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MM2406/8441 _______________________________________________________________________________ 0SINGAPORE POLYTECHNIC 2011/2012 SEMESTER TWO EXAMINATION Diploma in Bioengineering 2nd Year (A) Full Time

Diploma in Mechanical Engineering 2nd Year (A) Full Time 4th Year (A) Evenings Only Diploma in Resort Facilities and Services Management 2nd Year (A) Full Time THERMOFLUIDS ll Time Allowed: 2 Hours

_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructions to Candidates 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. The examination rules set out on the last page of the answer booklet are to be complied with. This paper consists of 4 questions. Each question carries 25 marks. Answer all questions. Answer your questions on the answer booklet provided. A Steam Tables booklet is provided for this paper. This paper consists of 5 pages including 2 pages of appendix. For air, take Cv = 0.718 kJ/kgK, Cp = 1.005 kJ/kgK, R = 0.287 kJ/kgK, = 1.4

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An air standard cycle based on the Dual Combustion cycle operates with suction conditions of 0.9 bar and 30 oC. The cycle compression ratio is 18:1 and the maximum pressure reached in the cycle is 90 bar. If the (volume) cut-off ratio is 1.80, calculate the: (a) (b) (c) maximum temperature for the cycle (in K), heat supplied and the heat rejected (in kJ/kg), thermal efficiency of this cycle. (12 marks) (6 marks) (3 marks) (4 marks)

Sketch and label the p-V and T-s diagrams of this cycle 2.

A 120 MW steam plant operates on a Rankine cycle with superheat and reheat. Steam enters the high pressure turbine at 90 bar absolute and 450 oC. After isentropic expansion, the steam leaves the high pressure turbine at 10 bar absolute. The steam is then reheated at constant pressure to 450 oC before passing through the low pressure turbine to a condenser pressure of 0.05 bar absolute. The low pressure turbine has an isentropic efficiency of 86 %. Neglecting the feed pump work, calculate the: (a) dryness fraction of the steam leaving the high pressure turbine, (3 marks) (b) thermal efficiency of the cycle, (13 marks) (c) specific steam consumption (in kg/kWh), (1 mark) (d) mass flow rate of steam (in kg/s), (1 mark) (e) dryness fraction of the steam leaving the low pressure turbine. (3 marks) Sketch the cycle on a T-s diagram. (4 marks)

3. A single-stage, single-cylinder air compressor has a bore of 200 mm and a stroke of 150 mm. The clearance volume is 5 % of the swept volume. The suction conditions are 1 bar and 28 oC and the delivery pressure is 8 bar. The power required to drive the compressor is 20 kW. The compression and expansion processes are polytropic with n = 1.25. Take the free air conditions as 1.01 bar and 20 oC. Calculate the: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) induced volume (in m3), volumetric efficiency at inlet conditions, volumetric efficiency at F.A.D, delivery temperature (in Kelvin), mass flow rate (in kg/s), speed of the compressor (in rpm), (8 marks) (2 marks) (4 marks) (2 marks) (3 marks) (3marks) (3 marks)

Draw the p -V diagram for this cycle

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4(a).

Oil, of relative density 0.9, flows through a horizontal pipe. At section (1) of the pipe, the internal diameter is 250 mm, the pressure and velocity of the oil are 250 kN/m2 and 3.4 m/s respectively. At section (2) of the pipe, the velocity of the oil is 7.0 m/s. Determine the: (i) (ii) (iii) velocity and pressure head at section (1) (in m of oil), pressure head at section (2) (in m of oil), pipe diameter at section (2) (in mm). (5 marks) (4 marks) (2 marks)

4(b).

A water jet with a mass flow rate of 1.0 kg/s enters a stationary curved vane tangentially with a velocity of 60 m/s and is deflected through an angle 150o. If the jet leaves the vane with a velocity of 55 m/s, calculate the magnitude and direction of the resultant force acting on the vane. (14 marks) Take the density of water as 1000 kg/m3 and the acceleration due to gravity g = 9.81 m/s2.

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Appendix - Table of Formulae Constant P P=C


V1 V2 = T1 T2

Constant V V=C
p1 p = 2 T1 T2

Constant T T=C
p1V1 = p2V2

Polytropic

Adiabatic

Equation of state

p1V1n = p 2V2n p1V1 pV = 2 2 T1 T2 T2 p =( 2 ) T1 p1


n 1 n

p1V1 = p2V2 p1V1 pV = 2 2 T1 T2 T p V = ( 1 ) n 1 2 = ( 2 ) T1 p1 V2


1

=(

V1 1 ) V2

mCv(T2 T1)

mCv(T2 T1)

mCv(T2 T1)

mCv(T2 T1)

p (V2 V1 ) mR (T2 T1 )

p1V1 ln (

V2 ) V1 V2 ) V1

mRT ln (

p1V1 p2V2 n 1 mR(T1 T2 ) n 1


U +W

p1V1 p2V2 1 mR (T1 T2 ) 1

mCp(T2 T1)

mCv(T2 T1)

mCpln(

T2 ) T1

mCvln(

T2 ) T1

mRln(

V2 ) V1

mCvln(

T2 )+ mRln( T1 V2 ) V1

For air, take Cv = 0.718 kJ/kgK, Cp = 1.005 kJ/kgK, R = 0.287 kJ/kgK, = 1.4

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Appendix - List of Formulae

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pV = mRT
Vs =

power = mwnet
W = n mR (T2 T1 ) n 1
indicated work shaft work shaft power input power

d 2l
4

rv =

v1 v2 v s + vc vc
v3 v4 ; v2 v3

rv =

motor iso
=

isothermal work indicated work

k=

p3 p2

p c V cn = p d V dn

Wnet TH = Q s

paVFAD p (V Vd ) = 1 a Ta T1

h = hf + xhfg

v v

V FAD Vs
V a V d Vs

s = sf + xsfg
x x1 y y1 = x 2 x1 y 2 y1
S .S .C . =
isen

F = m(V2 V1 )

3600 wnet

p = gh
p1 v12 p v2 + + z1 = 2 + 2 + z 2 g 2 g g 2 g

actual work = isentropic work

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Correction for Q3: 3.704x10-3 m3/s, 0.786, 0.758, 456.23K, 0.08978 kg/s, 1526 rpm, 456.23K, 0.0854 kg/s, 1163 rpm.

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