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CLINICAL MEDICINE
1. Methods of physical examination in cattle
a. Inspection- observing through eyes.
b. Palpation - feeling through hands.
c. Percussion - tapping through fingers.
d. Auscultation - listening through stethoscope.
2. The phonendoscope is used for auscultation purpose in case of ruminants.
3. Sites of recording pulse rate.
a. Cow &Buffalo - Coccygeal artery, Maxillary artery, facial artery.
b. Calf- femoral artery.
c. Dog & cat - femoral artery.
d. Sheep & goat - femoral artery.
e. Horse, donkey& mule - External maxillary artery, median artery,
facial artery.
4. Types of respiration
a. Costal (Thoracic) - dog and cat.
b. Abdominal - cattle, buffalo, sheep and goat.
c. Costo-abdominal - Horse, mule, donkey and Ass.
5. Normal parameters
Small-38.5-39.5ºC Small-90-
(101.5-102.5ºF) 120/minute
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30. Goose stepping gait in pigs is due to the deficiency of pantothenic acid.
31. High stepping gait with rigidity of limbs is seen in tetany.
32. Knuckling of fetlock is seen in neuritis and nerve paralysis.
33. A pulse which is brief, small and hard in nature is called the wiry pulse.
34. When the pulse wave is small,weak and prolonged it is termed as thready
pulse.
35. The respiratory centre is located in the medulla oblongata.
36. Euphoea is the normal quiet breathing with usual respiratory rate in an
animal.
37. Hyperpnoea is the increased rate of respiration with an increased or
decreased depth of respiration.
38. Polypnoea is the increased rate of respiration with reduction in depth.
39. Oligopnoea is the decreased rate of respiration.
40. Apnnoea is the complete cessation of breathing.
41. Cheyne-strokes respiration is the gradual decrease in the depth of
respiration in a renal and cardiac disease.
42. Biot’s respiration is characterised by altering periods of Hyperpnoea and
apnea ( in meningitis).
43. Kussmaul’s respiration or air hunger is the respiration which is forceful
and regular but expiration is unaffected ( in uremia, diabetic ketoacidosis).
44. Chronic pulmonary obstructive disease/heaves in horse is characterized by
double expiration.
45. Septic shock occurs predominantly due to Gram positive organism.
46. Depraved or perverted appetite is known as pica/ allotriophagia.
47. Coprophagia is the eating of its own or other animal’s faeces.
48. Pilophagia is the licking of hair and body coat.
49. Normal rumen motility is 7-12/5 minutes.
50. The interval between two rumen motility should not be more than 2
minutes.
51. Rumen hypermotility is seen in conditions like bloat, acidosis, simple
indigestion, TRP.
52. Grunting can be heard on auscultation of traumatic reticulo- peritonitis.
53. Pole or Bamboo test is the raising of Animal forcefully by placing the pole
on the xiphoid cartilage of sternum in lower third of the chest. It will make
the animal to grunt. Used in TRP.
54. In dogs the liver enzyme SGPT is measured.
55. In large animals the liver enyzme SGOT is measured.
56. Diaphragmatic hernia is common in Buffaloes.
57. Liptak test is used for the diagnosis of LDA.
58. Abomasal pH is 2-4.
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88. Sulkowich test is used for the estimation of calcium in the urine during
hypocalcemia.
89. Xylidill test used for estimation of magnesium in urine in
hypomagnesemia.
90. Occurrence of post parturient haemoglobinuria is due to feeding of
cruciferous plants.
91. Myoglobinuria and muscle degeneration are the pathological changes seen
in the case of azoturia in horses.
92. The normal ratio of Calcium and Magnesium in blood is 6:1.
93. Prepartum diet containing high amount of sulphur and chloride(anions)
reduces the chances of milk fever.
94. The prepartum diet contains high amount of sodium and potassium
(cations) which increases the chance of milk fever.
95. Eclampsia in bitches is characterised by clinical signs like opisthotonus
arch, tonoclonic conulsion, high rise in temperature (108ºC).
96. Phosphorus deficiency may reduce glucose utilization leading to reduced
production of ATP which is essential to maintain the integrity of RBC.
97. Phosphorus deficiency may cause reduction of red cell glycolysis and
decrease in ATP synthesis.
98. Normal level of phosphorus is 4-7mg/dl. In case of deficiency it decreases
to 0.5 to 3 mg/dl.
99. In horse azoturia the serum creatinine phospho kinase(CPK) level is
highest in skeletal and cardiac muscle degeneration. The AST level is also
increased.
100.Normal serum magnesium level is 1.7 to 3 mg/dl. In hypomagnesaemia it
reduces to 0.5mg/dl.
101.Fatty liver syndrome is treated by administering choline chloride ( which
facilitates the transportation of fatty acids from liver to fat deposits) and
vitamin B12.
102.Baby pig disease due to hypoglycaemia.
103.Thiamine hydrochloride helps in lactate metabolism and is given for acid
indigestion.
104.TRP is also called as hardware disease.
105.Vagus indigestion is also called as Hoflund syndrome.
106.In vagus indigestion constipation is an important clinical sign.
107.In vagus indigestion failure of two sites is seen;
a. Omasal transport failure
b. Pyloric outflow failure-causes hypochloric metabolic alkalosis
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2.NUTRITION
PROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF FEEDS (Weende analysis)
Moisture Drying at 100-105oC
Protein= N2 * 6.25
Crude fiber Boiling with weak acid (HCl) & weak alkali (NaOH).
Residue left represents CF.
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Alkali (NaOH)Formaldehyde,
Methanol
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Horses& Ruminants
more resistant.
Anti vitamins
(Injected intravenously)
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Fodde
r
• The ensiling process requires 2-3 weeks for converting forage into silage.
• Chief acid of silage is Lactic acid
• Flieg index is a commonly used method for evaluation of Silage quality
• Zero grazing or soiling is a method in which herbage is cut each day and
brought to animals in containment.
• The central fodder seed production farm is located at Hesserghata
• Oat and Berseem are rabi crops
• Sorghum maize and soya bean are kharif crops
• Molasses Brix is a term used to refer the amount of sugar content in
molasses
• Molasses can be used upto10-15% in ruminant ration and 25% in poulty
feed.
• Dry matter consumption in cattle’s about 2-2.5 kg for every 100 by of live
weight.
• Domesticated ruminant with high dry matter consumption is goat (5-7%).
• Moisture content of Haylage is 40-45%
• Moisture percentage of hay should not exceed 15%
• Hay prepared from mixed crops of legumes and non-legumes is known as
mixed hay.
• The best time for cutting a crop for hay making is when it is one third to a
half in blossom.
• The loss of nutrients in hay making occurs through bleaching, leaching and
shattering.
• Which feed supplies both by pass protein and by pass fat? cotton seed meal.
• Feeding schedule of animal should be based on body weight
• Feed additive is a non – nutritive product that affect the feed utilization or
performance of animal
• Oyster shell and lime stones are used as grit in poultry feeds.
• Antibiotics as feed additives is recommended only in pigs & poultry
• Kernel is a dehulled seed.
• A uniform mixture of one or more micro ingredients and a carrier used in the
introduction of micro ingredients into a larger mixture is known as pre-mix
• Alkaloid in legume which predispose bloat is Saponin
• In a digestibility trial, the causal faecal collection period for ruminants is
about 10 days
• The dry matter of plant origin according to Van-Soest method consists of
cell wall contents and cell contents
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Rume
n
• The urease activity of rumen bacteria converts urea to ammonia in rumen.
• The unsaturated fatty acids under go Biohydrogentaion reaction inside the
rumen.
• The temperature of rumen varies from 38-42 oC with an average of 39oC
• The main gases inside reticulo-rumen CO2, CH4 and N2 occurs in 65%, 25%
and 7% respectively.
• Ruminal gas production 30 lit /hr after feeding of animals
• Ruminal gases CO2, CH4, H2.N2.
• 4.5 gms of CH4 Produced from 100 gms of carbohydrates
• Most of the rumen protozoa are ciliated
• Ruminal fermentation by anaerobic bacteria and protozoa’s
• Starch provides carbon skeleton for better utilization urea
• Methane production require 8% of gross energy intake
• Average number of micro-organisms in rumen liquor/ ml
o Total bacterial count - 1 x 1010
o Protozoa - 1 x 106
o Oscilospira - 1 x 104
o Yeast - 1 x 103
• Buytric acid converted to ketone bodies by the the ruminal epithelium.
• Urea toxicity results when the rumen ammonia level exceeds 80 mg/100ml.
• Under normal conditions the calf rumen becomes functional in about six to
eight weeks
• E.coli produces panthothenic acid
Water
• The bulk of the water in extracellular and intracellular fluids which acts as
solvent for inorganic and organic compounds is known as free water.
• The water available to the animal body by biochemical reaction is known as
metabolic water.
• Water bound with proteins in colloidal system or water present inside cells
as hydrated ions is bound water.
• Approximately loss of more than 10% of water may result in death
• Water content in the boby of new born calf is about 80%
Energ
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y
• Which nutrient is considered first while formulating ration? Energy
• 1 kg of TDN is equivalent to 4400 Kcal of DE and 3520 Kcal of ME
• Bomb calorimeter is used to estimate Gross energy of feed.
• Reference standard in a Bomb calorimeter is Benzoic acid
• Digestible energy is represented by portion of feed energy consumed which
is not excreted in faeces.
• Net energy is the ideal method of expressing the nutritive energy of feed.
• Any surplus in the concentration of ATP favours formation of
phosphocreatine, a major storage form in all domestic animals
• The calorific value of glucose is 673 kcal
• In glycogenesis 2 ATP are used in incorporation of glucose into glycogen
• Muscle glylogen serve as ATP or fuel reserve where as liver serve as
glucose reserve.
• Calorific value of fat is 9.3 kcal/ gram
• The net gain of ATP from oxidation of mole of a palmitic acid is 130
• In glycogen molecule straight chain bonding is of alpha 1, 6 glucosidic
bond and branching takes place at alpha 1,6 glucosidic bond.
• Gluconeogenesis is almost reverse of glycolsis
• Gluconeogenesis differs form glycolysis by four enzymes.
• Glucose is also known as Grape Sugar or Dextrose.
• D-Glucose is the sugar of the body.
• Only naturally occurring ketohexose is fructose
• Sweetest of all sugar is fructose.
• Cow milk contains about 4.5% lactose (milk sugar)
• In terms of structure glycogen is similar to amylopectin
• Break down of glycogen is catalyzed by phosphorylase enzyme
• Complete hydrolysis of cellulose yields only D-glucose while partial
hydrolysis yields cellobiose.
• In horse VFA is are absorbed through Caecum & colon
• Carbohydrate provides more than 50% of the energy value of the diet.
• Ketosis and acidosis are the result of imbalances between input and output
of energy in ruminant animals.
• Ketosis is said to be developed if the ketone concentration of blood
50mg/100ml or more
• The branching enzyme of glycogen synthesis is Glulosyl 4,6 transferase
and the de branching enzyme is Glucosidase
• VFA having maximum absorption rate is Butyrate
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Vitamins
• Vitamin D3 is cholecalciferol
Rhodopsin is also known as visual purple.
• If no green is fed to ruminants the concentrate mixture should have Vitamin
A at the rate of 5000 IU/Kg
• Fatal syncope in calves and pigs is due to deficiency of Vitamin E
Other
s
• Growth rate of male and female calves is similar up to age of 3 months
• In Camels, Llamas, Alpacas and Vicunas which are also ruminants but
omasum is missing, so may be called as pseudo ruminants
• Maximum permitted level of aflatoxin in animal feeds (as per prevention of
food adulteration act is about 30 ppb (0.03 ppm)
• N: S ratio of wool is 5 :1
• Richest source of Prostaglandins is seminal fluid of sheep
• Synthetic analogues of naturally occurring prostaglandins are called
prostanoids.
TRUE/FALSE
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Chylomicrons do not enter the portal blood directly but enter body primarily
through lymph system- T/F
Chemical substances that increase bile secretion are called choleretics.-T/F
Body doesn’t excrete iron T/F
Alkali disease is due to the deficiency of selenium T/F
Questions
Rumen degradable protein content is highest for ?
a. Soybean meal
b. Coconut cake
c. Groundnut cake
d. Fish meal
Which of the following is most important in inhibiting the digestibility of
paddy straw ?
a. Lignin
b. Silica
c. Hemicellulose
d. Oxalate
Concentration of Ammonia and Total VFA in rumen is highest for?
a. Goat
b. Buffalo
c. Sheep
d. Cattle
Most promising initial symptomof Vitamin A deficiency in cows and horses?
a. Copius lacrymation
b. Copius salivation
c. Xeropthalmiia
d. Night blindness
……….% NDF in total ration is critical for maintenance of normal milk fat
a. 66%
b. 18%
c. 73%
d. 36%
Urea supplement is not recommended if CP content of ruminant diet is
above ?
a. 18%
b. 25%
c. 7%
d. 13%
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DAIRY SCIENCE
COMPOSITION OF MILK
• Milk – clean lacteal secretion with SNF not less that 8.5% and fat not less
than 3.5% after 72 hours of calving or free from colostrum.
• Water act as carrier for other constituents
FAT:
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• Buffalo milk have more of Ca and less of inorganic P than cow milk
• In mastitis milk chloride : lactose ration is high
VITAMINS:
• PH -6.5-6.7
• Alkaline PH - Mastitis milk
• Acidic PH - Added colostrums or bacterial deterioration
• Natural acidity is due to casein, acid phosphatase and citrate
• Developed acidity is due to lactose
SPECIFIC GRAVITY:
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• Water up to 3% allowed
• Presence of neutralizers is identified by Rosalic acid test
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CREAM:
Moisture 16.2%
Fat 80.2%
Curd 1.1%
Salt 2.5%
• Not less than 80% fat not more than 16% moisture and not more than 3 %
salt
• Flavouring agent for butter is Diacetyl. It must not exceed 4 ppm.
• Cream for butter making should contain 30 – 40 % fat and pasteurized at
630C for 1 hour or 88 C for 10 mins
0
• Churning is done at 10 C not exceeding 30 – 40 min, lose in butter milk
should not exceed fat of 0.2 %
• Sweat cream butter have acidity with in limit of 0.2 % if it exceeds 0.2 %
then it is sour cream butter.
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GHEE:
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MILK POWDER:
PASTEURIZATION TEMPERATURE
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IMPORTANT TEMPERATURES
PROCESS TEMPERATURE
Crystallization of condensed milk 35-400C
Bactofugation 55-600C
Homogenization 60-650C
LTLT 630C(15 mts)
Thermization 680C(15 sec)
HTST 720C(15 sec)
Stassanization 740C (7 sec)
Clarification of ghee 1100C
Pilot sterilization 1170C(15 mts)
Ultra pasteurization 1300C(2-4 sec)
UHT milk 135-1500C
Freezing points
Milk -0.525 to -0.5650C
Evaporated milk -1.30C
Condensed milk -14. 90C
Cheddar cheese -4.50C
Meat -1 to -1.50C
PFA STANDERDS
PRODUCT MORE THAN(>) LESS THAN(<) STORAGE TEMP
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ANESTHESIOLOGY
1. The action of opiates can be reversed with
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iv. By injection.
A. Above all B. ii, iii & iv only C. i & iii only D. iv only
12. IVRRA is used in which of the following surgical procedure
A. Amputation of Horn B. Evisceration C. Laprotomy D. Distal limb
surgery
13. The effect of Local anesthetic can be prolonged by addition of
A. Ether B. Hyaluronidase C. Epinephrine D. Dexamethasone
14. Amputation of horn requires blocking of cornual branch of both lacrimal and
infra trochlear nerve b in which species
A. Sheep B. Goat C. Ox D. Buffalo
15. The depolarizing muscle relaxant is
A. Succinyl Choline B. Atracurium C. Pancuronium D. Gallamine
16. IPPV is not required during Thoracotomy in which species
A. Bovine B. Equine C. Feline D. Canine
17. Triple mixture for anesthesia in Ruminants contains
A. Xylazine, Ketamine & Guaifenesin B. Xylazine, Ketamine &
Atropine
C. Ketamine, Diazepam & Guaifenesin D. Xylazine, Diazepam &
Atropine
18. The pleural pressure of an animal required for initiation of inspiration is
A. – 5 cm of H20 B. – 4 cm of H20 C. – 3 cm of H20 D. – 2 cm of H20
19. The local analgesic may affect
A. Sensory Neuron B. Motor Neuron C. Both A & B D. None of the
above
20. Which of the following is/are dissociative anesthetic?
i. Tiletamine ii. Profopol iii. Thipental iv. Ketamine.
A. iv only B. ii, iii & iv C. i & iv D. i, ii & iv
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1 B 6 A 11 B 16 A 21 A
2 C 7 B 12 D 17 A 22 A
3 C 8 C 13 C 18 A 23 B
4 C 9 D 14 B 19 C 24 B
5 C 10 C 15 A 20 C 25 B
NATIONAL INSTITUTES
Central institute for research on Buffaloes – Hissar, Hariyana
National Equine research centre – Hissar, Hariyana
National bureau of animal Genetic resources – karnal, Hariyana (NDRI)
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VIROLOGY
FAMILY GENUS DISEASE SYNONYMS
Negative ( - ) sense RNA viruses
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Hemorrhagic tracheitis
Bovine herpes IBRT Red nose
virus I Infectious pustular
vulvovaginitis
Necrotic rhinitis
Bovine herpes Malignant catarrhal Gangrenous coryza
virus III fever
Adenoviridae Adenovirus Egg drop syndrome
Mast adenovirus Infectious canine Rubarth’s disease
hepatitis ( ICH ) Blue eye
Poxviridae Parapoxvirus Orf Contagious ecthema
Scabby mouth
Vaccinia virus Cow pox
Capripox virus Lumpy skin disease Pseudo urticaria
Double Stranded linear DNA virus
Irido virus African swine fever Wart hog disease
Single Stranded DNA virus
Para Parvovirus Canine parvo virus
poxviridae
Chicken anemia virus
Feline panleukopenia Fading kitten
syndrome
Feline distemper
BACTRIOLOGY
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Botryiomycosis/scirrous cord -
horse
Bumble foot – poultry
Ritters disease/expoliative skin
disease – children
Toxic shock syndrome
S.intermedius Canine pyoderma
S.Hyicus Greasy pig disease/expoliative
epidermitis
Streptococcus S.pyogenes Scarlet fever/septic sore throat
S.Equi Strangles/infectious adenitis
S.dysagalactiae Acute mastitis
S.agalactiae Chronic mastitis
S.uberis Dry cow mastitis
Corynebacterium C.diphtheria diphtheria
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S.typhimurium Paratyphoid
S.arizonae Para colon infection
S.anayum Keel disease
Klebsiella K.pneumoniae Atrophic rhinitis - pigs
Shigella S.marcescens Human bacillary dysentery
Yersinia Y.pestis Black death/bubonic plaque
Y.pseudo tuberculosis Pseudotuberculosis
Pseudomonas P.aeruginosa Fleece rot- sheep
Burkholderia B.mallei Glanders/farcy
B.pseudomallei Melioidosis
Actinobacillus A.ligneresii Wooden tongue/timber tongue
A.suis Pleuropneumonia – pigs
A.equuli Sleepy foal disease
Pasturella P.multocida Type - A Shipping fever– cattle
Fowl cholera – poultry
Snuffles - rabbits
Type - B Hemorrhagic
septisemia/stockyardis
disease/barbone
Type - D Atropic rhinitis
P.hemolytica Gangrenous mastitis - cattle
Haemophilus H.parasuis Glassers disease
H.paragallinarum Infectious coryza
H.somnus Sleeping syndrome
Brucella B.abortus Contagious abortion/enzootic
abortion
Campylobacter C.jejuni Winter dysentery
C.coli Swine dysentery
Leptospira L.icterohemorrhagia Weils diseae – human
Borrelia B.anserina Avian spirochetosis
B.burgdorferi Lyme disease
Bortodella B.avium Turkey coryza
B.parapertusus Wooping cough – children
B.bronchiceptica Kennal cough/atropic rhinitis
Morexella M.bovis Infectious kerato
conjunctivitis/Pink eye/new
forest disease
Fusobacterium F.necrophorum Bull nose – pigs
Thrush – horse
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DON’T CONFUSE
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TOTAL CONTROL
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FATHERS
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PLAQUES
Cattle plaque Rinder pest
Equine plaque African horse sickness
Goat plaque PPR
Fowl plaque Avian influenza
Cat plaque Feline panleukopenia
Rabbit plaque Tularensis
Duck plaque Duck viral enteritis
Bubonic plaque Yersinia pestis
Lung plaque CBPP
White plaque Mycobacterium tuberculosis
BLACKS
Black quarter Clostridium chauvoei
Black leg Clostridium chauvoei
Black head Histomonas meleagridis
Black disease Clostridium novyi - Type B
Black flies Simulium indicum
Black death Yersinia pestis
Black tongue Niacin deficiency
PSEUDOS
Pseudo FMD Blue tongue
Pseudo cow pox Milkers nodule
Pseudo rinder pest PPR
Pseudo tuberculosis Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
Pseudo rabies Aujeskeys disease/infectious bulbar paralysis
Pseudo fowl plaque New castle disease
Pseudo glanders Equine epizootic lymphangitis
BODIES
Bollinger bodies Fowl pox
Joset bodies Borna disese
Dohle’s bodies Aggregates of ribosomes in neutrophils
Koch blue bodies Theileriosis
Councilman bodies Yellow fever in man
Negri bodies Rabies
Guarnieri bodies Cow pox
ORIGINS
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ANTIBIOTICS MICRO-ORGANISM
Bacillus colistinus Colistin(polymyxin E)
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DISEASE DAYS
Cattle
Rinder pest 21 days
HS & Theileriosis 28 days
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis 30 days
Tuberculosis 90 days
Anaplasmosis 100 days
CBPP 180 days
Sheep & Goat
pox 21 days
Brucellosis 30 days
Blue tongue 40 days
CCPP 180 days
Swine
TGE 28 days
Aujesky’s disease 30 days
Swine fever 40 days
Equine
Glanders 28 days
Dourine 28 days
Equine influenza 28 days
Contagious equine metritis 30 days
Birds
Fowl cholera 14 days
ND & fowl plaque 21 days
Fowl typhoid 28 days
Infectious bronchitis 28 days
Aspergillosis 45 days
Canines
Rabies 4 months
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VITAMINS
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MINERALS
MINERAL DEFICIENCY REMARKS
Calcium Rickets - young Bood level = 9-12 mg/dl
Osteomalacia - adults
Parturient paresis - cattle
Lactation tetany - horse
Eclampsia - dog
Soft shelled eggs - poultry
Phosphorus Pica or Allotriophagy Blood level = 4-12 mg/dl
Lamsiekte (lame sickness) Pica predisposes botulism.
Potassium Muscle weakness Intra cellular ion
Sodium Corneal keratinization Extra cellular ion
Cannibalism &feather pecking -
Birds
Sodium Heat exhaustion In the absence of
chloride (salt) Dehydration aldosterone, Nacl cannot be
reabsorbed by kidney –
Addison’s disease.
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Hormone – Insulin
Vitamin – Biotin&Thiamine
Magnesium Hypo magnesemic tetany/grass Blood level = 1.7-4 mg/dl
tetany/grass staggers/lactation NH3 prevents absorption of
tetany Mg.
Wheat poisoning K depresses serum Mg.
Stepping syndrome - pigs
Iron Piglet anemia Ferritin – storage form
Thumps Transferrin – circulatory
form
Absorption form – Fe2+
(ferrous)
Circulatory form –
Fe3+(ferric)
Zinc Parakeratosis Stored in bones
Swallon hock syndrome
Crooked leg
Manganese Perosis Enlargement of
Slipped tendon Tibiometatarsal joint
Slipping of gastrochnemious
or Achilles tendon
Copper Salt sick - cattle High molybdenum causes
Enzootic ataxia - lambs conditional Copper
Steely wool - sheep deficiency
Sway back/swing back/gingin
Rickets – lambs&calves ↑S ∫ Cu
Falling disease - cattle ↑Mo ∫ defieciency
Dissecting aneurysm - chicks
Scouring/peat scours/teart - cattle
Iodine Goiter
Critinism – young
Myxedema - old
Cobalt Enzootic marasmus
Hill sickness
Bush sickness
Coast disease
Wasting disease
Nakuritis
Pinning
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Molybdenum Toxicity
Teart
Peat scours
Fluorine Toxicity
Shifting lameness
Mottling teeth
Selenium Muscular dystrophy (white Influence Vit E absorption
muscle disease) Antagonistic to sulphur
Predisposes retained placenta and Improves hatchability of
abortion in sheep eggs
Toxicity
Blind staggers(Acute)
Alkali disease(Chronic)
RARE DISEASES
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PERCRNTAGE OF WATER
Enamel 4%
Cereals & straw 10 – 15%
Hay 15%
Fresh bone 45%
Silage 60 – 65%
RBC 60 – 75%
Animal body 65%
Whole egg 65%
Meat 72%
Animal cell 70-85%
Milk 87%
Embryo 90%
Plasma 91%
Bile 97%
Spinal fluid 99%
TRIVIALS
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AMIGOS 2002-03 BATCH TNPSC NOTES
• Cat has, proportionately to the size of its body, the largest brain
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AMIGOS 2002-03 BATCH TNPSC NOTES
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