A rainwater tank (sometimes called a rain barrel in North America, or a water butt in the UK) is a water tank used

to collect and store rain water runoff, typically from rooftops via rain gutters. Rainwater tanks are devices for collecting and maintaining harvested rain. Rainwater tanks are installed to make use of rain water for later use, reduce mains water use for economic or environmental reasons, and aid self-sufficiency. Stored water may be used for watering gardens, agriculture,flushing toilets, in washing machines, washing cars, and also for drinking, especially when other water supplies are unavailable, expensive, or of poor quality, and that adequate care is taken that the water is notcontaminated or the water is adequately filtered.

Calculating rainwater collection Rainwater collection from roofs can be calculated using the following formulas:

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1 inch of rain on a 1,000 square feet (93 m2) roof yields 623 gallons (2358 litres) of water; or 1 cubic foot equals (12 inch by 12-inch (300 mm) by 12-inch (300 mm) cube) equals 7.48 gallons; or 1 millimeter of rain on a 1 square meter surface yields 1 litre of water.

The rate at which water can be collected from either system is dependent on the plan area of the system, its efficiency, and the intensity of rainfall (i.e. annual precipitation (mm per annum) x square meter of catchment area = litres per annum yield) ... a 200 square meter roof catchment catching 1,000mm PA yields 200 kLPA.

Overview
Rainwater harvesting, irrespective of the technology used, essentially means harvesting and storing water in days of abundance, for use in lean days. Storing of rainwater can be done in two ways; (i) storing in an artificial storage and (ii) in the soil media as groundwater. The former is more specifically called roof water harvesting and is rather a temporary measure, focusing on human needs providing immediate relief from drinking water scarcity, while the latter has the potential to provide sustainable relief from water scarcity, addressing the needs of all living classes in nature. Through the proposed individual rainwater harvesting, units will be made available to the beneficiaries. Rain water harvesting has gained popularity in Kerala through various projects implemented by different agencies. the Rain Water Harvesting Campaign of the Government and publicity by various media are responsible for popularizing rain water harvesting in the

state. Rainwater harvesting is viewed as a water security measure for the State of Kerala, with two broad types of programmes. [edit]Components A Roof water harvesting system should have the following components: [edit]Down

pipe and first flush arrangement

This is an arrangement to prevent the dust and other unwanted materials that may be seen on the roof, from reaching the storage tank. By fitting a down pipe with an end cap or valve can ensure that the washed water from the roof does not reach the storage tank. It is always safe to ensure that the first flush arrangement remains open during non- rainy days and should be closed after first rain up to the satisfaction of the end user. [edit]Filter

unit

The rainwater collected from the roof should be allowed to reach the storage tank only through a filtering mechanism. Rubble, sand and charcoal, as used in the traditional three-potfiltration, can be adopted here. 10 cm thick 20mm rubbles, 10 cm thick charcoal/coconut shell, 15 cm thick coarse sand, 5 cm thick 6mm rubbles etc. may be arranged from bottom to top in the filter unit. The water that is passed through this filter should remain safe for a long period of storage. Charcoal/coconut shell is added to eliminate gaseous pollutants. [edit]Storage

tank

Mainly three types of storage tanks are constructed for roof water harvesting. They are aboveground, underground or sub surface tanks. [edit]Provision

for drawing water and spill over

For drawing water from the storage tanks any method may be adopted provided it shall be drawn only when needed. The easier the method adopted for drawing water, the more will be the chances for its misuse. Three types of drawing water are usually adopted. They are by using a tap (small capacity tanks with basement and over ground tanks), hand pump (under ground tanks) or electric pump sets (large capacity tanks). [edit]Maintenance

Before collecting water the roof, gutters and tank should be cleaned Let the first 2-3 rains flow out through the first flush system Remember to clean the tank once in a year Replace the filtering agents every year Keep the tank and surroundings clean and hygenic

Apply white cement on the tank every year Make sure that sunlight does not pass through the manhole Remember to preserve water and use it judiciously

Quality As rainwater may be contaminated due to pollutants like microscopic germs etc., it is often not considered suitable for drinking without treatment. However, there are many examples of rainwater being used for all purposes including drinking following suitable treatment. Rainwater harvested from roofs can contain human, animal and bird faeces, mosses and lichens, windblown dust, particulates from urban pollution, pesticides, and inorganic ions from the sea (Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, SO4), and dissolved gases (CO2, NOx, SOx). High levels of pesticide have been found in rainwater in Europe with the highest concentrations occurring in the first rain immediately after a dry spell;[2] the concentration of these and other contaminants are reduced significantly by diverting the initial flow of water to waste as described above. The water may need to be analysed properly, and used in a way appropriate to its safety. In the Gansu province for example, harvested rainwater is boiled in parabolic solar cookers before being used for drinking.[3] In Brazil alum and chlorine is added to disinfect water before consumption.[citation needed] So-called "appropriate technology" methods, such as solar water disinfection, provide low-cost disinfection options for treatment of stored rainwater for drinking.
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Solar water disinfection, also known as SODIS is a method of disinfecting water using only sunlight and plastic PET bottles. SODIS is a free and effective method for decentralized water treatment, usually applied at the household level and is recommended by the World Health Organization as a viable method for household water treatment and safe storage.

[1]

Principle

Exposure to sunlight has been shown to deactivate diarrhea-causing organisms in polluted drinking water. Three effects of solar radiation are believed to contribute to the inactivation of pathogenic organisms:

UV-A interferes directly with the metabolism and destroys cell structures of bacteria. UV-A (wavelength 320-400 nm) reacts with oxygen dissolved in the water and produces highly reactive forms of oxygen (oxygen free radicals and hydrogen peroxides), that are believed to also damage pathogens. Cumulative solar energy (including the infrared radiation component) heats the water. If the water temperatures rises above 50C, the disinfection process is three times faster.

At a water temperature of about 30C (86F), a threshold solar irradiance of at least 500 W/m2 (all spectral light) is required for about 5 hours for SODIS to be efficient. This dose contains energy of 555 Wh/m2 in the range of UV-A and violet light, 350 nm-450 nm, corresponding to about 6 hours of mid-latitude (European) midday summer sunshine. At water temperatures higher than 45C (113F), synergistic effects of UV radiation and temperature further enhance the disinfection efficiency.
[edit]Process

for household application

SODIS instructions for using solar water disinfection.

Colourless, transparent PET water or pop bottles (2 litre or smaller size) with few surface scratches are chosen for use. The labels are removed and the bottles are washed before the first use. Water from contaminated sources are filled into the bottles. To improve oxygen saturation, bottles can be filled three quarters, shaken for 20 seconds (with the cap on), then filled completely and

recapped. Very cloudy water with a turbidity higher than 30 NTU must be filtered prior to exposure to the sunlight. Filled bottles are then exposed to the sun. Bottles will heat faster and to higher temperatures if they are placed on a sloped sun-facing corrugated metal roof as compared to thatched roofs. The treated water can be consumed directly from the bottle or poured into clean drinking cups. The risk of re-contamination is minimized if the water is stored in the bottles. Refilling and storage in other containers increases the risk of contamination.
Suggested Treatment Schedule[5]

Weather Conditions

Minimum Treatment Duration

sunny (less than 50% cloud cover)

6 hours

cloudy (50-100% cloudy, little to no rain) 2 days

continuous rainfall [edit]

unsatisfactory performance, use rainwater harvesting

With a roof of 200m2, each mm of rain gets him 200m2 X 1/1000m = 0.2 m3 = 200 litres of water. Underground System of Rainwater Harvesting Another way to harvest rainwater is to catch rain falling on the ground. In a brick tank, rainwater can be filtered through different layers of material such as sand, gravel, and charcoal. Pipes with fine holes on the top (called 50 mm perforated pipes) are placed below the filter. When rain falls, these pipes soak up the filtered water which is collected and sent to an overhead tank. Water from the overhead tank can be used by residents of the building. The filtered water can also be sent into a well.

In a dry country, doing this can increase a wells life by up to 2 months in the hot summer. Here is a diagram of the underground system of rainwater harvesting.

Rain water harvesting is a free, easy, efficient and environmentally friendly way of collecting water. Remember a drop of water not wasted is a drop saved!

Recharge of Ground water Aquifers :

Rain water may be collected and recharged into the ground water aquifers through the following methods.

1. Roof Top Harvesting 2. Harvesting rain water from open spaces.

1. Roof Top Harvesting

Roof top harvesting has been practiced since ages, and even today it is practiced in many places throughout the world. As we know the rain water collected from the terrace is free from any bacteriological contamination (except small amount of dust and other silt particles which can be filtered) it can be diverted to the existing wells/ bore-wells which are in use as detailed below

(A) Open well method :

This is the simple method of RWH (Fig.1) in which all the rain water falling on the terrace of the building is collected through pipe lines and diverted into an existing open well through a filter tank/chamber. The filter chamber helps to filter fine dust, silt and other small floating particles such as leaves etc. which normally found on the terrace. (A mesh filter / grill may also be provided at the mouth of the drain pipe on the terrace to arrest larger particles).

The size of the filter chamber depends on the amount of rain water flows from the terrace. Normally this may be of 2' x 2' x 2' size. The bottom of the chamber is filled with broken bricks followed by gravels and coarse river sand on the top. The location of the chamber is preferred based on the site conditions either below or above

ground level.

(B) Bore well method : As in the case of open wells, the rain water from the terrace may be diverted to a bore well also (Fig.2). In this case it is to be kept in mind that during excess rain fall, the rate of recharge may not match the rate of rainfall. In such situations, a percolation pit has to be provided nearby to divert the excess flow of rain water.

Defunct bore wells which are not in use may also be converted in to a recharge well (Rain Water Harvesting Structure)

Rainwater Harvesting from Roads

In the recent past, rapid growth in the urban areas has led to asphalted roads and stone slabs or pavers for footpaths. This accounts for nearly 10% of the total area of Bangalore. Consequent to this, the rainwater run-off has increased and ground water recharge has declined. As the roads are built sloped towards the sides, rainwater falling on the road is guided to the side drains. When it rains, water flows from the apex to the sides and collects in the sidewalk area and subsequently flows to the storm water drains.

To increase ground water recharge by percolation and decrease the flooding of storm water drains, an infiltration trench could be built by the side of the drain all along the road, wherever possible. The infiltration trench can be 2 feet wide and 2 feet deep and filled with pebbles or aggregates with a top layer of coarse river sand. As the rainwater from the road flows into the infiltration trench, water percolates into the ground. During heavy rainfall, excess water spills over to the storm water drains. The infiltration trenches store water temporarily during rainfall and later for infiltration. These infiltration trenches may be exposed as walk ways or paved with inter-locking pavers, specially designed with gaps in between for water to flow into the infiltration trenches.

Parks and Open Spaces Water harvesting methods in parks and open spaces involve micro-watershed management methods that allow rainwater infiltration and percolation into the ground. The runoff has to be minimized by providing adequate number of percolation pits and dispersion trenches. In large parks, storage of rainwater in small ponds is also possible since the ponds can be integrated with the landscape of the park. Mapping of the contours, planning for rainwater outflow in consonance with natural drainage patterns, identifying appropriate areas for percolation pits / dispersion trenches will be required. Recharge of pits or trenches

Ground water recharge in parks can be enhanced by a simple technique of providing recharge pits or a trench. Width of pit: 1.2 to 1.5 m. Depth: 2.5 to 3.0 m. Material: 40-60 mm coarse gravel followed by 20 mm aggregates and 2 mm sand. Pits are conveniently made at suitable low-level micro-watershed locations as collection centers of surface runoff. A splash pad is provided on top of the sand layer to cut off the velocity of entry of water to the pit. The number of such pits is based on the park area and the small rivulets dissecting the landscapes into micro-watersheds. Requirements Creation of water harvesting ponds in concave depression and low-lying areas. Allowing groundwater recharge by the creation of seepage pits. Allowing surface runoff to enter into existing wells or artificial water bodies.

Natural flow of water

Surface runoff water should be trapped in ponds, tanks and lakes when available, so that it can be used for maintenance during dry periods. This practice is similar to dry land technology of agricultural belts. Low-lying areas and drainage channels are earmarked and convenient microwatersheds are prepared. Water harvesting is followed based on natural flow and surface accumulation of the runoff water. Water follows the lowest contour gradient available for that area. These structures not only provide water for the park, but also increase groundwater recharge. Providing a bore well in these areas will enhance the availability of water in its vicinity. Rainwater run-off from open space and paved areas can be stored in underground sumps by filtering through sand-bed filters and guiding the filtered water through channels. Layouts Layout refers to a geographical area encompassing sites, roads, drains, civil amenities and parks. Rainwater Harvesting in layouts can be done using the 'Cascade Capture Method'. In this process, rainwater can be harvested on a plot or through recharge of ground water. The run-off from the plot could be captured by storm water drains and directed into artificial infiltration or percolation pits. The overflow from the storm water drains and infiltration system could be captured in lakes and tanks. The method of rainwater harvesting involves contour mapping, drainage pattern, determining a storage point /

ground water recharge run-off.

and ensuring segregation of sewage / sullage from storm water

What is a Stormwater Retention Basin? Water that runs off the land during and after a rainstorm is called stormwater runoff. This runoff and any pollutants it carries flows into streams, rivers, lakes and depressions throughout the landscape. In an urbanized landscape natural physical, chemical and biological processes are disrupted and leaves, litter, animal waste, oil, greases, heavy metals, fertilizers and pesticides are transported downstream. A stormwater retention basin provides temporary storage for the runoff generated by development in the watershed, releasing it slowly and reducing the potential for flooding. The basin also provides some treatment of pollution carried by the stormwater runoff. Wetland Values While wetlands have historically been considered of little importance, our increasing understanding of these systems is changing this misconception. Wetlands are now recognized for providing many vital benefits. Some of these benefits include:

habitat for commercially valuable fish and shellfish, groundwater recharge, recreational opportunities, aesthetics, improved water quality. Species diversity. The variety of plantings and topographic diversity on the sight provides new genetic material as well as suitable establishment sites for long-term increases in vegetative species diversity within the basin. Wildlife habitat. Vegetative diversity as well as diversity of aquatic habitat provides a multitude of new biotic niches not previously available in the basin. The value of this habitat becomes increasingly important as other areas on campus and in the Gainesville community are encroached upon. Aesthetics. Retention basins are notoriously unattractive, often fenced in, littered with trash, and square. Although the retention basin at the NATL is pleasant compared to some, its appeal would be improved if it resembled a diverse wetland. Water Quality. Construction of the forebay, planting of species known to have high treatment potential, and diversion of stormwater to maximize treatment all improve the water treatment potential of the basin.
Bioretention is the process in which contaminants and sedimentation are removed from stormwater runoff. Stormwater is collected into the treatment area which consists of a grass

buffer strip, sand bed, ponding area, organic layer or mulch layer, planting soil, and plants. Runoff passes first over or through a sand bed, which slows the runoff's velocity, distributes it evenly along the length of the ponding area, which consists of a surface organic layer and/or groundcover and the underlying planting soil. The ponding area is graded, its center depressed. Water is ponded to a depth of 15 cm (5.9 in) and gradually infiltrates the bioretention area or is evapotranspired. The bioretention area is graded to divert excess runoff away from itself. Stored water in the bioretention area planting soil exfiltrates over a period of days into the [1] underlying soils.

Filtration Each of the components of the bioretention area is designed to perform a specific function. The grass buffer strip reduces incoming runoff velocity and filters particulates from the runoff. The sand bed also reduces the velocity, filters particulates, and spreads flow over the length of the bioretention area. Aeration and drainage of the planting soil are provided by the 0.5 m (20 in) deep sand bed. The ponding area provides a temporary storage location for runoff prior to its evaporation or infiltration. Some particulates not filtered out by the grass filter strip or the sand bed settle within the ponding area.[1] In some systems, sandy fill media is mixed with or replaced by a ground, organically-modified silica, commercially available as Osorb, which repels water but swells to absorb small, organic toxins in runoff and stormwater effluent. The Osorb media does not absorb biological organisms, allowing for healthy plant growth.[2] The organic or mulch layer also filters pollutants and provides an environment conducive to the growth of microorganisms, which degrade petroleum-based products and other organicmaterial. This layer acts in a similar way to the leaf litter in a forest and prevents the erosion and drying of underlying soils. Planted groundcover reduces the potential for erosion as well, slightly more effectively than mulch. The maximum sheet flow velocity prior to erosive conditions is 0.3 meters per second (1 foot per second) for planted groundcover and 0.9 meters per second (3 feet per second) for mulch.[3] The clay in the planting soil provides adsorption sites for hydrocarbons, heavy metals, nutrients and other pollutants. Stormwater storage is also provided by the voids in the planting soil. The stored water and nutrients in the water and soil are then available to the

plants for uptake. The layout of the bioretention area is determined after site constraints such as location of utilities, underlying soils, existing vegetation, and drainage are considered. Sites with loamy sand soils are especially appropriate for bioretention because the excavated soil can be backfilled and used as the planting soil, thus eliminating the cost of importing planting soil. An unstable surrounding soil stratum and soils with a clay content greater than 25 percent may preclude the use of bioretention, as would a site with slopes greater than 20 percent or a site with mature trees that would be removed during construction of the best management practices.[4]
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Retention and detention ponds also catch other pollutants from runoff such as petroleum products from roadways, fertilizers from lawns and fields, sediments, bacteria, suspended solids, and metals. These pollutants can have negative affects on the overall water quality, such as pH, turbidity, nutrients, and hardness. The retention and detention ponds collect the runoff pollutants and allow them to settle out of the water and also get used up through biological processes. When the pollutants enter the pond during a rain event, the pond slows the water movement, allowing the heavier pollutants such as suspended solids, sediments, and metals to settle out of the water column and come to rest in the bottom sediments. This greatly improves the overall clarity or turbidity of the water. Other pollutants such as the fertilizers are used in aquatic plant growth. Many of these nutrients are taken out of the water and used in plant growth. Bacteria can also be dealt with within the ponds biological processes. By retaining the water from runoff and allowing the pollutants to settle out or be used up, the water that is then returned to the ground or to neighboring streams, wetlands, etc. is of much better overall quality. Planning - Planning the proper size and location is the first step to creating a functional retention pond. If you have an existing pond, this step may not be of much use to you since you already have the pond. The first thing to remember is water runs down hill. As simple as that is, it can often be overlooked. A retention or detention pond needs to be created in an area that will allow it to catch as many of the runoff and pollutants as possible. The area needs to be low lying and the surrounding areas need to be sloped toward it so runoff from parking lots, road ways, etc. can drain into the pond. It is also crucial to make the pond the proper size and depth to accommodate the runoff water and allow the pollutants to settle out.

Aquatic Plants - Aquatic plants can add to the functionality, beauty, and diversity of your retention or detention pond. Emergent vegetation is great at slowing runoff before it enters the pond. Slowing the runoff allows suspended solids, sediments, and trash or debris to get blocked in the vegetation before it even reaches the pond. The trash can then be picked up and the rest will settle into the soil. Emergent vegetation also serves as a food source and hiding places for various wildlife species. Floating and submerged aquatic vegetation (and emergent vegetation, for that matter) serve to use up the nutrients that are added to the water from runoff. They serve to filter the nutrients out of the water. They also can serve as a food source and hiding places for fish and wildlife. All forms of aquatic vegetation can add to the beauty of the pond and its efficiency, but it is important to have a balance and plant species that will be of the most benefit. It is important to talk to a local lake management or nursery professional to get info on the best types of aquatic vegetation for your pond and its purpose. Bacteria - Beneficial bacteria can be added to a retention pond to assist in decomposing and breaking down organic materials such as petroleum products and dead plants, fish, etc. The bacteria will serve to assist in the overall water quality by reducing the pollutants that are added to the pond and also help with the existing decomposition. The added plants that were discussed above will need to be decomposed after they die and the added bacteria will speed up the decomposition process and help ensure those nutrients don't get back into the water system. This step is another important one to consult a professional before you start. Aeration - Oxygen is the key ingredient in any healthy marine environment. Dissolved oxygen in the water is essential for aquatic life, such as fish, insects, bacteria, aquatic plants, etc. Without proper levels of oxygen, a pond will not be able to support life and serve as a healthy ecosystem. This is even more important when discussing a retention pond. As discussed, retention ponds are collecting runoff pollutants and debris from the surrounding areas, holding that extra water, cleaning the water, and releasing back into the ground, streams, wetlands, etc. Proper aeration is vital for the retention pond to settle, filter, and use up the pollutants that enter during runoff. Oxygen is essential for a retention pond to be productive. The pollutants that enter the pond, as discussed, either settle out or get used up in biological processes. The presence of oxygen helps oxidize certain elements that are suspended in the water. The oxidation process causes some materials to become heavier and they will settle out of the water column quicker. The dissolved oxygen is also needed for decomposition of organic matter. The bacteria that are in the pond or that are added can decompose material aerobically

(with oxygen) or anaerobically (without oxygen). Aerobic decomposition is a better process in your pond because it is quicker and produces less harmful byproducts. Without proper aeration, the bacteria will not be able to decompose the organic matter in the pond or that that is washed into it quickly or efficiently. Agitation at the surface that is caused by an aeration device is also beneficial because it helps vent certain gases and elements from the water. Carbon dioxide is produced during aerobic decomposition and the large amounts of the gas can be detrimental to the pond and its inhabitants. By splashing the water and exposing a larger surface area to the air, the higher concentration of carbon dioxide in the water can vent into the atmosphere. Other volatile pollutants can evaporate into the atmosphere when the water is exposed to the air.

Landscape Design Principles for Storm Water Detention Basins

A. Earth Sculpting 1. The Citys subdivision of Land Ordinance requires a landscape area around the top of detention basins. The minimum distance between the freeboard line of the water retention basin and any existing or proposed property line of a one- family residential use shall be fifteen (15) feet. This distance may be reduced by the Planning Commission provided that, the area set aside is equal in square feet to the area that would have been required by the fifteen (15) feet. Linear planting screens will not be acceptable. These landscaped areas must be primarily located at any perimeter property line or internal lot line of a one- family residential use. (See section 83 of Chapter 27 of the City Code for requirements.) 2. Water retention basins should be "free form," following the natural landforms to the greatest extent possible. If such forms do not exist, the basin should be shaped to emulate a naturally formed depression. 3. Redistributing soils from basin construction to create natural landforms around the perimeter of the basin is encouraged. The side slopes shall be no greater than 1:3. These forms should be located strategically to filter views or redirect and soften the views from residential areas. Access for maintenance vehicles must be considered in the development and location of these landforms. Total screening of the basins, however, is not intended. 4. Side slopes must be varied to imitate natural condition. 5. Forebays shall be constructed to emulate shallow naturalized emergent wetland basins. The basins shall not exceed two foot (2) of water depth at full capacity and shall be of a natural shape (not square, rectangular or other geometric shape). Slopes of forebays shall conform to side slope requirements as required for detention basins and as specified in the City of Farmington Hills Department of Public Services, Engineering Division, Engineering Design Standards for Site Development and Redevelopment. B. Planting 1. The City encourages naturalized planting themes for these retention basins. The applicant should consider the use of plant materials that naturally grow in the area. Trees and shrubs should be

2.

3.

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

grouped in informal patterns to emulate the natural environment. The intent is to soften the views of these basins and not to totally screen them from view. Plant materials used within the limits of the basin must meet the requirements as indicated in Appendix A. All other plantings must meet the requirements outlined in the landscape section 34-553 of the Citys Zoning Chapter. The ground surface of the basin and surrounding disturbed areas shall be covered with native grass mixture or other approved ground cover. It is the intent of these standards to provide for a sustainable natural planting throughout the basin that will not require regular mowing or fertilization. Plant material shall be composed of a variety of types. Plantings above the freeboard line must be mulched and the applicant must specify an appropriate material. Planting of trees or shrubs must be in groups to avoid a spotty effect. All Trees planted below the freeboard line of the basin must be bare-root. The planting design must also permit access of maintenance vehicles. A minimum of two inches (2") of topsoil must be specified for all planting ground cover beds. Approved erosion control measures will be required on all slopes. Planting within Forebays shall be composed of herbaceous plant material indicated inZone 2 of Appendix A; woody plant material will not be permitted. Planting of a minimum of three (3) species shall be required.

Appendix "A" Plant List for Stormwater Retention/Detention Facilities

Planting Zone Zone Description Plant Name

Zone 1 Deep Water Pool**

1 to 6 deep permanent pool of water Submergent plants (if any at all)

Herbaceous Plants Duckweed (Lemenia sp.) Wofeia sp. Sweet-scented Water Lily (Nymphaea odorata) White Water Lily (Nymphaea tuberose) Shrubs Buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis) Swamp Rose (Rosa palustris) Herbaceous Plants Arrow arum (Peltandra virginica) Arrowhead, Duck Potato (Saggitaria latifolia) Blue Flag Iris (Iris versicolor) Broomsedge (Andropogon virginicus) Cattail (Typha sp.) Common Water Plantain (Alisma subcordatum) Rice Cutgrass (Leersia oryzoides) Sedges (Carex sp.) Soft-stem Bulrush (Scirpus validus) Soft Rush (Juncus effuses) Prairie Cordgrass (Spatina pectinata) Sweet Flag (Acorus calamus) Wool Grass (Scirpus cyperinus) Shrubs American Bladdernut (Staphylea trifolia) Arrow wood Viburnum (Viburnum dentatum) Buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis) Common Spice Bush (Lindera bezoin) Elderberry (Sambucus canadensis) Highbush Cranberry (Viburnum trilobum) Meadowsweet (Spiraea alba) Michigan Holly (Ilex verticillata) Nannyberry (Viburnum lentago) Ninebark (Physocarpus opulifolius) Pussy Willow (Salix discolor) Red Osier Dogwood (Cornus stolonifera) Silky Dogwood (Cornus amomum) Shrubby Cinquefoil (Potentilla fruticosa) Speckled Alder (Alnus rugosa) Steeple Bush (Spiraea tomentosa) Swamp Rose (Rosa palustrus) Herbaceous Plants Arrow arum (Peltandra virginica) Arrowhead, Duck Potato (Saggitaria latifolia) Blue Flag Iris (Iris versicolor) Blue Vervain (Verbena hastata) Boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum) Broomsedge (Andropogon virginicus) Cattail (Typha sp.) Cinnamon Fern (Osmunda cinnamomea) Clintons Woodfern (Dryopteris clintoniana) Flat-top Aster (Aster umbellatus) Green Bulrush (Scirpus atrovirens) Hardstem Bulrush (Scirpus acutus) Horsetail (Equisetum fluviatile) Joe-Pye Weed (Eupatorium maculatum) Northern Lady Fern (Athyrium filix-femina) Prairie Cordgrass (Spartina pectinata)

Zone 2 Shallow Water Bench**

1 foot below the normal pool (aquatic bench in stormwater ponds) Plants partially submerged Emergent wetland plants

Zone 3 Lowest Zone

1 foot above the normal pool or lowest zone in a "dry" detention area Frequently inundated Plants must be able to withstand inundation during storms and occasional drought

Rice Cutgrass (Leersia oryzoides) Sedges (Carex sp.) Sensitive Fern (Onoclea sensibilis) Soft-stem Bulrush (Scirpus validus) Smartweed (Polygonum sp.) Soft Rush (Juncus effuses) Swamp Aster (Aster puniceus) Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) Sweet Flag (Acorus calamus) Water Plantain (Alisma plantago-aquatica) Virginia Wild-rye (Elymus virginicus) Wool Grass (Scirpus cyperinus) Zone 4 Middle Zone

1 to 4 feet above the normal pool Includes nearly all the temporary extended detention volume Periodically inundated after storms Plants must be able to withstand inundation during storms and occasional drought

Trees Bare-root only Native species in accordance with the Zoning Ord. Shrubs Allegheny Serviceberry (Amelanchier laevis) American Bladdernut (Staphylea trifolia) Arrow wood Viburnum (Viburnum dentatum) Button Bush (Cephanlanthus occidentalis) Common Spice Bush (Lindera benzoin) Creeping Strawberry Bush (Euonymus obovata) Elderberry (Sambucus canadensis) Gray Dogwood (Cornus foemina, racemosa) Highbush Cranberry (Viburnum trilobum) Meadowsweet (Spiraea alba) Michigan Holly (Ilex verticillata) Nannyberry (Viburnum lentago) Ninebark (Physocarpus opulifolius) Northern Dewberry (Rubus flagellaris) Pussy Willow (Salix discolor) Red Osier Dogwood (Cornus stolonifera) Silky Dogwood (Cornus amomum) Steeple Bush (Spiraea tomentosa) Swamp Rose (Rosa palustris) Witch Hazel (Hamamelis virginiana) Herbaceous Plants Big Bluestem (Andropogon gerardi) Blue Vervain (Verbena hastata) Boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum) Cardinal Flower (Lobelia cardinalis) Fowl Mannagrass (Glyceria striata) Green Bulrush (Scirpus atrovirens) Joe-Pye Weed (Eupatorium maculatum) Sedges (Carex sp.) Smartweed (Polygonum sp.) Soft Rush (Juncus effusus) Swamp Aster (Aster puniceus) Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) Water Plantain (Alisma plantago-aquatica) Wild-rye (Elymus sp.)

Zone 5 Upland Slopes/ Buffer Strip

4 feet and above the normal pool Includes buffer strips that extend beyond the middle zone Plants should be selected

Trees, Shrubs, and Plants Standard native plant material in accordance with Zoning Ordinance

based on soil type, light, and function (not inundation, since almost never inundated)

* These zones apply to basins that are designed to retain a permanent water level.