the advanced area, introduction of to prove some of the new bus & experiments. The spacecraft pipe and regenerative payload spot beams with frequency coverage, Global Positioning stationary Earth Orbit (GEO) communication payload navigation payload and subsystem technologies contains Ka-band bent having eight conjugate reuse for full India System (GPS) and Geo-

Augmented Navigation (GAGAN) Payload in C, L1 & L5 bands and Tel Aviv University Ultra Violet Explorer (TAUVEX), an Ultra Violet (UV) experiment conceived and developed by University of Tel Aviv, Israel. The satellite is planned to be launched during 2009 onboard GSLV-D3. GSAT-12 is being realized as a replacement for Extended C band services, presently being provided by INSAT-3B at 830 E. The primary goal of the spacecraft is to provide continued support to the Extended C band users such as National Stock Exchange, Banks etc., as a fast track satellite. Thus the spacecraft is primarily configured to carry 12 Extended C band Solid State Power Amplifier (SSPA) based transponders with exactly the same frequency bands and the area of coverage over India as INSAT-3B.It is scheduled for launch during 1st half of 2010 onboard PSLV. INSAT-3D is a state-of-art meteorological spacecraft with 6 channel Imager and 19 channel Sounder payload. The spacecraft is built around I -2K platform with dry mass of 920 Kg and lift-off mass of 2050 years. The spacecraft orbit. will be The Earth to Bus & geostationary time Solar in Kg, providing a mission life of 7 located at 82 E longitude spacecraft has many in new

elements like the star sensor Geo-Stationary Drive and the Array (SADA)

which is being flown for the first Orbit (GEO) orbit, micro stepping reduce Management the Unit spacecraft (BMU) for

disturbances control,

sensor

processing

Telecommand / telemetry function also incorporates new features of

of the spacecraft. The spacecraft

bi-annual rotation and Image & Mirror motion compensations for improved performance of the meteorological payloads. The spacecraft is scheduled for launch during 2010 onboard GSLV. Configured as an exclusive C-band communication satellite, GSAT-5/INSAT-4D will carry 12 normal C-band transponders and six extended C-band transponders. The 12 normal-C band transponders have global coverage whereas four ext-C band transponders have zonal coverage. Two of the Extended C-band transponders are
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allotted for covering the main land hub stations and Antarctica with a single beam using a dedicated antenna. It will be launched on board GSLV during 2010 time frame and to be positioned at 82 E longitude. The primary goal of GSAT 6, band satellite, is to cater to requirements information of providing to services a multimedia mobile Sthe entertainment vehicles the through multimedia customer and digital mobile

multimedia consoles and to phones. The spacecraft is during third quarter of 2010 geosynchronous East longitude spacecraft with a

planned to be launched using GSLV. This is a to be stationed at 83 mission life of 12 years.

The spacecraft is configured around I-2K bus with a lift-off mass of 2200 kg. GSAT-8/INSAT-4G, is a communication satellite configured around I-3K bus with a lift off mass of 3150Kg and 6KW (SS EOL) power generation capacity having mission life of more than 12 years. This spacecraft carry 24 Ku band transponders and 2 channel geostationary navigation payload GAGAN. This will augment high power Ku band transponder capacity over Indian main land region. The satellite will be positioned at 55 E longitude. The spacecraft is scheduled for launch in 2010 onboard a foreign launch vehicle. GSAT-7/INSAT-4F (~2500 Kg) is proposed as a multi-band satellite carrying payloads in UHF, S-band, C-band and Ku-band. It is planned to be launched during 2010-11 time frame by GSLV. SATELLITE BASED NAVIGATION SYSTEM: Satellite based Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT) service is of vital importance to economics and societies. It is emerging as an important space application area not only for civil aviation but in many other areas such as mobile telephones, surface transport, intelligent highway system, maritime transport, rail, oil and gas, precision agriculture, fisheries, survey and marine engineering, science, electricity networks .It is one of the main components of satellite based communication, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS)/Air traffic management system adopted by the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) for worldwide implementation. It will facilitate seamless navigation across geographical boundaries and would eventually replace different types of groundbased navigation systems providing services over different air spaces. There are two core constellations for satellite based navigation in the world today-the US Global Positioning System (GPS) and Russian Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS).The GPS constellation consists of 29 satellites at present in the 20,000 Km orbit. The GPS is being modernised through the addition of an L5 signal, modifications in the satellite and control segment to offer better accuracies and ruggedness. The Russian
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core constellation called GLONASS was fully operational with 24 satellites in 1995.Then onwards, the number of satellites in the constellation steadily declined to 14 now. The Russian Government has decided to revamp the GLONASS constellation and make it operational with 21 satellites by 2008-09.A third core constellation (Galileo) with 30 satellites in 24000 Km orbit has been planned by the European Union Member States. Besides civil aviation, the Galileo system is aimed at providing service to various modes of transport, communications network, intelligent highway systems, personal mobility and vehicle tracking. Galileo system proposes to offer a host of services; an open service aimed at mass market applications leading to low cost receivers. The position accuracies provided by these global constellations are not adequate to meet the requirements of integrity, availability, continuity and enhanced accuracy for civil aviation during the precision approach and landing of aircraft. Augmentation systems to GPS have been planned by US, EUROPE, JAPAN and INDIA for seamless global navigation. ISRO is contemplating on establishment of an Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) to provide location information to various users as an independent system to GPS, GALILEO and GLONASS with a constellation of GEO and GSO orbits. The constellation study conducted at ISAC has established the possibility of providing a regional service with accuracy comparable to GPS or GALILEO.

Indian

Regional

Navigation

Satellite System (IRNSS) is an independent regional navigation satellite system. It is designed to provide position accuracy better than 10m over India and the region extending about 1500Kms around India. It is designed to provide an accurate real time Position, Navigation and Time (PNT) services for users on a variety of platforms with 24 x 7 service availability under all weather conditions. The IRNSS system mainly consists of three components viz; Space Segment (Constellation of Satellites & Signal-In-Space), Ground Segment and User Segment. IRNSS constellation consists of seven satellites. Three satellites will be placed in the Geo-stationary orbit (GEO) at 34E, 83E & 131.5E and two satellites each will be placed in the Geo-synchronous orbit (GSO) with an equator crossing at 55E & 111.5E

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with an inclination of 29. Two spare satellites are also planned to be realised. IRNSS will have two types of signals in L5 & S-Band. L5-Band centre frequency is 1176.45 MHz & S-Band centre frequency is 2492.028 MHz. Both L5 and S-Band consists of two downlinks. IRNSS provides two basic services such as Standard Positioning Service (SPS) for common civilian users and Restricted Service (RS) for special authorized users. GPS Aided GEO (GAGAN): a project for Augmented ISRO for the and the Indian is also

Navigation implementing Navigation Airspace.

Airport Authority of India (AAI) are demonstration of the Satellite Based System The Indian SBAS

known as GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation (GAGAN) system. ISRO and AAI have signed an MOU in August 2001 for implementing this satellite based navigation over Indian region. The demonstration of Ground based network (GAGAN) will mark the beginning of satellite based navigation system, Airport Authority of India being the user. The technology demonstration is completed using IMMARSAT-4F1 satellite. The navigation payload for GAGAN is to be flown onboard GSAT-4.

Space Capsule Recovery Experiment (SRE-1) is a 550 kg capsule intended to demonstrate the technology of an orbiting platform for performing experiments in micro gravity conditions. After completion of the experiments, the capsule will be de-orbited and recovered. SRE-I mission will provide valuable experience in fields like navigation, guidance and control during the re-entry phase, hypersonic aero thermo dynamic, development of reusable thermal protection System (TPS), recovery through deceleration and flotation, besides acquisition of basic technology for reusable launch vehicles. SRE-I

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carries two experiments, an Isothermal Heating Furnace (IHF) and a Bio-mimetic experiment. SRE-1 was launched into a 635km Polar SSO in January 2007 as a co-passenger with CARTOSAT-2 and stayed in orbit for 10 days during which its payloads performed the operations they are intended to. The SRE capsule was de-boosted and recovered successfully back to earth on 22nd January 2007. SRE-2 is a follow on mission to SRE-1 and will provide continued platform for microgravity experiments and is planned to be launched onboard PSLV C16. The payload mass is increased with a total mass of 604 kg against 555kg of SRE-1. New payloads are proposed for SRE-2 in addition to the advanced Intermediate High Frequency (IHF) payload with a 30kg mass allocated for all. A scientific satellite called

ASTROSAT providing data on Ultra

violet monitoring of the sky and also for monitoring X-ray source, configured using IRS type of bus is planned for launch in 2010. Astrosat has been configured to carry onboard six payloads, to meet the mission goal. It will carry a complement of instruments sensitive over a wide spectral region covering Visible (350-600 nm), Ultraviolet (UV in 130-300 nm), Soft X-rays (0.3 10 keV) and Hard X-ray (10 100 keV) bands. This will enable multiwavelength observations of a variety of celestial objects in the different spectral bands at the same time. The Indian Mission to moon, Chandrayaan-1 is an exciting mission in space science. Chandrayaan-I, 1380

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kg spacecraft (560Kg (525+35)) Kg in to 100 KM Lunar orbit) was launched from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre, SHAR, Sriharikota by PSLV-XL (PSLV-C11) on 22 October 2008 at 06.22 hrs IST into a highly elliptical initial orbit (IO) with perigee of 255 km and an apogee of 22,860 km, inclined at an angle of 17.9 degree to the equator. In this initial orbit, Chandrayaan-1 orbited the Earth once in about six and a half hours. Subsequently, the spacecrafts Liquid Apogee Motor (LAM) firing was done on 23 October at 09.00 hrs IST, when the spacecraft was near perigee, to raise the apogee to 37,900 km and the perigee to 305km. The spacecraft at this stage took eleven hours to go round the Earth once. The orbit was further raised to 336 km x 74,715 km on 25 October at 05:48 hrs IST. In this orbit, spacecraft took about twenty-five and a half hours to orbit the Earth once. The LAM was fired again on 26 October at 07:08 hrs IST to take the Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft to extremely high elliptical orbit with apogee 164,600 km and perigee at 348 km. Chandrayaan-1 at this stage took about 73 hours to go round the Earth once. On 29 October, orbit rising was carried out at 07:38 hrs IST to raise the apogee to 267,000 km and perigee to 465 km. Chandrayaan-1s orbit at this stage extends more than half the way to moon and took about six days to orbit the Earth. On 4 November at 04:56 hrs IST, Chandrayaan-1 entered the Lunar Transfer Trajectory with an apogee of 380,000 km. On 8 November at 16:51 hrs IST, the spacecrafts liquid engine was fired to reduce its velocity to insert the spacecraft in the lunar orbit (LOI) and enable lunar gravity to capture it. As a result, the spacecraft was in an elliptical orbit with periselene (nearest point to the moon) of 504 km and aposelene (farthest point from the moon) of 7,502 km. The first orbit reduction manoeuvre was carried out successfully on 9 November at 20:03 hrs IST. Thus the spacecraft was in lunar orbit with 200 km periselene. The aposelene remained unchanged (i.e 7,502 km). After careful and detailed observation, a series of three orbit reduction manoeuvres were successfully carried out and the spacecrafts orbit was reduced to its intended operational 100 km circular polar orbit on November 12. On 14 November at 20:06 hrs IST, the Moon Impact Probe (MIP) was ejected from the Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft and hard landed on the lunar surface near the South Polar Region at 20:31 hrs IST after 25 minutes journey. India became the fourth nation to have its flag flying on the Moon's surface when Chandrayaan-1's MIP which has the Indian Tricolour painted on it - touched down. The scientific instruments / payloads were commissioned and exploration of Moon with the array of onboard instruments provided voluminous data for scientists. After the successful completion of major mission objectives, the orbit of Chandrayaan-I was raised to 200 km. The orbit raising maneuvers was carried out on May 19, 2009. The spacecraft in this higher altitude enabled further studies on orbit perturbation, gravitational field variation of the moon and also enable imaging lunar surface with a wider swath. Due to problems in Onboard Computers the spacecraft mission was terminated. However most of the mission objectives have been achieved.

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The data collected from various payloads of Chandrayaan-1 were analysed by world wide scientists and the final products were presented and discussed in Chandrayaan-1 Science meets held at Bangalore on 29th January 2009 and subsequently at Goa on 7th September 2009. Water on moon- Path breaking discovery of Chandrayaan-1 On 24th September, 2009, in a discovery hailed as path-breaking, Chandrayaan-1 has found evidence of water on the moon. The data from the Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) instrument of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) had clearly indicated the presence of water molecules on the lunar surface extending from lunar poles to about 60 degrees latitude. Chandrayaan-1 M3 was one of the 11 scientific instruments onboard Chandrayaan-1 that ISRO launched on October 22, 2008. The analysis of the data from Chandrayaan-1 M3 has led to a path-breaking finding, that hydroxyl, a molecule consisting of one oxygen atom and one hydrogen atom along with H2O, was also found in the lunar soil. The findings from Chandrayaan-1 M3 show a marked signature in the infrared region of 2.8-3.0 micron in the absorption spectrum, which provided a clear indication of the presence of hydroxyl and water molecules. The analysis of the huge volume of Chandrayaan-1 M3 data was carried out by a joint team of scientists from the US and India. Onboard results Laboratory results

Chandrayaan-1 M3 reflectance of ice, water and OH The scientific team was led by Pieters, a planetary geologist at Brown University in Rhode Island, and Principal Scientist of Chandrayaan-1 from Physical Research Laboratory (PRL) of the Indian Department of Space, J N Goswami. The team concluded that there were traces of hydroxyl (OH) and water (H2O) molecules on the surface of the moon closer to the polar region. The experts also concluded that traces of OH and H2O were in the form of a thin layer embedded in rocks and chemical compounds on the surface of the moon and the quantity were extremely small - of the order of about 700
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parts per million (ppm). These molecules could have come from the impact of comets or radiation from the sun. But most probable source could be low energy hydrogen carried by solar wind impacting on the minerals on lunar surface. This in turn forms OH or H2O molecules by deriving the oxygen from metal oxide. The M3 observations are strengthened by results obtained from the analysis of archived data of lunar observation in 1999 by another NASA mission, Cassini, on its way to Saturn. This data set also revealed signatures of both OH and H2O absorption features on the lunar surface. It is worth noting that the data from Chandryaan-1 MIP mass spectrometer found traces of H2O during its descent to lunar surface on 14th November 2008. "Harvesting one ton of the top layer of the moon's surface will yield as much as 32 ounces of water," scientists involved in the discovery said. The scientific feat has been termed a landmark event in international space cooperation between India and other countries.

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Payloads of Chandrayaan-1
Chandrayaan-1 carries the following science instruments developed by ISRO to achieve the science objectives, 1. Terrain Mapping stereo Camera (TMC) in the

panchromatic band, having 5m spatial resolution ( size of the smallest object that can be seen ) and 20 km swath ( width of the picture):To prepare 3-D Atlas

2. A hyper-spectral camera (HySI) operating in 400900nm band with a spectral resolution of 15nm and spatial resolution of 80m with a swath of 20km producing data in 64 spectral bands ( colors ) VNIR region

3. A

laser

ranging

instrument

(LLRI)

with

height

resolution of about 10m. and HYSI

:To Determine Global

Topographic Field of Moon and supplement to TMC

4. A high energy X-ray (30-270keV) mapping (HEX) employing CdZnTe solid state detector with CSI anti-coincidence system having a foot print of approximately 40km to identify degassing faults or zones on the moon by mapping Rn[222] and its radioactive daughter Pb[210]. This will enable us to understand the transport of volatiles on the moon. 5. A Moon Impact Probe (MIP) was released to impact the Moons surface on 14th November MIP carries three 2008 during the Mission.

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instruments, a mass spectrometer, a C- band altimeter and a video camera.

6. Apart from the five payloads (TMC, HySI, LLRI, LEX and HEX) and MIP discussed above, five additional instruments under international collaboration have been accommodated in Chandrayaan-1. They are, 7. Miniature Imaging Radar Instrument (Mini-SAR) from Applied Physics Laboratory USA supported by NASA: To detect Lunar polar water Ice
A NTENNA

CONNECTOR BRA CKET FILTER M ODULE TXM ODULE CP M O DULE RX/EXM OD ULE

8. Sub KeV Atom Reflecting Analyser (SARA) from IRF, Sweden, JAXA, Japan supported by ESA and VSSC, ISRO.

9. Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M-3) from Jet Propulsion Laboratory and Brown University, USA, by NASA supported

10.Infra Red Spectrometer-2 ( SIR-2) from Max Plank Institute , Germany, supported by ESA: For Mineral Mapping

11.Radiation of Science,

Dose

Monitor To

(RADOM), Bulgarian Academy Bulgaria.: measure

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Radiation

Environment both in Lunar Orbit and Enroute to the moon

A close look on Moon Surface (Captured by MIP)

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Chandrayaan-1 Scientific Instruments and their configurations

DEVELOPMENT OF VARIOUS TECHNOLOGICAL ELEMENTS FOR IRS & INSAT Spacecraft: FLASH BACK Important and critical technologies were developed for the IRS systems. Development of structure for the IRS Satellite has resulted in a standard 1000 kg bus platform. Use of Multi layer insulation blankets, selective employment of optical solar reflectors, auto controlled heaters and heat sinks represent the thermal system used in the IRS. Accordion type, spring actuated mechanisms are used for solar panel deployment. Tilt mechanisms and hold-down and release mechanisms are also in place for application in payloads operation. The solar arrays used in IRS series have a total area up to 9.63 m2 employing BSR (Base surface reflecting) cells generating up to about 1 KW power. AH Nickel-Cadmium batteries are supporting eclipse operations.
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21

As the data rates involved are from 10 to 45 Mbps/sec, the LSTTL (Low-Power Schottky Transistor-Transistor Logic) & the FTTL (FAST Transistor-Transistor Logic) logics are used. The X band was used to transmit the payload data the basic source of which is a temperature controlled crystal oscillator working in VHF band and frequency multiplied to x band with data rates up to 105 mbps . Shaped beam antennas are used in S-band and in the x band to provide a wider coverage compensating for path loss. The S band data transmitting antenna is a five turn conical helix mounted above a large shaped reflector. The X band antenna commits of a circular wave guide giving circular polarization. The base band Telemetry so far used in the PROM based, using a fusible is with about 1400 channels. The TM system makes extension with use of HMCs. From a totally hardware based system TC systems in the latest IRS spacecraft have evolved to processor / Application specific integrated circuits (ASIC) based systems. The AOCE system is configured around an 80 C86/1850 processor. Sun sensors such as 4 pi fine sensor, precision yaw sensor and digital sun sensor have been developed. A conical Earth sensor meant to generate pitch roll errors with respect to earth and a star sensor designed around an area array ECD, optics and detector electronics are also in use. For the CARTOSAT 2, a number of new technology elements have been developed. These include a light weight structure, large size 700 mm and light weighted a zerodur glass Mirrors, narrow beam dual gimbals antenna, High bit rate data handling system, high rate TM (4 kbps) and TM (4kbps) system, and a Integrated Bus Management Unit with MIL-STD 1553 interfaces The INSAT experience has resulted in a new optimized I-1000/I-2000/I-3000

standardized spacecraft bus with carbon composite structures with a 6% structure mass. Development of multi-layer insulation materials, optical solar reflection, and color anodizing processes for aluminum, heat pipes, passive radiant coolers and Cryorefrigerator for payloads are some of the important development in thermal management which can handle power dissipation up to around 4 KW. Spring actuated deployment mechanisms for solar panel deployment, motorized deployments for controlled release of booms, Antenna pointing mechanism, coillable lattice booms, shape memory alloy actuators are in place.

Gallium-Arsenide (Ga-As ) cell based solar panels measuring a total area of 26.5 sq.
meters and generating up to nearly 3.5 KW power are employed in INSAT-3A. 70 AH, Ni-H2 batteries are used for energy storage. In the INSAT Satellites in C-band, the TTC antenna commit of an omni-antenna for both up & down link transmissions and a global beam antenna for C & Ku band down links. Multiple spot beam antenna is used in GSAT 3 for regional coverage. A dual gridded antenna is used in INSAT 4A for wider coverage. The INSAT TM system employs around 1000 channels for measuring health parameter, while the TC system are ASIC based system with FPGA for on-band decision making.
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The INSAT spacecraft is a 3 axis-stabilized moment biased system with 2-axis momentum storage system using two wheels simultaneously. Observer based magnetic torquer logic provides a very fine yaw control. The Attitude, orbit control electronics (AOCE) system is 1750 processor based with several fault tolerant features. INTERNATIONAL CONTRACTS: ISRO bagged international contract through ANTRIX for namely building two satellites communication

W2M/EUTELSAT

and AVANTI HYLAS to be realized in the time frame of 2008-2010. W2M is the first commercial, state of art communication satellite built for Eutelsat, one of the largest satellite fleet operators in Europe. The contract for the delivery of the W2M spacecraft in-orbit was signed between EADS Astrium and Antrix/ISRO. Astrium will be the prime contractor and responsible for the payloads while the platform system, spacecraft AIT, launch base support services and the orbit raising mission operations and delivery in the designated on-orbit slot of 16 deg E will be the responsibility of Antrix/ISRO. W2M can operate up to 32 Ku-Band transponders in different drive conditions from Beginning of Life (BOL) to End of Life (EOL), displaying great flexibility to operate a wide range of services from TV broadcasting to broad-band data networks. It has a fixed European coverage and steerable beam which can be oriented in orbit according to market requirements, notably over America, Africa and Central Asia. The platform system also has several new features like CCSDS based TTC system operating in S-Band during orbit raising and Ku-band during nominal on-orbit phase, on-board autonomy in the form of FDIR (Fault Detection, Isolation and Reconfiguration) features in control systems, for battery maintenance, for thermal management etc. W2M spacecraft based on ISROs I-3K platform has been optimized to deliver 6.5 KW of power and handle thermal dissipation of 3.5KW. It is the heaviest spacecraft built in ISRO weighing close to 3.5 tones. After the successful completion of all assembly, integration and testing activities as per contract and the spacecraft was shipped to Ariane launch base at Kuorou on 18th October 2008. It was launched onboard Ariane-5 (V186) on 20th December 2008 and only 12 transponders are being put in to operation due to onboard performance anomaly of S/C on orbit . HYLAS is being developed and built for M/s Avanti Screen media U.K., jointly with EADS-Astrium under a contract through ANTRIX. EADS Astrium is the prime contractor
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in charge of overall programme management and will build the communications payload. ANTRIX/ISRO will build the satellite bus based on the flight proven I-2K model, with a lift off mass around 2.5 ton and power of 3.2 KW, integration and testing of the spacecraft. ISRO will also be in charge of low earth orbit operations. The spacecraft is planned for launch during 2010. FUTURE TECHNOLOGY REQUIREMENTS BIRDS EYE VIEW: COMMUNICATION SATELLITES: The trend in communication satellite technology for low cost ground terminals is to go in for increased power (up to 10 KW) with increased band width (use of higher frequency bands like Ka-band) and heavier satellites (4 to 5T).The higher frequency bands are required in view of crowding in existing bands, interference mitigation and to obtain larger user bandwidth. Use of multiple beam antennae for region specific coverage with high Effective Isotopic Radiated Power (EIRP) for cost effective terminals is needed. To provide interconnectivity as per demand, beam to beam switching/on-board switching is necessary. For better link margins, regenerative payloads with on - board processing may be thought of. All these requirements call for technological elements in satellite areas. To name a few: Space inflatable large unfurlable antenna (12 - 14 M Diameter size for multiple beams and shaped beams) for mobile communication For use of Ka band, improved surface accuracy of antenna/fabrication technologies High accuracy antenna pointing mechanisms as demanded by narrow spot beams and Inter satellite link (ISL) antennae Use of large scale indigenous MMIC technology High efficiency solar cells for solar cell based solar arrays for power generation High capacity, low mass & volume, Lithium-ion based batteries for eclipse operations High voltage power buses (typically 70 to 100 V) to reduce transmission losses and improve pay load operating efficiency Micro-stepping Solar Array Drive Mechanisms to minimize the impact on spacecraft pointing, specifically required for the multiple spot beam antenna Use of STAR trackers for attitude reference, CCD based active Pixel sensors, Laser Gyros, Gimballed wheels A mix of Chemical & Ion propulsion (PPTs/SPTs) to optimize the mission life Use of new materials in the AOCS thrusters, to realize higher efficiency & performance Use of Payload Band for TTC operations, High Bit Rate Cryptic Data Handling, Use of SSMA (Synchronous state message algorithm) technology to provide higher ranging accuracy, of the order of couple of meters

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BMU (Bus management unit) with 1553 digital bus or 1773 optical links Micro-processor based unattended autonomous operation of the spacecraft Apart from micro processors, use of mix of FPGAs (Field programmable gate array), ASICs (Application specific integrated circuit) , high density multi-layer HMCs along with packaging technologies to minimize the volume and mass Approach of System on Chip Use of Adoptive Smart Structures and Space inflatable structures Use of such materials & technologies to minimize the structure mass to keep its ratio to S/C mass at lift off, around 5% Use of flexible heat pipes, deployable radiator panels and micro heat pipes for high dissipating devices right below them REMOTE SENSING SATELLITES: Few of the emerging technologies required to meet earth observation programmes in future are: High resolution multi spectral imaging (~2.5 m resolution) High resolution panchromatic imaging (~0.5 m resolution) Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) C/X/L Band (multi-frequency),L & Multi polarization with 1 m resolution Scatterometer and improved Radiometer Hyper spectral imaging spectrometer Sensors coated with different spectral bands for hyper spectral application, High resolution smaller pixel size (< 7 micron) Linear Array CCDs (Charge coupled device) up to 15 K array length Light weighted (up to 80%) zerodur mirrors and bonded mirrors Ion polishing/Ion figuring techniques to achieve /\ 80 to 100 CFRP structures with moisture ingression protection techniques Carbon-Carbon materials for highly stable structures On board data processing techniques- Radiometric compensation onboard, vector quantisation and wavelet quantisation for compression ratios 20:1 to 40:1,onboard storage techniques using SDRAMs (Synchronous Dynamic access memory) up to 200-300GB capacities with data rates 320 MBPS (mega bits per second) Data transmission techniques using electronically steered multi-beam phased array antenna (for high data rate handling) in X band and Ka band and using MMIC technologies and using SSPAs (Solid state power amplifiers) To go in for high stability spacecraft main frame making use of high accuracy (~1 arc sec) wide angle star tracker capable of meeting to higher spacecraft rates and using high accuracy GPS receivers. This provides location accuracies of the order of few meters directly from the images.

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ISROS 11TH FIVE YEAR PLAN (SPACECRAFT): Future projects in Earth Observations area are targeted towards imaging in 0.25m resolution, imaging in hyper spectral bands, geo imaging, microwave imaging (fine resolution) etc. Similarly in the area of communication programme the forth coming projects envisaged are aiming at augmenting the transponder growth to 500 in various bands, spacecraft capable of handling more than 12KW power and carrying more than 52 Ku band transponders, navigation payloads, etc. Space Science projects are also becoming more popular. Future missions like moon landing, exploration of space in UV and X- ray bands, Adithya-1 a solar mission, Mars orbiter, Small satellite for environmental observations etc. will bring many challenging technologies.

11th FIVE YEAR PLAN

CHALLENGES Scientific: State-of-the-art systems technology, Standardization, Miniaturization, Highly reliable Transfer, (International Standards), Indiginisation, Technology

Technology Forecasting etc. Managerial:

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Multi - Project

management, Scheduling : Timely realisation of Projects, Crisis effective

management, Team building,Optimum utilization of Resources, Cost Intellectual Property Rights . TO SUMMARISE

Systems, Vision : Future requirements, new applications, advance planning etc,

With a series of state of art remote sensing, communication and satellite mission serving a heritage to its ambitious plans of building and launching 25 + satellites in the next decade. This world class status of ISRO Satellite Centre only stands to be enhanced further. Synergy with user needs Closing the gap between the Data availability and service demand new avenues of space exploration these are the dictates of the overall space program of the next 10 to 15 years. In space, sky is not the limit. As ISAC braces itself for the future, it can look back with humble pride and satisfaction, at the milestones passed by, in its journey from the meadow status, 35 + years back. Space offers lot more potential and there is enough space at ISAC to do lot more. It is this spirit of innovation that is driving force behind this world class space organization. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: The authors would like to express and acknowledge with thanks the support extended by Group Director, PPEG and other colleagues in PPEG for the preparation and structuring of the manuscript.

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