Brown Mit7 Ch02

MANAGING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 7th EDITION
CHAPTER 2 COMPUTER SYSTEMS

-HARDWARE -SOFTWARE
Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
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HARDWARE
Building Blocks of Information Technology
Hardware
Software
Networks
Data
Chapter 2
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
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COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Hardware:
Physical pieces of a computer system
Software:
Set of programs that control the operations of a computer
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BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS

All computers made up of the same set of six building blocks: input, output, memory, arithmetic/logic unit, control unit, and files Control unit and arithmetic/logical unit together known as the central processing unit (CPU)
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Input:
Device(s) needed to enter data into the computer for it to use in computations and comparisons
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Input: What is the difference between a terminal and a PC?
Terminal
Designed strictly for input and output Has keyboard and screen Does not have a processor Connected to a computer with a processor via telecommunications
- Examples: point-of-sale terminal, ATM

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Common Input Methods:
Keyboard: input entered by user through keystrokes Mouse, stylus, touchpad: alternative to keystrokes Disk drive or flash drive: data on disk read into memory Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR): used to process bank checks - Barcode labeling: scans barcodes on packages or products, and reads into computer - Optical character recognition (OCR): directly scans typed, printed, or handwritten material - Imaging: inputs digital form of documents and photos
Keyboard Disk Drive Barcode
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Output:
Device(s) needed to produce results in a usable format
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Common Output Methods:
- Video display unit: displays output on a screen - Disk drive or flash drive: output written to disk for storage - Printer: output to paper (various types of printers) - Computer output microfilm (COM): microfilm generated for archive copies in small space - Voice response units: computer-generated verbal response messages
Video Display Disk Drive Microfilm
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Memory:
Referred to as main memory or primary memory All data flows to and from memory Divide into cells - Each has a unique address - Can only store limited amount of data
-Byte: stores one character of data -Word: stores two or more characters of data
Memory
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Memory:
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Memory:
Each memory cell is a set of circuits Each circuit is on or off (represented by 1 or 0) Each circuit corresponds to a bit (binary digit) Most computers 8 bits (circuits) represents a character (byte) 2 common bit coding schemes used today: - ASCII - EBCDIC
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Arithmetic/Logical Unit:
Carries out: - Mathematical operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division) - Logical operations (number comparisons)
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Arithmetic/Logical Unit:
Consists of VLSI circuits on a silicon chip Can perform up to billions of operations per second Numbers are taken from memory as input and results are stored in memory as output
ALU Circuits
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Computer files:
File devices used to store vast quantities of data Main memory is limited, volatile and expensive Advantages:
- File devices or secondary memory are used to store additional data that is non-volatile
Disadvantages:
- It has relatively slow speed
Storage Devices:
Magnetic tape drives, disk drives, floppy drives Optical CD or DVD drives
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Types of Computer files:
Sequential Access Files - Records are stored in sequence according to files control key - Usually stored on magnetic tape
Direct Access Files - Records can be accessed immediately, without regard to physical location - Stored on Direct Access Storage Devices (DASD)
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DIRECT ACCESS STORAGE DEVICES

Types of DASD:
Fixed (hard) drives

Optical disk storage
- CD-ROM - CD-R - CD-RW - DVD-ROM - DVD-R - DVD-RW
Removable drives
- Floppy Drives - Zip Drives - Flash (keychain) Drives
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Control unit:
Controls the other five components of the computer system Used to take advantage of speed and capacity of other components List of operations, called a program, tells the control unit what to do These operations are read from memory, interpreted, and carried out one at a time (stored- program concept)
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STORED-PROGRAM CONCEPT
Computer Program - A list of what is to be done for an application - Each step or operation is called an instruction Machine Language - Computer program written for specific computer model - Program executed by control unit; consists of operation code and addresses Measure of Computer Power - Millions of instructions per second (MIPS) - Millions of floating point operations per second (MFLOPS) Benchmarking is used to compare speed for running a set of jobs on different machines
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TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Table 2.1
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Microcomputers:
For personal computing Can generally be carried or moved by one person and only have one keyboard and display unit Examples: - Desktop PC - Laptop or notebook - Handheld or personal digital assistant (PDA) - Tablet PC
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Microcomputers:
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Microcomputers, continued:
Two major microcomputer platforms - IBM-compatible PCs (personal computers) - Apple microcomputers (does not use Windows OS)
Have been put to a myriad of uses - Record-keeping - Word processing - Presentations - Programming - and a client in a client/server system
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Midrange systems:
In 1980s, included 2 types of computer systems
1. Workstations - Microcomputers with more powerful chips than PCs - Reduced instruction set computing (RISC) chip yielded greater performance because it was specialized 2. Minicomputers - Less powerful and less expensive than mainframe systems - Used for departmental computers & office automation
Midrange Systems
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Midrange systems - today:
Servers for client/server applications, Web server, etc. - Low-end
- Essentially high-powered PCs

- Typically built on Intel Pentium, Celeron, Xeon or AMD processors - Often run Windows Server software
- High-end - Powered by RISC processors or top-of-the-line Intel or

AMD processors - Usually run Linux or some variation of UNIX
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Mainframe Computers:
Computer platforms for most major corporations and government agencies Major strength is versatility in application processing - Online and batch processing - Integrated enterprise systems - Engineering and scientific applications - Network control - Systems development environment (not production) - Web server Major players today: IBM, Fujitsu, Unisys
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Supercomputers:
Number-crunchers at 250K MFLOPS Handle problems generated by research scientists High-end supercomputers located in government, R&D labs, major universities Cost: $1 - $100 million One of fastest supercomputers (IBM Blue Gene/P): 294,912 processors and can achieve speed of 1 petaflop
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SOFTWARE
Building Blocks of Information Technology
Hardware
Software
Network
Data
Chapter 2
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
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TWO CATEGORIES OF SOFTWARE

1. Applications software 2. Support software
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APPLICATIONS SOFTWARE
Programs written to accomplish particular business tasks: accounting, payroll, inventory, sales invoicing, etc. Programs that users interact with
Software for standard applications typically purchased from a vendor

Software for applications unique to the organization typically developed internally or via a vendor contract Includes personal productivity software by knowledge workers
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APPLICATIONS SOFTWARE EXAMPLE

Accounting Software Package: - Commercial accounting package for smaller businesses - Includes general ledger, accounts receivable, accounts payable, inventory, payroll, time and billing, job costing, fixed asset accounting, and analysis and reporting tools - Price: $500 for single-user version
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APPLICATIONS SOFTWARE EXAMPLE

Personal Productivity Software may be purchased as a software suite
- Word Processing - Spreadsheets - Database Management Systems - Presentation Graphics - Electronic Mail and Groupware
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Personal Productivity Software
Database management systems - Used to create, manage and protect organizational data - All employ a relational data model
Database - Is a shared collection of logically related data organized to meet organizational needs - MS Office Example : Access
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Presentation graphics - Used to create slide shows for business presentations - All allow embedding of clip art, photos, graphs, and other media - MS Office Example: PowerPoint
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Electronic mail
Groupware - Incorporates e-mail and other productivity features, such as calendaring, scheduling, and document sharing - MSOffice Example : Outlook
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WWW Browsers
Used to access information (navigate) on the WWW from computers that can access the Internet - Hypertext-based approach (to link text and media objects to each other) Pull technology: browser requests a Web page before it is sent to client Push technology: data sent to client without requesting it (such as e-mail, spam, software patches) Examples: Internet Explorer (Microsoft), Firefox (Mozilla), Safari (Apple)
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SUPPORT SOFTWARE
Enables applications software to be carried out (run) Ensures that computer hardware and software are used efficiently Purchased from a hardware or software vendor
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SUPPORT SOFTWARE
Operating System (OS)
Usually purchased from manufacturer of computer hardware that OS will be used on Complex program that controls operation of computer hardware and coordinates other software Performance objective is to maximize work done (throughput) User communicates with operating system software for input, output, storage, etc. Easier to use with graphical user interface (GUI): click on icons instead of enter text commands
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SUPPORT SOFTWARE
Operating System
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SUPPORT SOFTWARE
Operating System Concepts
Job control language (JCL): instructions used to communicate with the operating system
Multiprogramming: employed on larger machines to overlap input and output operations with processing time, keeping the CPU busy and speeding up execution Multitasking: similar to multiprogramming, but employed on microcomputers Multithreading: similar to multitasking, but multiple threads within the same program are overlapped Multiprocessing: work that takes place when two or more CPUs are installed on same computer system
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SUPPORT SOFTWARE
Operating System Concepts, cont.
Virtual Memory: - Optimizes management of main memory by switching in and out portions of programs from DASD -- Permits multiprogramming to operate more efficiently
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SUPPORT SOFTWARE
Operating System Concepts, cont.
- Proprietary systems: operating systems written for a particular computer hardware configuration - Microcomputers: MS-DOS, Vista, Windows 7, Mac OS - Large systems: IBM z/OS and z/VM - Open systems: not tied to any particular computer system or hardware manufacturer will run on virtually any computer Examples: UNIX and Linux - IT Platform: set of hardware, software, communications ; OS name usually implies platform
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SUPPORT SOFTWARE
Server or Network Operating System (NOS)
- Software running on a server that manages network resources and controls the operation of a network - Enhanced operating system that allows for: - Sharing disk drives and printers - Handling server side of client/server applications - Major players include: - UNIX and Linux - Microsoft Windows Server
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SUPPORT SOFTWARE
First and Second Generation Languages
Machine language (1GL) Each instruction must be expressed in unique form for a particular computer Complete program consists of thousands of instructions Programming is a tedious, time-consuming process
Assembly languages (2GL) Easily remembered mnemonic operation codes substituted for machine language operation codes Assembler used to convert mnemonic codes to machine language
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SUPPORT SOFTWARE
First and Second Generation Languages
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SUPPORT SOFTWARE
Third Generation Languages
Procedural languages (3GL) - Express a step-by-step procedure devised by the programmer - Typically machine independent - Easier for programmers to learn - Structured programs: divided into modules, where each has one entry and one exit point - Must be compiled or interpreted (translated into machine language) ; one 3GL instruction typically translates into many machine language instructions
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SUPPORT SOFTWARE
Compiling and running a 3 GL Program
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SUPPORT SOFTWARE
Developing programs with a 3GL
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SUPPORT SOFTWARE
Third Generation Languages
Most popular procedural languages & decade introduced
1950s - FORTRAN 1960s - COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language) BASIC 1970s C
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SUPPORT SOFTWARE
COBOL program example
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SUPPORT SOFTWARE
Fourth Generation Languages
Nonprocedural languages (4GL) Easier to program, but less efficient for computers to run Uses more English-like statements for program instructions Today may be referred to as a language for business intelligence (BI) application development
SAS IBM Cognos SAP Business Objects Oracle BI Enterprise Editing Plus Microsoft SQL 2008 Services (Analysis, Reporting)
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SUPPORT SOFTWARE
Markup Languages
Employ tags to mark up documents HTML - Used to create Web pages - Consists of special tags that tell the Web browser how to display various elements on a Web page (e.g., bold-faced or italic text, image location, links to other Web pages)
HTML Example
XML - Used to facilitate data interchange among Web applications and Web services - Meta language consisting of tags that identify particular data elements
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EXAMPLES
XML Example (tags in brackets)
<Game type= College Football date=9/26/2009> Indiana vs. Michigan <Score team= Indiana>33</Score> <Score team= Michigan>36</Score> </Game>
XML Example
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SUPPORT SOFTWARE
Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) Languages
Neither 3GL nor 4GL new paradigm Create objects once, store, then reuse Object examples: - Text box, check box Most Common Languages: - C++, Java, Visual Basic.NET, C#
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SUPPORT SOFTWARE
Object-Oriented Programming Java Example
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SUPPORT SOFTWARE
Languages for Developing Web Applications
HTML is the most common form of user interface
Server-side programming languages include: PHP Java Servlets and Java Server Pages (JSP) Microsofts Active Server Pages (ASP, ASP.NET) Adobes ColdFusion
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SUPPORT SOFTWARE
Database Management Systems (DBMS)
- Systems that create, store, and manage modifications to data in a database and make data accessible for queries, reporting
Data Dictionary/Directory
- Repository for data definitions used by a Database
Data Warehouse - Very large database or collection of databases for decision

support that use a DBMS optimized for analytics (including data mining)
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SUPPORT SOFTWARE 5 DBMS Architectures

1. Hierarchical Data are arranged like a top-down organization chart Example: IBM Information Management System (IMS) Network Data are arranged like cities on a highway system, often with several paths from one piece of data to another Example: Computer Associates CA-IDMS Relational Most common type Data arranged in simple tables Records related by storing common data in each associated table Examples: Microsoft Access and SQL Server, Paradox, DB2, and Ingres
2.
3.
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SUPPORT SOFTWARE
DBMS Architectures
4. Object- Oriented Data can be graphics, video, and sound as well as simpler data types Attributes and methods are encapsulated in object classes, and relationships between classes can be shown by nesting one class within another Examples: Versant Object Database, Progress ObjectStore, and Objectivity/DB 5. Object-relational Hybrid approach that can handle complex data types with the simplicity of the relational model Examples: Oracle, IBMs DB2 and Cloudscape, and FFE Softwares First SQL/J
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SUPPORT SOFTWARE
Query Language example: SQL/DS Command Language
SELECT ORDER#, CUSTOMER#, CUSTNAME, ORDER-DATE FROM CUSTOMER, ORDER WHERE ORDER-DATE> 03/12/11 AND CUSTOMER.CUSTOMER# = ORDER.CUSTOMER#
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SUPPORT SOFTWARE
Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) Tools
Collection of software tools to help automate all phases of the software development life cycle to increase productivity of software designers and programmers CASE tools for OO development for Unified Modeling Language ( UML) - UML = general-purpose notational language for specifying and visualizing complex software, especially large, object-oriented projects
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SUPPORT SOFTWARE
Communications Interface Software
For Large computers: Controls communications between workstations and terminals connected to a network & central computer Example: IBMs Customer Information Control System (CICS) Web Server Software serves Web pages to Web browser File Transfer Protocol (FTP) transfers files from one computer system to another Utility programs: link together programs & subprograms, merge files (ZIP programs), check for viruses, etc.
FTP
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KEY SOFTWARE TRENDS

More concern with human efficiency More purchased applications software More open source support software More programming using object-oriented languages More emphasis on applications that run on intranets and the Internet More user development More use of personal productivity software on microcomputers
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IT INDUSTRY TRENDS Hardware firms

Have been expanding by adding services (including acquiring established consulting firms) Major players: - US: IBM, Hewlett-Packard, Dell , Apple - Non US : Acer, Lenovo, Toshiba, Fujitsu, Sony
Software firms
Have been expanding by developing new products and acquiring smaller software companies - IBM bought Cognos; SAP bought Business Objects - Oracle bought PeopleSoft and Salesforce.com - Oracle also bought Sun (hardware and Java)
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COPYRIGHT
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America.
Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
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MANAGING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 7th EDITION

CHAPTER 2 COMPUTER SYSTEMS

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

Building Blocks of Information Technology

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS

- Examples: point-of-sale terminal, ATM

BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS

BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS

BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS

BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS

BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

DIRECT ACCESS STORAGE DEVICES

Fixed (hard) drives

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS

TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS

TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS

- Essentially high-powered PCs

- High-end - Powered by RISC processors or top-of-the-line Intel or

TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS

TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

Building Blocks of Information Technology

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

TWO CATEGORIES OF SOFTWARE

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

Software for standard applications typically purchased from a vendor

APPLICATIONS SOFTWARE EXAMPLE

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

APPLICATIONS SOFTWARE EXAMPLE

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall