Objectives:

1. To learn how to look-up electrical circuit using brad

board.
2. To be familiar with the instruments that measures the
resistance, voltage, and current.
3. To come familiar with real resistors, DMM, and color
code reading.
4. To verify that a single resistance is equivalent to group
of resistances that are connected in series, parallel, or
both.
5. To be familiar with the operations of the DMM.

Required Equipment:

1. Digital multimeter.
2. Bread board.
3. Connecting wires.
4. resistors.

Result and Analysis:

1. color code:

first we put the tolerance in the right hand side, and then
we start from the other hand each color band is associated
with a single number, the first and the second one then the
third number which is associated with the third color is the
multiplier.
For example the resistor "green, blue, red, silver" has the
value of 56*10^2+-10%.

2. measurements of resistance:

procedures:

1. read the color code of any three resistors and record

the nominated value.
2. connect the resistor on the bread board and to the
multimeter and record the measured value.
3. Calculate the percentage error.
resistor Color code Nominated Measured Percentage
value value error
1 Red, red, red, gold 2220+-111 Ω 2252 1.44%
2 Brown, green, brown, gold 150+-7.5 Ω 152 1.33%
3 Brown, black, brown, gold 100+-5 Ω 105 5%

PE = ((NV-MV)/NV)*100%
PE1 = ((2220-2252)/2220)*100% = 1.44%
PE2 = ((150-152)/150)*100% = 1.33%
PE3 = ((100-105)/100)*100% = 5%

3. Equavelent resistance:

we use the bread board to connect the circuits and measure

the equivalent resistance and we can calculate the total
resistance theoretically by these two Eq.:
Req (series) = R1 + R2 + R3 + … + Rn
(1/Req (parallel)) = (1/R1) + (1/R2) + (1/R3) +… + (1/Rn)
Procedures:

1. Calculate theoretically the equivalent resistance of each

circuit and record it in the table.
2. Build each circuit on the bread board and connect it to
the DMM and set the auto rang to get the exact value of
equivalent resistance and record it.
3. Calculate the percentage error for each circuit.

Circuit # Req Req Percentage

(calculate) (measure) error
1 101 Ω 104 Ω 2.97%
2 77.64 Ω 78.8 Ω 1.6%
3 383.85 Ω 420 Ω 9.4%
4 711.2 Ω 697 Ω 2%

Req1 = R1 + R2 = 68 + 33 = 101 Ω.

Req2 = (R1//R2) = (R1*R2)/(R1+R2) = (120*220)/340

= 26400/340 = 77.64 Ω.

Req3 = (R1//R2) + (R3//R4) = ((560*680)/1240) +

((100*330)/430) = 383.85 Ω.

Req4 = R1//R2//R3//R4
(1/Req4) = (1/R1) + (1/R2) + (1/R3) + (1/R4)
= (1/1000) + (1/5600) + (1/4700) + (1/68000)
Req4 = 711.2 Ω.
PE1 = ((101-104)/101)*100% = 2.97%

PE2 = ((77.64-78.9)/77.64)*100% = 1.6%

PE3 = ((383.85- 420)/383.85)*100% = 9.4%

PE4 = ((711.2-697)/711.2)*100% = 2%
circuit connection:

R1 R2

68 33
Figure 1

R1 120 R2 220

Figure 2

680 330

R2 R4

560 100

R1 Figure 3 R3
 R3 4.7K
5.6K

R2

R1 1K

68K

Figure 4 R4

R2