Wwi 02 2011

The future of MENA water
projects amid political uncertainty

February/March 2011 - Vol. 26, Issue 1
www.wwinternational.com
The Road
Ahead
Lebanons Lifeline
Update on Awali-Beirut water project
Industrial Water Reuse
Helps water-starved Jordan
Drilling Deep in Africa
New water borehole code of practice
Cont ents | Zoom i n | Zoom out Search I ssue | Next Page For navi gat i on i nst ruct i ons pl ease cl i ck here
Cont ents | Zoom i n | Zoom out Search I ssue | Next Page For navi gat i on i nst ruct i ons pl ease cl i ck here
+
R
Z
WR
$
YR
LG
(
[S
HQ
VLYH3
X
P
S
)
DLOX
UHVDQ
G
5
HS
DLUVIUR
P
&
DYLWDWLR
Q
E
\'
HWHUP
LQ
LQ
JWK
H
6XFWLR
Q
(
Q
HUJ
\RID3
X
P
S
Written by: Allan R. Budris, P.E.
www.WaterWorldCE.com
$
&
RP
SUHKHQVLYH$
SSURDFKWR
5
HGXFLQJ3XP
S(QHUJ\&
RVWV
Written by: Allan R. Budris, P.E.
www.WaterWorldCE.com
SPONSORED BY:
Water Industry Continuing Education
WaterWorldCE is changing the way water and wastewater industry professionals
approach continuing education.
WaterWorldCE.com ofers a mix of technical papers and pre-recorded presentations on drinking water
and wastewater topics. Te site provides water industry professionals with relevant, topical educational
content that is easily accessible, 24 hours a day!
Earn Professional Development or Continuing Education credits from your home or of ce!
Visit www.WaterWorldCE.Com Today!
For Info. http://wwi.hotims.com RS# 1
Previous Page | Contents | Zoom in | Zoom out | Front Cover | Search Issue | Next Page SHARE
W
W
__________
__________
____________________
____________________
1
www.wwinternational.com February/March | 2011
Cover image courtesy of
istockphoto.
See Middle East/Africa
regional spotlight starting on
page 18
Contents
February/March 2011 Vol. 26 Issue 1
$55 Single copies US & Intl, $36 Digital (worldwide)
To receive this magazine in a digital format, go to www.omeda.com
18
34 45
Technology Roundup
Editorial Focus
PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS
38 PPPs are now growing in demand and flexibility to meet pub-
lic sector demands. A review of latest international activity.
METERING AND WATER DEMAND
42 Increasing tariffs and introducing meters continues to be a politi-
cally sensitive topic but the U.S. is making progress, with one utility set to
increase its average water bill by 206% by 2012.
TRENCHLESS TECHNOLOGIES
45 Progress update of a trenchless installation to help flood-proof the UK
URBAN REHABILITATION AND LEAK DETECTION
46 An update on urban rehabilitation projects across Poland.
5 Perspective
6 News
16 Legal Perspective
47 Show Preview: Wasser Berlin
54 Technology Roundup: Corrosion Control
55 Product Review: Valves, Fittings & Controls
56 Diary
84 Ad Index/Web Promo
WATER LEADER FOCUS
12 The 2015 goal for the Millennium Development Goals is fast
approaching but how are we progressing towards the drinking water and
sanitation targets? Summary of a WWi live international webcast.
CREATIVE FINANCE
14 Water and wastewater utilities in Western Europe are poised to spend
an estimated 89.8 billion over the next five years to bring infrastructure up
to the standard of leading countries such as Germany.
Regulars Regional Spotlight
MIDDLE EAST
18 What opportunities exist for water and wastewater companies in
Saudi Arabia and Bahrain? WWi visited both countries to find out more.
24 Engineering Lebanons Lifeline: An update on the Awali-Beirut Water
Conveyance project that aims to transport water to urban areas of Beirut.
27 USAIDs water reuse and environmental conversation project in
Jordan aims to improve industrial water reuse. Heres why.
30 Desalinations fate across a troubled MENA. A look at desalination
project progress before and during the period of civil unrest.
34 A new code of practice hopes to raise the profession standards of
borehole drilling for rural water supplies across Sub-Saharan Africa.
54 Corrosion Control: Pepperl+Fuchs introduces its CorrTran, designed
for corrosion monitoring needs; a flow meter designed for high accuracy
measurement in challenging conditions; low profile sump pump that elimi-
nates corrosion and corrosive resistant materials for tanks and labs.
Product Review
55 Valves, Fittings & Control: the ValveSight from Flowserve Corporation
launched for smart electric actuators; seat ball valves ideal for abrasive sur-
faces; new certified ball valves from Metso and electro pneumatic control valve.
News Highlights
6 Consultation closes on UK super sewer
8 Qatari to lead ExxonMobil water research
9 Mundaring contract establishes PPP in Western Australia
10 Befesa secures 60,00m
3
/day desalination contract
W
W
W
W
__________________
_
_
_
_
_
3
SUBSCRIBER SERVICE: P.O.Box 3209 Northbrook, IL USA 60065-3209, Tel: (847) 559-7501 Fax: (847) 291-4816 E-mail: wwi@omeda.com, Water & Wastewater International is published six times a year. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or
personal use is granted by Water & Wastewater International. No part of Water & Wastewater International may be reproduced without the express written permission of the publisher. The statements made or opinions expressed do not necessarily reflect
the views of Water & Wastewater International or PennWell Corporation. Subscriptions: $271 a year,single $61; Digital-$152, single $40. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Subscriber Service, Water & Wastewater International, P.O. Box 3209, Northbrook, IL USA 60065-3209
PETER S. CARTWRIGHT
President Cartwright
Consulting Co. [Oegstgeest,
The Netherlands]
FRDRICK COUSIN, PRODUCT
MANAGER Degrmont
Technologies [Paris, France]
BEATRIZ LPEZ LINARES
Environmental Superintendent
DaimlerChrysler [Toluca, Mexico]
IAN LOMAX Global Marketing
Manager - Desalination Dow
Water Solutions [Rheinmuester,
Germany]
PAUL OVERBECK
Executive Director International
Ozone Association-PAG
and International Ultraviolet
Association [Phoenix, USA]
ANDREW WARNES
Senior Product Manager -
Systems Pentair Residential
Filtration - A Joint Venture of
GE & Pentair [Chicago, USA]
EDITORIAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE
PUBLISHER Timm Dower
tdower@Pennwell.com
CHIEF EDITOR Tom Freyberg
TomF@pennwell.com
DESIGN EDITOR Heather Skeith
heathers@pennwell.com
DIGITAL MEDIA EDITOR Angela Godwin
angelag@Pennwell.com
PRODUCTION MANAGER Rae Lynn Cooper
raec@pennwell.com
MARKETING MANAGER Gina Godfrey
ginag@pennwell.com
CIRCULATION & AUDIENCE Emily Martha Martin
DEVELOPMENT MANAGER emilym@pennwell.com
SR VP AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT Gloria S. Adams
& BOOK PUBLISHING gloriaa@pennwell.com
CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS, PENNWELL CORPORATION
1421 S. SHERIDAN ROAD, TULSA, OK 74112 USA
SR. VP & GROUP PUBLISHER: Tom Fowler
PRESIDENT/CEO: Robert F. Biolchini
CHAIRMAN Frank T. Lauinger
ADVERTISING SALES EUROPE:
Roy Morris - Sales Manager
T: +44 (0)1992 656 613 E: rmorris@Pennwell.com
UNITED STATES/CANADA:
EASTERN CANADA, NORTHEAST USA:
Craig Wiggins - Regional Manager
T: +1 610-430-8181 E: craigw@pennwell.com
SOUTHEAST USA:
Dottie LaFerney - Sales Manager
T: +1 512-858-7927 E: dottiel@pennwell.com
MIDWEST & WESTERN COAST USA:
Amy Bailie - Regional Manager
T: +1 918-832-9241 E: amyb@pennwell.com
BULLETIN BOARDS:
Tonya Hobson - Sales Manager
T: +1 918-835-3161 E: tonyah@pennwell.com
ASIA: SINGAPORE:
Joanna Wong-Monis - Advertising Manager
T: +(65) 9062 6227 E: joanna@pennwell.sg
HONG KONG:
Adonis Mak - Media Representive
T: +8 52 2838 6298 E: adonism@actintl.com.hk
JAPAN:
Manami Konishi, Masaki Mori and Kimie Takemura, ICS Convention
Design. Inc., 6F Chiyoda Bldg., 1-5-18 Sarugakucho, Chiyoda-ku,
Tokyo 101-8449, Japan; Tel: +81-3-3219-3641; Fax: +81-3-3219-
3628; E-mail: konishi-manami@ics-inc.co.jp, masaki.mori@ics-inc.
co.jp, takemura-kimie@ics-inc.co.jp
INDIA:
Paresh Shingala - Media Representive
T: +(91) 44 535 8075 E: shingala_asso@vsnl.net
RUSSIA:
Svetlana Strukova - Regional Manager
T: +7 095 1136 370 E: Svetlanas@pennwell.com
PennWell International Publications
The Water Tower, Gunpowder Mill,
Powdermill Lane, Waltham Abbey,
Essex. EN9 1BN. UK
Tel: +44 (0) 7904867746
Editorial Offices
PennWell Corporation
1421 South Sheridan Road
Tulsa, Oklahoma 74112-6600 USA
T: 918-831-9176
W
W
_______________________________________
CHANGING
WATER SOLUTIONS
IN CHALLENGING TIMES
CALL FOR PAPERS: DEADLINE FOR SUBMISSIONS 18 MARCH 2011
WaterWorld Middle East invites abstract submissions for the inaugural 2011 conference.
This event will take place at Doha Exhibition Center, Qatar as a co-located event with
POWER-GEN Middle East.
Spanning over three days, WaterWorld Middle East 2011 will be a key forum for senior
executives and industry leaders from across the globe, to discuss a range of hot topics
concerning water and wastewater markets, resources and environmental challenges
within the MENA region and internationally.
Dont miss this prime opportunity to stay ahead of the competition and be part of this
informative, quality event to reach the regions key decision makers.
To submit your abstract for the conference, or for further information on exhibiting or
participating at the event visit
www.waterworldmiddleeast.com
For information about participating at the
conference as a speaker or delegate,
please contact:
Samantha Malcolm
Conference Manager
T +44 (0) 1992 656 619
F +44 (0) 1992 656 700
E paperspgme@pennwell.com
For exhibition and sponsorship
opportunities contact:
Roy Morris
Exhibit Sales Manager (International)
T +44 (0) 1992 656 613
F +44 (0) 1992 656 700
E rmorris@pennwell.com
Bridgett Morgan
Exhibit Sales Manager (North America)
T +918-831-9130
F +918-831-9834
E bridgettm@pennwell.com
Owned and Produced by: Supported by:
Flagship Media Sponsors: Supporting Regional Publication:
MIDDLE EAST
Conference & Exhibition
24-26 October 2011
Doha Exhibition Center Doha, Qatar
www.waterworldmiddleeast.com
Conference Topics:
Water Sector Structure & Regulation Collection & Distribution Networks
Strategic Planning & Management Water Treatment
Desalination Wastewater Treatment

W
W
Perspective
5
A
'master plan' on how water could bring
peace to the Middle East couldn't have been
published at a more apt time than the middle
of February. Entitled, The Blue Peace: Re-
thinking Middle East Water, the report said that unless
remedial measures are introduced urgently, the Middle
East is likely to plunge into serious "humanitarian crisis
due to depletion of water resources".
The day after the publication saw Egyptian president
Hosni Mubarak resign. Five days later and the protests
spread to Libya, with Colonel Gaddaf's son Saif al-
Islam admitting days later that much of Eastern Libya
remains under rebel control. And this list doesn't even
include Tunisian President Ben Ali feeing in January or
Bahrain's protests in the middle of February. Civil pro-
test has spread like wildfre across the region as Middle
Eastern nations seek a revision of their political and
governmental systems.
Given the input, depth and time required to put
together such a report, there is no way the company
behind it - Strategic Foresight Group - could have fore-
seen such civil unrest unfolding when planning its pub-
lication in February. It was also supported by the Swiss
Agency for Development Cooperation and the Swedish
International Development Cooperation Agency.
Interestingly, the report was prepared with the input
of 100 leaders from Israel, the Palestine Territories, Jor-
dan, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq and Turkey. The likes of Tuni-
sia, Egypt, Bahrain and Libya were not included.
"Our choice of countries is governed by the potential
of opportunities to rethink water," the authors said.
The paper highlighted some of the key water issues
facing the region, such as river fows in Turkey, Syria,
Iraq, Lebanon and Jordan being depleted by 50% to
90% from 1960 to 2010.
Renewable freshwater, too, has suffered. Take the
Mountain Aquifer, shared by the Palestinian Territories,
which has been reduced by 7% since 1993.
Figures also showed that the water level in the Dead
Sea dropped from 390 metres below sea level in the
1960s, down to 420 metres below sea level currently.
Predictions show this level could drop to 450 metres
below sea level by 2040. If the water surface level in
the Dead Sea continues to erode, it will be reduced to a
lake in 50 years. Eventually, it could disappear.
The report recommended a Cooperation Council
for Sustainable Water Management in Turkey, Syria,
Jordan, Lebanon and Iraq. It is hoped such a council
could enable the countries to have common standards
for measuring water fows and quality and spread new
technologies.
The Blue Peace Report suggested that such mea-
sures could lead to "broader and sustainable peace
between countries in the Middle East".
Sundeep Waslekar, president of Strategic Foresight
Group, said: "The region can be a harbinger of a new
form of peace - the blue peace - a concept that has
to be distinguished from conventional peace, which is
normally a state of harmony between wars, and green
peace that relates to ecological imperative for construc-
tive relationship between societies.
"The blue peace concept assures that no two coun-
tries that have access to adequate, clean and afford-
able water would ever go to a war in the twenty-frst
century."
Questions have also been raised on how the cur-
rent wave of civil unrest will impact on the water indus-
try and private sector involvement. Despite a report
from Reuters claiming Singapore's Hylux projects in
Libya could face delays due to the political uncertainty,
contracts and initiatives are still being awarded in the
region. Take Bahrain, where the long-awaited Muh-
haraq BOT wastewater treatment contract was recently
awarded to an international consortium including South
Korea's Samsung Engineering Company. The Middle
East and Africa regional spotlight, starting on page 18,
details further market activity and project overviews in
the region.
In light of the expected growth, I'm pleased to an-
nounce that PennWell International will this year be de-
veloping what was the Water Track of the Power-Gen
Middle East event, into a co-located event called Wa-
terWorld Middle East. More information can be found
at: www.waterworldmiddleeast.com.
To conclude, water, as an essential commodity to
life, has been fought over and the cause of disruption
and wars for years. It will be interesting to see whether
such "blue peace" recommendations will come to frui-
tion and make a difference. The Libyan troubles will in-
evitably continue to rumble on until embattled Libyan
ruler Col Muammar Gaddaf steps down.
One truth is for certain: water will continue to be es-
sential for life and there will always be a need for public
and private sector expertise and technologies. WWi
Blue Peace or Blue Problems?
Tom Freyberg
Chief Editor
A report on water scarcity in the Middle East suggests setting up a
collective water council in the region to help bring peace between
countries. Changing water's role to an olive branch will be tough.
The blue peace concept assures that no two
countries that have access to adequate, clean
and affordable water would ever go to war in
the twenty-frst century.
Sundeep Waslekar, president of Strategic Foresight Group
W
W
6
February/March | 2011 www.wwinternational.com
Worldwide News
Europe
Advanced anaerobic
digestion backed to
help meet sustain-
ability targets
Electricity generated from sludge
treatment will play a key role in helping
countries meet regulatory goals, such
as the Renewables Obligation in the UK
requiring 15% of electricity to be gener-
ated by renewable sources in 2015.
Speaking in Lisbon at the Water and
Energy Exchange, experts highlighted the
major contribution anaerobic digestion
from wastewater has made in the past.
Dr Bill Barber from AECOM said
that while only 13% of energy in the
UK comes from renewable sources, a
whole 73% of this total is derived from
wastewater biogas. The water indus-
try uses 3% of all energy in the UK, he
added.
Barber said that vast majority of the
water sectors footprint comes from
operating facilities, with aeration and
pumping contributing a large proportion.
He went on to highlight the Davyhulme
sludge treatment plant, in Manchester,
which he said provides co-generation of
10 MW of electricity and treats 91,000
tonnes of dry solids per year.
Cambi was awarded the contract to
provide the thermal hydrolysis plant,
comprising four process trains, with
Black & Veatch acting as the principle
contractor on the 75 million project.
It is hoped the renewable energy
source provided by the installation will
help contribute towards the UKs target
requiring 15% of all energy supplied by
the national grid to come from renew-
able sources.
Bastien Fischer, vice president and
general manager at Oracle Utilities,
said: Energy is embedded in water and
the responsible use of water and energy
is one of the most important challenges
we need to address.
Meanwhile, Sudhir Murthy highlighted
the U.S. approach, discussing DC Wa-
ters facility as the largest biological nutri-
ent plant in the continent. Average design
fows are 370 million gallons per day.
As part of a new biosolids manage-
ment programme, the company evalu-
ated approximately 50 different process
combinations. The trials found that
thermal hydrolysis, compared to other
processes, reduces digester volume,
produces high solids content with a belt
flter press and benefts include odours
are low and less offensive, along with
pathogen disinfection.
FIELD NOTES
Improving membrane technology can
now recover high-grade water from fue
gases and could be a valuable contri-
bution to the worlds water shortages.
Furthermore, industrial plants could be
transformed from water consumers to
water producers, according to research
from energy services frm KEMA.
Research from the frm has shown
that captured evaporated water can be
recycled for both industrial processes,
such as cooling applications or generat-
ing steam, as well as consumer use.
Tests in collaboration with the Euro-
pean Membrane Institute at the University
of Twente and a number of Dutch utilities
showed how water could be captured
on a grand scale through improved gas
separate membranes. Studies in industrial
plants in the Netherlands and Germany re-
portedly demonstrated that at least 40%
of the water in the fue gases can now be
recovered. This compares to a recovery
fgure of 20%, the researchers said.
As a follow up to the fndings, thir-
teen partners from Europe, the Middle
East and Africa are being led by KEMA
to develop large scale tests at power sta-
tions in Spain and Israel, a geo-thermal
well in Tunisia and paper factories in the
Netherlands and South Africa. It is hoped
this follow on project, under the name
CapWA (Capture of evaporated Water
with novel membranes) will lead to large
scale implementation of the technology.
Participants in the project (in alpha-
betical order) include: Brabant Water (the
Netherlands), Gas Natural Fenosa (Spain),
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (Insti-
tute for Membrane Technology, Italy), Cut
GmbH & Co. KG (Germany), cole Natio-
nale dIngnieurs de Tunis (Tunisia), Israel
Electric Corporation Ltd. (Israel), KEMA
(the Netherlands), Kwame Nkrumah Uni-
versity of Science and Technology Kumasi
(Ghana), Membrana GmbH (Germany),
Papiertechnische Stiftung (Germany), Sap-
pi Ltd. (South Africa & the Netherlands),
Stichting Kenniscentrum Papier en Karton
(the Netherlands), University of Twente
European Membrane Institute (the Nether-
lands), Yodfat Engineers Ltd. (Israel).
Pier Nabuurs, chairman of KEMA
board of directors, said: The conse-
quences of this new technology are
far-reaching. Not only in the feld of the
environment and cost savings, but cer-
tainly also in the feld of the drinking water
issue in arid areas, as in some African
countries.
Severn Trent Water has contracted
environmental monitoring specialist enitial
a contract to monitor 37 of its wastewater
treatment facilities for chemicals such as
oestrogen and ibuprofen.
The programme aims to identify the
effect of wastewater treatment processes
on the management of the 33 chemicals
deemed to be potentially harmful to the
environment according to the European
Priority Substances Directive.
Environment consultancy, WSP, will
be coordinating the programme, which
will involve enitial collecting some 3,000
samples over the 18 month programme
across 37 Severn Trent Water sites. The
National Laboratory Services (NLS) labo-
ratories will be used to analyse the sam-
ples. Research consultancy, WatStech,
will also be undertaking specialist process
analysis in its Wolverhampton laboratories.
The contract ties in with Severn Trent
Waters Chemical Investigations Pro-
gramme (CIP) - set up by the UK Water
Industry Research organisation (UKWIR)
in collaboration with the Environment
Agency in order to uphold European reg-
ulations namely the Water Framework
Directive and the new Priority Substances
Directive which regulate environmental
quality standards.
All wastewater treat-
ment companies in Eng-
land and Scotland are
expected to take part in
the CIP, which aims to
check concentrations of
priority pollutants which
are released into the river
system. This is to identify
any trends and investigate
how their removal can be
better managed.
UK company kick-starts
chemical investigation scheme
Improved membranes could help turn
evaporated steam to drinking water
In Brief
UK institution partners
Hong Kong university
The School Of Energy And Envi-
ronment, City University of Hong
Kong has become the UKs Char-
tered Institution of Water and
Environmental Managements
(CIWEM) frst International
Partner Organisation. The School
of Energy and Environment was
founded in 2009 and is ranked in
the 130 top worlds universities.
CIWEM said such partnerships
can help raise professional stan-
dards, promoting environmental
innovation, improving public
policy for the beneft of the envi-
ronment and informing the public
on environmental matters.
Consultation closes on
Thames super-sewer
Controversial plans for the 20-
mile long wastewater tunnel un-
der London have moved forwards
after the initial consultation plans
have closed.
The 3.6 billion scheme, a cost
which has been questioned by
Hammersmith & Fulham Council,
would see a storage tank con-
structed under the River Thames
to increase the capacity of Lon-
dons aging Victoria sewage sys-
tem and reduce wastewater es-
caping into the river after heavy
rainfall. Consultation results are
expected to be reviewed before
a second consultation begins in
late 2011.
W
W
W
W
__________________________
8
Worldwide News
Europe
Sample of average household bills in 2011/12 (including 4.7% rate of inflation)
a
Company Water Sewerage Total Change
Value Change Value Change Value Change
%
Water & sewerage companies
Northumbrian
Severn Trent 164 5 147 7 13 4.3
Southern 142 11 255 13 24 6.4
Thames 196 4 123 8 13 4.1
United Utilities 182 9 194 5 14 3.9
Water only companies Change (water only)
Bristol 167 13 13 8.2
Portsmouth 91 2 2 2.5
Sembcorp Bournemouth (formerly
Bournemouth & West Hampshire)
c
147 8 8 6.0
Veolia Central (formerly Three
Valleys)
d
169 9 9 5.9
Total change
(combined bill)
The average household water and
sewerage bill across England and Wales
is set to increase by 4.6%, or 16, to
356, over the course of 2011 to 2012.
The fgure followed water regulator Of-
wat setting out in 2009 how much water
and wastewater companies could charge
customers during AMP5 (asset manage-
ment plan) between 2010-2015.
Ofwat said the 4.6% predicted rise,
in line with infation, is less than 10% of
what companies asked for and the bill
changes will come into effect on 1 April
2011, applying until 31 March 2012.
Regina Finn, chief executive offcer at
Ofwat, said: People can shop around for
the best deal on many things, but not wa-
ter. Our job is to do this for them. No one
wants to see bills increasing, particular
in tough economic times. When we set
limits on prices, we listened to customers
and challenged companies hard.
Thats why average bills are set to
remain broadly in line with infation up
until 2015, while companies are invest-
ing more than ever before, 22 billion.
Thats more than 935 for every property
in England and Wales.
Tariff increases in England
and Wales remain 10% lower
than company requests
Middle East/Africa
In Brief
LIBYA: Libya desalination-
projects could face delay
Singapore water treatment frm
Hyfux has said that its projects
in Libya could be delayed due
to political uncertainty in the
country, according to Reuters.
This followed the frm recently
securing the $100 million sea-
water desalination contract in
Tobruk and further negotiation
on two projects in Benghazi and
Tripoli. Hyfuxs two seawater
desalination projects in Algeria
remain unaffected by the dem-
onstrations and are progressing
as scheduled, the news agency
said.
QATAR: Qatari to lead
ExxonMobil water re-
search
A research programme that will
focus on identifying native plant
life to naturally clean industrial
water at the ExxonMobil Re-
search Qatar (EMRQ) will be led
by Qatari national Dr Mohamed
Yacob al-Sulaiti. Dr al-Sulaiti will
lead the project to investigate
water treatment technologies
and has a PhD in Civil Engi-
neering from Colorado State
University, where his research
focus area was Water Resources
and Management- Groundwater
Modelling.
SAUDI ARABIA: MED de-
salination project in Saudi
awarded to Doosan Heavy
The Saline Water Conversion
Corporation (SWCC) in Saudi
Arabia has awarded a contract to
Doosan Heavy Industries & Con-
struction to co-build what has
been touted as the largest single
multi-effect distillation (MED)
desalination unit in the world.
The US$124 million agreement
will see the unit constructed for
the second phase of the plant at
Yanbu, which will have a capacity
of 15 MIDG (68,190 m
3
/d) and
aims to supply potable water for
use by 150,000 to 200,000 people.
In Brief
BAHRAIN: Wind powered desalination agreement
Wind powered desalination has taken a step forward following the signing of a memorandum of understanding
between Germany company Synlift Systems and Jade Consultancy in Bahrain. The MoU will see green desalina-
tion technologies being introduced to the Gulf for the frst time. Feasibility studies will look at combined or single
wind energy and reverse osmosis desalination systems. Laboratory studies simulating Gulf region conditions are
said to have shown such a concept is technically viable and economical.
OMAN: Water authority awards multimillion dollar contract
Omans Public Authority for Electricity and Water has awarded a fve-year contract to international consultancy
Arcadis in a bid to professionalise its water management. The multi-million deal will see Malcolm Pirnie, the water
division of Arcadis, support Veolia Water in managing the countrys water sector in the Middle East. Responsibili-
ties under the contract will include a review of the authoritys information and communication technologies and
development of operation manuals and procedures.
KENYA: Water and power stations trials prove successful
A series of solar powered water units have been installed in Kenya which have helped bring water to nearly 8000
people per month. Installed by HabiHut in cooperation with Kenyan-based NGO Umande Trust, the pilot project
saw each of kiosks supplying on average 2,600 customers per month. Solar panels provided light as well as cell
phone charging capabilities. It is hoped the scheme will clean water globally.
After much anticipation Bahrains Min-
istry of Works and Ministry of Finance
have awarded a consortium headed
by South Koreas Samsung Engineer-
ing Company the Muharraq wastewater
treatment facility contract.
The group, also including Abu Dhabi
fnancial services frm Invest AD and the
United Kingdoms United Utilities Interna-
tional, will build and operate the treatment
plant as part of a BOT (build, operate and
transfer) contract.
The plant will process 100,000 cu-
bic metres per day of wastewater and
is scheduled to achieve mechanical
completion after 30 months. It is hoped
facility will have the capacity to expand to
160,000 cubic metres per day in the fu-
ture. It will serve a strategically important
area of Manama, including the interna-
tional airport, a new industrial park, and
a popular residential zone.
The project includes taking over, up-
grading and operating a portion of the
citys wastewater network. Samsung En-
gineering and United Utilities will handle
operations and maintenance for 24 years
after completion.
Bahrains Ministry of Works and Min-
istry of Finance awarded the concession
following a fnancial and technical evalu-
ation of six competitive bids submitted
in February 2010. Before this stage, 16
companies made it to the pre-qualifed
list, including Suez Environment (Degre-
mont), Sembcorp Industries and Veolia
Water.
Park Ki-Seok, president and chief ex-
ecutive offcer of Samsung Engineering, said
that as the frst BOO/BOT project in Bahrain,
this project will serve as an integral part of
Bahrains sanitary infrastructure.
All three partners in the consortium
are providing equity for the project, with
Samsung committing 45%, Invest AD
35% and United Utilities 20%. Developed
over three and a half years, the project is
being debt fnanced by the Export-Import
Bank of Korea (KEXIM), Japanese lender
Sumitomo Mitsui (SMBC), and French
banks Natixis and Crdit Agricole.
Wastewater treatment contract in Bahrain
fnally awarded to global consortium
W
W
Your process needs.
www.verderHex.com
VerderHex
peristaltic pumps -
2XUH[WHQVLYHUDQJHRIDFFXUDWHGRVLQJWXEHSXPSVDQGWRXJKKRVHSXPSVZRUNDWWKHKHDUWRI\RXUSURFHVV
)ORZUDWHVXSWRP
KU 3UHVVXUHVXSWR%DU
3URJUDPPDEOHGRVLQJSXPSV 0XOWLSOHKHDGRSWLRQV
3XPSOLTXLGVZLWKDKLJK6*FRQWHQW 6HDOOHVVGHVLJQ
$FFXUDWHGRVLQJPHWHULQJ /RZPDLQWHQDQFHFRVWV
...peristaltic technology
9
Worldwide News
Asia/Pacif c
The recently awarded design-build-
operate (DBO) Mundaring Water Treat-
ment Plant project in Australia has been
labelled as the frst public-private partner-
ship of its type in Western Australia.
The Helena Water consortium, com-
prising Acciona Agua, United Utilities
Australia, Brookfeld Multiplex and Royal
Bank of Scotland secured the contract as
part of a 35 year concession.
It will have an initial capacity of
165,000 m
3
/day and will supply the
Goldfeld and Agricultural Water System,
including Kalgoorlie in the State of West-
ern Australia.
Bill Marmion, Government Water
Minister in Western Australia, said: The
consortium, which was one of two short-
listed for the competitive process by
the Water Corporation, brings together
a group with extensive experience and
success in delivering various water en-
vironmental infrastructure projects and a
very strong balance sheet.
This is Acciona Aguas second major
contract in Australia following the design
and current build of the Port Stanvac de-
salination plant in Adelaide, which it will
also operate.
As well as water, the company also
has 258 MW capacity of wind energy fully
operational in the country.
Mundaring contract establishes PPP in Western Australia
As part of the expansion to the Chan-
gi Water Reclamation Plant, Singapores
national water agency, PUB, selected
Black & Veatch (B&V) to provide consul-
tancy services valued at S$2.2 million.
The expansion involves retroftting
an additional membrane fltration treat-
ment process to the treatment facility
to increase its treatment capacity up to
60,000 m
3
/day of reclaimed water.
Already one of largest treatment facili-
ties of its kind, the Changi Water Recla-
mation Plants total capacity is 800,000
m
3
/day.
B&V said the membrane fltration ex-
pansion will observe sustainability best
practices, occupying a small footprint
within the existing site. Equipment will be
integrated with existing structures where
feasible and incur relatively limited capital
costs as a result.
Ralph Eberts, executive vice presi-
dent in Black & Veatchs global water
business, said: The result will be even
greater treatment fexibility to what is al-
ready regarded as one of the most ad-
vanced wastewater treatment facilities in
the world.
PUB opts for B&V to help expand Changi wastewater facility
An agreement has been signed be-
tween AECOMs design-build business in
the UK and Aquatech Systems Asia, for
the use of biological treatment technology
for industrial and municipal applications in
the Indian wastewater treatment market.
The partnership will see AECOMs Cy-
clic Activated Sludge System being dis-
tributed and a contract has already been
signed with the award of an integrated
waste treatment and recycle-reuse
project at Mumbai International Airport,
which will feature CASS (Cyclic Activated
Sludge System) technology.
A Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR)
technology, the process uses a combi-
nation of biological selector and variable
volume reactor process. The process op-
erates with a single sludge in a single re-
actor basin to accomplish both biological
treatment and solids-liquid separation.
The partnership said CASS SBR technol-
ogy installations to date have included
capacities in excess of 150,000m
3
/day.
Mumbai airport contracts AECOM/Aquatech new partnership
W
W
____________________________
10
Worldwide News
Asia/Pacif c
A $2.8 billion programme has been
set out to improve clean water access for
three million families in Vietnam, including
half a million poor households who will
receive their own piped water connection
for the frst time.
The programme has been backed to
the tune of nearly $1 billion by the Asian
Development Bank and supported by the
Government of Vietnam.
At present, four in every ten families
living in Vietnam largest cities are not con-
nected to a central water supply system,
and only one in three towns have any form
of piped water supply.
Many piped water systems in urban
areas urgently need upgrades, with as
much as 30% to 40% of water lost be-
fore it reaches the end consumer, due
foremost to leaky pipes. Water loss con-
tributes to intermittent service from low
pressure.
One goal of the water investment
program is to reduce water loss in urban
areas to less than 20% by 2020, bringing
Vietnams cities in line with affuent Asian
cities, such as Seoul.
When four out of every ten liters of
water is lost before it comes out of the
tap, this is essentially pouring cash down
the drain, said Ayumi Konishi, ADBs
country director for Vietnam. Making an
upfront investment to plug the leaks gives
consumers a more dependable water
supply, enhances public health, and pro-
vides water companies with signifcant
cost savings.
The program will help water compa-
nies improve and expand clean water
supply in some of Vietnams largest cities
through the installation of new pipelines
and the repair and extension of existing
networks. In addition to infrastructure im-
provements, the program will enhance the
operational management and commercial
viability of water companies.
ADB is providing $138 million for the pro-
grams frst project in Ho Chi Minh City, where
many poor households are not yet connect-
ed to piped water systems, and are paying
almost twice the offcial water tariff.
Poor water coverage hits poor fami-
lies the hardest, and this investment pro-
gram will beneft these families most,
said Konishi. When poor families are
provided with piped water connections
it measurably boosts their income and
improves their well-being.
The Ho Chi Minh City project, which
will be implemented by the Saigon Wa-
ter Corporation, will improve pressure
and coverage for over half a million city
residents, and provide almost 20,000
families with their frst household water
connections.
The project is expected to increase
water availability in Ho Chi Minh City to
over 64 million cubic meters per annum
over the next decade.
The nationwide water investment pro-
gram is a cornerstone of the countrys
efforts to attain 90% piped water cov-
erage by 2020, with universal coverage
targeted by 2025.
Investment programme to boost water supply in Vietnam
In Brief
CHINA: RO market contin-
ues to show growth
CHINA: Toray has secured two
orders to supply reverse osmosis
(RO) membranes to seawater de-
salination plants Qingdao (Shan-
dong) and Caofeidian (Tangshan,
Hebei) in China. The two facilities
will produce a combined total
of 150,000m
3
/day. The Qingdao
facility is scheduled to start op-
erations in 2011, currently under
construction by Befesa and has
been touted as the largest RO
membrane desalination plant in
China. Drinking water will be
supplied to 7.5 million residents
in the city. Water produced from
the Caofeidian facility will mainly
be used as industrial water in the
industrial development zone.
GHANA: Befesa secures
60,000 m
3
/day desalina-
tion contract
A US$110 million contract has
been signed between the Gov-
ernment of Ghana and Spanish
frm Befesa Agua. Signed by the
minister of Water Resources,
Works and Housing, Alban
Bagbin, the reported 60,000 m
3
/
day desalination facility will
supply drinking water to the
Teshie-Nungua and neighboring
communities.
CHINA: Hyfux to develop
wastewater treatment
plant in Zunzi, Guizhou
Hyfux, through its subsidiary in
China, will develop a wastewater
treatment plant to treat up to
150,00m
3
/day for Zunyi City in
north Guizhou province, China.
The build-own-transfer (BOT) ar-
rangement will see the company
operate and maintain the plant
on a 30-year concession. The
project is scheduled to complete
construction in the second half
of 2012 and investment cost is
estimated at approximately RMB
200 million, which will be funded
through internal resources. The
two main districts of Zunyi City
have a combined population of
about 800,000 people, and the
whole region has a population of
approximately seven million.
Americas
As part of a rehabilitation process
following the devastating earthquake in
January 2010, Haitis National Director-
ate for Drinking Water and Sanitation has
selected Suez Environnement for a three-
year plan to restore drinking water and
sanitation services in the metropolitan
area of Port-au-Prince. The project will
be led by the frms French, Spanish and
U.S. subsidiaries, Lyonnaise des Eaux,
Agbar and United Water and investments
needed for the project will be fnanced by
the Inter-American Development Bank
and the Spanish Agency for International
Development Cooperation (AECID). As
part of the collaboration, solutions will
be provided to meet the urgent require-
ments of the 2.5 million inhabitants of the
Port-au-Prince region and the long-term
management of its essential water and
sanitation services.
Suez to lead water recovery plan in Haiti
The Clean Water America Alliance has
announced winners of the 2011 U.S. Wa-
ter Prize for watershed-based approach-
es toward water sustainability.
Winners, in alphabetical order in-
cluded the City of Los Angeles, Milwau-
kee Water Council, National Great Rivers
Restoration & Education Center, New
York City Department of Environmental
Protection, and the Pacifc Institute.
The City of Los Angeles, particularly, the
Department of Sanitation, and New York
City Department of Environmental Protec-
tion are planning, integrating, and incorpo-
rating innovative green infrastructure ap-
proaches and increasing resource recovery
through water reuse and other cutting
edge technologies. Both cities are maxi-
mising their resources through community
partnerships and involvement.
The Milwaukee Water Council is es-
tablishing public-private collaborations
that advance water technology and pro-
mote economic development.
As a result, the Milwaukee area is be-
coming known as a World Water Hub,
according to Clean Water America Alli-
ance. A state-of-the-art facility, the Na-
tional Great Rivers Research & Education
Center (Alton, Ill.) is mobilising volunteer
communities around the confuence of
two rivers and creating a national and in-
ternational center for science, education
and public outreach.
The Pacifc Institute is said to be
consistently in the vanguard of water is-
sues from water use effciency to climate
change, informing political debate and
elevating public awareness.
These fve water champions refect
the diversity of America and set a shin-
ing example for innovating, integrating,
and collaborating from coast to coast to
sustain Americas most precious liquid
asset, said Ben Grumbles, president.
U.S. Water Prize winners announced by CWAA
Tihe Government of Ontario in Can-
ada has entered into a strategic alliance
with Singapores national water agency,
PUB, to conduct advanced clean water
research and development.
Under a Memorandum of Under-
standing (MOU), Ontario and PUB will
collaborate in the areas of clean water
technologies and exchange knowledge
and expertise that leverage each jurisdic-
tions resources. This MOU bodes well
as Singapore aims to draw world-class
research and development of talent and
companies in the water sector, in line with
our aspiration to build Singapore as a hub
for water knowledge and solutions, said
Khoo Teng Chye, executive director of
the environment and Water Industry Pro-
gramme Offce (EWI) and chief executive of
PUB.
Ontario is the frst North American juris-
diction to enter into such an agreement with
Singapore, even though more than 70 water
companies and 14 corporate research and
development centres have already set up
facilities and offces in Singapore.
The frst Lee Kuan Yew Water Prize
winner, Dr. Andrew Benedek, is a Cana-
dian citizen who founded Zenon, which is
based in Ontario.
Clean water technology research MOU signed between
Singapore water agency PUB and Ontario goverment
W
W
W
W
_______________________________________
Making Ripples: Water Leader Focus
12
12
I
t was in 2000 that the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
were set out by world leaders at the United Nations Millennium
Summit. A goal was set out to reduce, by half, the population
of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water by
2015. Two years later, the World Summit on Sustainable Devel-
opment added a second target: to halve, by 2015, the proportion
of people who do not have access to basic sanitation. It is the latter
that is proving more of a challenge. The following excerpts have been
taken from the Virtual H20 event and archived webcasts can still be
found online at: www.virtualh2oevent.com.
MDGs: the next stage
As part of a live webcast that discussed the future challenges of meeting the Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs), WWi brought together some of the industrys leading experts.
Tom Freyberg summarises what the Stockholm International Water Institute,
International Water Association and WaterHealth International had to say.
MDG status and future goals
Glen Daigger, chief
technology offcer
at CH2M Hill and
president of the
International Water
Association
Its important to understand, when we are discussing sani-
tation, that we are talking about people who have access to
toilets. Firstly, of the wastewater generated on this planet, only
about 25% is actually treated. We are woefully behind in terms
of meeting this narrow goal and when weve accomplished
this, we still have a lot of work to do.
Its important to realise that the MDGS are very important
points but they are really signposts to improve water and sani-
tation. We are not done when weve achieved the MDGs.
We are at a time when we are reinventing how we are
using water in the urban environment. Nearly half of the hu-
man population will live in areas of water stress by 2025.
Its important to note that nearly all population growth in the frst half
of the 21st Century is expected to be in urban areas in developing
countries, which is a challenge yet an opportunity for us. However,
there is a lack of support for these urban water management utilities.
Our focus and our need for reinvention in the water industry is the
idea of integrated water and resource management. Principles that
we use in the water management remain the same, but the strategies
and practices that we use need to change, and are changing. We are
moving from managing water in individual components to managing
water in an integrated fashion.
We have a tremendous toolkit to use here. All of the methods are
being used in multiple locations around the world, and we are gaining
With regards to MDG on sanitation, the world is doing
quite badly. Between 1990 and 2008 there were 1.3 billion
people who gained access to improved sanitation. The
problem is that during the same period population growth
was 1.5 billion, so we effectively lost 0.2 billion people [with
access to improved sanitation]. And today, fgures show
that 2.6 billion people still do not use improved sanitation
facilities. So even if, in the 18 years between 1990 and
2008, we managed to serve 200,000 people per day with
improved sanitation (almost two people per second), we
are still not able to keep up with population growth.
To date progress has not been very good. In developed regions
99% of the population use improved facilities compared to 52% in
developing regions. Furthermore, at the current rate of progress, the
world will miss the MDG sanitation target by almost one billion people.
WATER SUPPLY
The situation with regards to water supply is far better than sanitation.
For a large part of the world we are able to serve the population. Two
billion more people have access to safe drinking water compared to
20 years ago.
The world has outperformed global population growth and progress
has seen more than eight million people (the population of Sweden)
gaining access to safe drinking water every month, over the past 20
years. And the achievements in the water sector, with regards to the
water, were highlighted in the UN MDG Summit held last year in Sep-
tember. There it was stated that water and sanitation were areas of suc-
cessful policy implementation in need of political commitment for scaling
up. This is a good indication that we are, in this part, doing well. While
87% of the worlds population now use drinking water from improved
sources, sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania are still lagging behind. Just
60% of the population in sub-Saharan Africa and 50% of the popula-
tion in Oceania use improved sources of drinking-water. Furthermore, in
China, 89% of the population of 1.3 billion has access to drinking-water
from improved sources, up from 67% in 1990.
ECONOMIC CASE FOR INVESTING IN WATER
World Bank estimates suggest that if you invest in water supply and
sanitation, you would get between US$3 to US$34 back per US$1
invested, depending on the region. In addition, if you go beyond what
is mandated by the MDGs for improved water quality, you could get
back between US$5 to US$60 per US dollar invested.
So what will it take to achieve the MDGs? We have all of the
necessary resources, apart from political will, to meet the MDGs. We
need to remove the political obstacles to improve water supply and
sanitation.
Some people have stated that we need more R&D to provide cost
effective ways of providing water supply and sanitation to developing
countries. However, if we have the return fgure of between $3 to $35
per dollar invested, I dont think we need to go much further on this.
We need political action and commitment - very few politicians
like to talk about sanitation. Its still a taboo subject and politicians
do not like to talk about sanitation or to be known as the sanitation
champion, incase it affects their political career. We have a very posi-
tive message to relay to political decision makers. There is a lot of low
hanging fruit but its ripe for picking and we can do it.
Meeting MDGs in the developing urban environment
Jens Berggren,
director, World Water
Week, Stockholm
International Water
Institute (SIWI)
W
W
Making Ripples: Water Leader Focus
13
Sameer Mithal, executive vice president for business
development at WaterHealth International (WHI)
Real-time Heavy Metals testing
for the Global Water Supply
Test for heavy metals in water such as lead or uranium quickly and at the push
of a button. Ideal for field testing water sources, process water quality control,
home inspection and in home water services. Starter kits from ANDalyze sold at
www.shop.andalyze.com includes device, 50 test sensors and all needed acces-
sories. Copyright ANDalyze, Inc. 2011
marketing@andalyze.com
+1 217.328.0045
www.andalyze.com
One Minute
One Button
Zero Waste
Ideal for field testing
for Lead, Uranium,
Copper and Mercury
We are searching for
regional distributors
globally, Contact us...
experience with this toolkit, learning how to pull these tools together
that can perform at a much, much higher level.
Drinking water, used water, storm water and rainwater need to
be managed in an integrated fashion that captures the synergies be-
tween them to provide an integrated supply. This requires a change
in technical perspective, fnancing and planning.
Historically, cities have been planned and then the water industry
has come along afterwards. This is no longer the plan we can follow.
Water professionals need to be involved in the planning of the city,
so that the water infrastructure is part of the design and fabric of the
city. This is starting to happen in developed as well as developing
countries.
Most people understand the problems we face
on water globally. Whether you are talking about
2015 or 2025, water is a major human issue we are
trying to tackle.
Where you have communities of several thou-
sand people, there is usually a water
source. In our experience most habi-
tations have some access to water, otherwise they
would not exist. However, if its a standing source, it
is commonly contaminated. Most governments we
work with in these communities are overwhelmed -
they are focused on water availability and not quality
issues. The scale of the problem overwhelms gov-
ernments and availability of safe water can be as-
sured through the use of decentralized solutions.
BUSINESS MODEL
Our method is that we build the WaterHealth cen-
tres, take the water source used by the community
such as rivers, lakes or ponds which can be con-
taminated as the raw water input. Once it has been
purifed to World Health Organisation (WHO) stan-
dards, it is sold to the community. We sell it at a price
point which is affordable. For example, in Ghana,
where we operate, the sachet water that people buy
- around half a litre - is 20 times more expensive than
the water we supply, at a 20 litre capacity level. We
use half of the money that we generate [from the
tariff] for the operation of the plant, so we hire people
from the community to operate the facility, train and
pay them.
From the balance of the money that comes from
the centres, we take a share of the proft and share
the remainder back with the community, which we
call a community development fund. Community
leaders then decide how and where to spend it.
Regarding the commitment made at the UN
Summit at the end of last year, weve just entered
into a joint venture with the International Finance
Corporation and a local partner to install 50 cen-
tres over the next year in Bangladesh. Centres have
been pre-funded and the money is used to install
and operate these systems. The total of 50 centres
should address the needs of between 300,000 and
500,000 people, with each centre supplying water
for between 5,000 and 10,000 people on average.
The plan is to build several hundred more across
Bangladesh.
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY
Its a very simple process - it uses blended RO (re-
verse osmosis), ultrafltration and arsenic, iron and
fuoride removal technologies where needed. The
patented UV WaterWorks delivers three to fve more
times ultra-violet dosage, with an effective high water turbidity (up to
NTU) and no degradation in UV dose due to fouling. The implementa-
tion is what is different, not the technology.
We are also in the process of introducing new technologies, com-
mon in other industries but not this one. This includes remote moni-
toring - putting in wireless sensors at different points in our system
that feed data back. This way we can monitor centres remotely. WWi
Decentralised water purifcation
Enquiry No. 111
W
W
Creative Finance
14
14
W
estern European water and wastewater utilities
supply drinking water and sanitation services to
390 million people across 17 countries. The Eu-
ropean water industry is valued at approximately
47.8 billion per year. Of this amount, 10% is
made up of water and wastewater treatment technologies, 1.6% in
water management and the remaining 88.4% in asset management,
which includes capital expenditures (CAPEX) and operational expen-
ditures (OPEX).
It is worth noting that 20% of the investments made by Western
European Utilities are in the rehabilitation of the networks and treat-
ment plants. Infrastructure of the water and wastewater utilities is
very capital intensive. Drinking water and wastewater networks have
a service life of up to 100 years and reservoirs have an even longer
lifetime expectancy. Treatment plants are rehabilitated to assure se-
curity of supply and high quality drinking water and environmentally
safe wastewater and sludge. Rehabilitation of this basic infrastructure
is fundamental to preserve physical assets for future generations.
To put a price on this future challenge, Western European water and
wastewater utilities are expected to invest 89.8 billion over the next
fve years to rehabilitate water and wastewater infrastructure. Such a
fgure should not come as a surprise.
The European Federation of National Associations of Water and
Wastewater Services (EUREAU) estimates that there are approxi-
mately 2.9 million kilometres of water and 1.9 million kilometres of
wastewater networks across Europe. Other infrastructure that must
be managed by the utilities comprises water abstraction facilities,
storage and treatment and for wastewater collection and treatment.
GERMANY LEADS THE PACK
Germany has the best water infrastructure in western Europe, as well
as low water losses and few disruptions to supply. It is also no co-
incidence that the country is more advanced when it comes to the
adoption of the EU regulation.
Furthermore, in Germany, investments in the water and waste-
water sector are fully paid by the end-users as water and waste-
water utilities already price water and wastewater services following
the cost-recovery principle of the Water Framework Directive. Thus,
consumers of these services in Germany directly fnance investments
in the sector and not the government, as is often the case in other
western European countries such as Ireland.
To reach this stage, Germany invested just over 100 billion over
the last 15 to 20 years. In order to catch up with Germanys rate
of water losses and overall operational effciency, other European
countries in the west now have similar objectives and utilities in these
countries have set up plans rehabilitate their water infrastructure.
PRIORITIES OF THE EU WATER AND WASTEWATER UTILITIES
European Water utilities must implement the EU Treatment Direc-
tives by providing high quality drinking water to 100% of the popula-
tion and protecting the environment by performing wastewater and
sludge treatment. In some countries water and wastewater utilities
still need to reach 100% of the population with these basic services
and are pressed by the European Union to reach these goals by
2015.
However, at par with investments in new water and wastewater
networks and new treatment capacity the utilities must also maintain
and rehabilitate the old networks and treatment plants, ensuring a
good operational performance.
With regards to rehabilitation, the priorities of water networks are
to improve drinking water supply and preserve the infrastructure for
future generations. This includes reducing water losses, expanding
and maintaining the wastewater network and water and wastewater
treatment plants.
Western Europe
Poised for Major Investment
To catch up with water leaders such as Germany, the rest of Europe is in prime position to
attract investment and bring its water and wastewater infrastructure up to scratch. The eco-
nomic situation may delay and lead to some projects being shelved, but in the west utilities are
set to invest 89.8 billion over the next fve years. Nuno Oscar Branco reports.
Figure 1. Drinking water and wastewater coverage and treatment
0
20
40
60
80
100
G
e
r
m
a
n
y
I
r
e
l
a
n
d
U
n
i
t
e
d
K
i
n
g
d
o
m
F
r
a
n
c
e
I
t
a
l
y
S
p
a
i
n
B
e
g
l
i
u
m

N
e
t
h
e
r
l
a
n
d
s
A
u
s
t
r
i
a

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d
G
r
e
e
c
e

P
o
r
t
u
g
a
l
D
e
n
m
a
r
k
F
i
n
l
a
n
d
S
w
e
d
e
n

N
o
r
w
a
y

Western European countries
%

P
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

c
o
v
e
r
e
d
Drinking water coverage Wastewater collection Wastewater treatment
Figure 2. CAPEX revenue splits 2007-2017
100
80
60
40
20
0
2007
New build Refurbishment
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
R
e
v
e
n
u
e

s
h
a
r
e

(
%
)
Year
W
W
Creative Finance
15
REDUCING WATER LOSSES
In most western European countries the wa-
ter network is older than the wastewater net-
work, hence in need for more rehabilitation
investments. Frost & Sullivan estimates that,
across Western Europe, more than 40% of
the networks need to be rehabilitated. Ger-
many, according to a recent study by the
BDWE (Bundesverband der Energie- und
Wasserwirtschaft e. V.), is the country that in-
vests more in the drinking water sector (0.54
per m
3
) followed by England (0.53 per m
3
)
and France (0.33per m
3
). Water networks
are being replaced to prevent contamination
from lead pipes, to reduce water losses and
improve the management of the network by introducing control and
monitoring instrumentation.
EXPAND AND MAINTAIN THE WASTEWATER NETWORK
Just like with the water sector, Germany is also the country in Europe
that invests more into its wastewater sector (1.27 / m
3
), followed by
England and Wales (0.91 / m3), France (0.72 / m
3
) and Italy with
(0.11 /m
3
), respectively. According to the BDWE Germany spent
$7 billion in the wastewater in 2006, the lowest
amount since 1998 because of the phasing-
out of investments within the implementation of
the EC Directive on Urban Wastewater Treat-
ment. However, according to the same report
by the BDWE approximately 20% of the pub-
lic sewage systems are in need of rehabilita-
tion in the short to medium term and another
21.5% show small damages and need to be
rehabilitated in the long term. Thus, Germany
will remain an important market for rehabilita-
tion in Europe moving from water to wastewa-
ter networks. We estimate that utilities in other
countries will follow the same investment pat-
terns and will also invest in the rehabilitation of
its wastewater networks in the short to medium
term.
WATER AND WASTEWATER
TREATMENT PLANTS
The rehabilitation of the water and wastewater treatment plants
allows utilities to address different objectives. Firstly, to improve op-
erational performance. Secondly, to improve treatment performance
and fnally, to improve economic effciencies. Planning is fundamen-
tal to achieve these three objectives in parallel, as they are aligned
towards a similar goal which is cost reduction, security and quality
of supply and treatment.
The majority of investments are expected to take place in the
rehabilitation of wastewater treatment plants. In Europe there are
60,000 wastewater facilities and most of them still need to comply
with the EU treatment directives and be upgraded to perform nutri-
ent removal. A priority for wastewater utilities is to comply with the
Urban Wastewater Treatment directive by 2015. We estimate that
most sewage purifcation plants partly need to be retroftted by 2015
to meet stringent EU Wastewater treatment legislation, requiring nu-
trient removal in sensitive areas. In parallel with rehabilitation invest-
ments necessary to address the UWWTD, wastewater utilities are
also planning to introduce measures to improve operational perfor-
mance and improve its economic effciencies.
According to the European Union, for sensitive areas more strin-
gent treatment is in place for 72% of the pollution load, with a compli-
ance rate of 85%. Only the Netherlands, Germany and Austria are
100% compliant with the directive. The other member countries of
the EU are required to comply with this directive by 2015, thus antici-
pating new investments in tertiary and advanced treatment technolo-
gies are expected.
FUTURE INVESTMENTS
Investment priorities of European utilities vary according to location
and cost structure. The current economic situation, especially in the
southern European countries, might lead to cancellation or post-
ponement of some projects.
However, utilities across the continent need to invest in rehabilita-
tion in a bid to help reduce maintenance and operational costs. Such
investments will be important to mitigate future major problems that
could present even heftier costs. WWi
Authors note: Nuno Oscar Branco is an industry analyst at Frost
& Sullivan. This article is based on some of the key fndings of the
current research by Frost & Sullivan analyzing the Western European
Water & Wastewater Utilities Market. For further information please
email Fredrick Royan at froyan@frost.com.
Enquiry No. 107
878,000
5,105*
500,000
406,000
322,968
133,200
115,000
101,025
83,000
70,000
68,596
67,000
54,000
47,000
41,000
Figure 3. Water network and water losses per country, Western Europe
I
t
a
l
y
F
r
a
n
c
e
I
r
e
l
a
n
d
G
r
e
e
c
e
P
o
r
t
u
g
a
l
D
e
n
m
a
r
k
F
i
n
l
a
n
d
N
o
r
w
a
y
S
p
a
i
n
U
n
i
t
e
d

K
i
n
g
d
o
m
B
e
l
g
i
u
m
S
w
e
d
e
n
S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d
A
u
s
t
r
i
a
G
e
r
m
a
n
y
N
e
t
h
e
r
l
a
n
d
s
Water network per country (km) Water lost as a percentage of total water distributed
*No data available for Greece
K
i
l
o
m
e
t
r
e
s
W
a
t
e
r

l
o
s
s

a
s

%

o
f

t
o
t
a
l
1,000,000
800,000
600,000
400,000
200,000
0
F
r
a
n
c
e
G
e
r
m
a
n
y
U
n
i
t
e
d

K
i
n
g
d
o
m
I
t
a
l
y
S
p
a
i
n
N
e
t
h
e
r
l
a
n
d
s
B
e
l
g
i
u
m
F
i
n
l
a
n
d
A
u
s
t
r
i
a
P
o
r
t
u
g
a
l
S
w
e
d
e
n
S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d
N
o
r
w
a
y
D
e
n
m
a
r
k
I
r
e
l
a
n
d
G
r
e
e
c
e
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
9,994
478
9,000
17,302
10,375
1,720
553 392
1,500
900
400
785
1,291
530
2,000
2,158
Figure 4. Wastewater treatment plants and conformity with EU legislation treatment directives
N
e
t
h
e
r
l
a
n
d
s
S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d
U
n
i
t
e
d

K
i
n
g
d
o
m
G
e
r
m
a
n
y
D
e
n
m
a
r
k
S
w
e
d
e
n
A
u
s
t
r
i
a
I
r
e
l
a
n
d
S
p
a
i
n
F
i
n
l
a
n
d
F
r
a
n
c
e
N
o
r
w
a
y
I
t
a
l
y
B
e
l
g
i
u
m
G
r
e
e
c
e
P
o
r
t
u
g
a
l
Wastewater treatment plants per country
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

t
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t

p
l
a
n
t
s
Countries Countries
Wastewater treatment per country
G
e
r
m
a
n
y
I
r
e
l
a
n
d
U
n
i
t
e
d

K
i
n
g
d
o
m
F
r
a
n
c
e
I
t
a
l
y
S
p
a
i
n
B
e
l
g
i
u
m
N
e
t
h
e
r
l
a
n
d
s
A
u
s
t
r
i
a
S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d
G
r
e
e
c
e
P
o
r
t
u
g
a
l
D
e
n
m
a
r
k
F
i
n
l
a
n
d
S
w
e
d
e
n
N
o
r
w
a
y
%

s
h
a
r
e
100
80
60
40
20
0
W
W
Legal Perspective
16
16
I
t was at the end of 2008 when many in the water industry ques-
tioned whether there would be a new era of standardisation for
water/wastewater BOT projects. This was a result of the FIDIC (In-
ternational Federation of Consulting Engineers) frst launching its
Design, Build Operate form, which combined design & build and
a 20 year Operation Period within a single contract. Such a contract
was particularly ground-breaking as FIDIC was already considered
such an established brand internationally for design and build.
The form itself adopts the Green Field Model - a potential down-
side for water projects that are more typically a mix of upgrades to ex-
isting facilities, alongside new builds. But FIDIC too has since recog-
nised this limitation and plans to issue guidance which will make the
DBO form usable for Brownfeld projects. Another limitation is that
it has no fnancing element - there is no responsibility either for the
fnancing of the project or its ultimate commercial success (which
means that payment cannot be tied to tariffs). But even with these
limitations, is it suitable for water BOTs?
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PROVISIONS
The design build obligations more or less replicate FIDICs Yellow
Book (Design and Build) albeit now improved to introduce fexibility
into the time period for giving notice of claims. Under clause 10, the
contractor has to operate and maintain the completed plant as set
out in the Employer Requirements. This is as well as comply with the
procedures and requirements for operations and maintenance, pro-
vided by the Employer Contract Data (the Operation Management
System), the O&M Manuals and his own O&M plans. He is paid the
amount in the Contract Price for Operation and Maintenance.
This includes funds payable from an Asset Replacement Fund
(ARF) but with two essential catches. He cannot access this fund
either if the item was not identifed in the fund in the frst place (even if
replacement was unforeseeable, to coin a FIDIC term).
The Contractor is incentivised to outperform the ARF as payout of
any excess (according to agreed share percentages) and also of the
Employers additional security, the Maintenance Retention Fund (or
a Maintenance Retention Guarantee) are released at the end of the
term, following issue of the Contract Completion Certifcate.
In DBO projects with a fnancing element, the problem of ftness
for purpose liability over a 20 year period is solved by the introduc-
tion of special purpose vehicle. This makes a return on its equity and
effectively wraps the risk between the end of the D&B contractors
liability (say 12 years in English law) and any cap on the operators
liability. But there is no suggestion that this structure is envisaged un-
der the Gold Book because there is no fnancing element. This will
cause particular problems for water projects where typically, the DBO
contractor employs specialist suppliers to supply plant and equip-
ment and these contracts often have express liability expiry dates that
dont extend beyond a three year warranty period post completion
let alone 20 years.
FITNESS FOR PURPOSE
Taking a wastewater treatment plant as an example, there is the em-
ployers obligation to supply raw sewage within a defned catchment
to allow the plant to operate. This would require amendment of the
FIDIC Clause 10.4 (Delivery of Raw Materials) under which the Em-
ployer is responsible for the free issue and supply and delivery to
the Site of the raw materials, fuels, consumables and other items
specifed in the Employers Requirements. The clause goes on to
say that the Employer is responsible that all such items are ft for pur-
pose and comply with the requirements of the Contract in respect of
quality, purpose and function. Obviously we would need to include a
provision for both infuent quality and capacity parameters. This is the
sewage equivalent of ftness for purpose!
Equally, there would a need to be more extensive provision for
relief during the Operation Service Period. The provisions in the Gold
Book are somewhat unusual, certainly when compared with typical
water BOTs. Clause 10.6 simply says that if delay, interruption or any
failure to achieve outputs is caused by or due to a cause for which
the Contractor is responsible - in other words, is not down to an
Employer Risk. The Contractor is responsible for the consequential
losses of the Employer (ie. any losses including loss of revenue, loss
of proft and overhead losses).
Apart from the uncertainty of what those consequential losses
might be, where the employer is say, a municipality, there may not
be any losses at all. I would suggest a return to the more traditional
combination of KPI measures which weigh performance failures ac-
cording to their signifcance.
TECHNOLOGY
Another point relevant to a water treatment plant and long-term op-
eration is innovation and the use of new technology or new materials.
The employers representative may instruct the contractor to use new
technology, new products or new materials but what if those inputs
have an impact on the quality of the Operational Service? The con-
tractor can only object if the instruction will have an adverse effect
on operations, not if it may, or is likely to have such an impact.
Ultimately protection to the operator may arise simply from the fact
that he is not obliged (during the Operation Service Period) to pro-
ceed until the adjustment to the contract price has been agreed. But
there is no mechanism for arriving at that adjustment. This raises the
prospect of a running dispute where the employer may be very keen
to proceed (perhaps to ensure consistency with a wider network) and
the contractor is not happy with the price adjustment. This is obvi-
ously not healthy in the context of a 20 year relationship.
So is this DBO form genuinely gold dust for water BOTs and the
shape of things to come, or is the price of gold too high? It is prob-
ably the only standard form around at the moment and may have po-
tential for use where procurers are not seeking fnancing and simply
want design & build and operations & maintenance combined within
the same contract. However, there is still a long way to go to adapt
this form for use on water or wastewater treatment BOTs. WWi
Sarah Thomas is a partner with Pinsent Masons LLP spe-
cialising in water and mining projects and can be contacted:
sarah.thomas@pinsentmasons.com
Enquiry No. 109
DBO - Gold Dust for Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) Contracts?
Sarah Thomas- Partner with Pinsent Masons LLP
The second in a series of legal columns to bring the industry up to speed with regulatory changes,
Sarah Thomas addresses the challenges with water or wastewater treatment build-operate-transfer
contracts adapting the FIDICs Design, Build Operate form.
This raises the prospect of a running dispute
where the employer may be very keen to proceed
and the contractor is not happy with the price adjustment
W
W
Big Motors.
Small Wait.
2010 Baldor Electric Company
Baldors new Quick-Ship (QS) large frame AC motor program
delivers the large motor you need faster than ever before.
The QS program offers a broad list of design options to build
a custom motor that fits your application requirements.
Available in TEFC, 200 Hp 700 Hp, and 449 through 5000
frame sizes. Best of all, your QS motors will ship within two
weeks from the day you place your order!
Plus, any large frame AC motor we have in stock that fits
your needs will typically go out the door the same day we
receive your order.
Big motors, custom or stock...fast. Only from Baldor.
baldor.com 479-646-4711
Unmatched Quality
Superior Reliability
Energy Efficient
Made in the USA
QS Program Orders Ship in Two Weeks
W
W
Regional Spotlight: Middle East & Africa
18
March/April | 2011 www.wwinternational.com
18
J
anuary is an ironic time to visit the Kingdom of Saudi Ara-
bia. Ironic because in a country in such desperate need of
fresh water, not to mention year round desert conditions,
its raining. In fact its raining heavily. So much so that many
streets in Jeddah are fooded.
The fact that road drainage is an alien concept here means one of
the main methods in shifting water is natural evaporation. Lucky for
the local population the following day is sunny and 25 degrees, then.
The city wasnt so lucky in 2009. In November devastating foods
washed through Jeddah, leaving thousands homeless.
Desert country cities, such as Jeddah, experience rain so rarely
that when it rains torrentially, the city isnt geared up to cope with it.
Cue a real opportunity for a country well versed on dealing with wet
weather to help out; the UK.
As part of a UK Trade & Investment and British Water mission
to Saudi Arabia and Bahrain, I am joined by a delegation offering a
wide-variety of products and services. From global, multi-million turn-
over environmental consultancies, to SMEs providing pipe fttings
and safety equipment; the mission hopes to partner individuals with
Middle Eastern companies and agencies in need of such services.
An example of international supply and demand at its best.
And the need for such work could not be so urgent. While pre-
dictions show Saudi Arabia could struggle to meet its water supply
needs by 2025, more worrying is the fact that only 45% of the urban
population has access to a sewerage system. Its been estimated
that the investment needed in sewerage systems and wastewater
treatment over the next 20 years will amount to 10 billion. Thats a
lot of money and key indicator why companies not already operating
in Saudi Arabia are so keen to do so.
Companies shouldnt be too hasty, however, when trying to se-
cure a slice of the market.
Do your homework and dont expect to come out frst time and
return with a big fat contract, advises Edward Ogilvie, chairman of
the British Businessmen Group in Jeddah. This is very rare. It takes
Land of the Black
[& Blue] Prosperous Gold
Political uncertainty has spread across the Middle East over the last couple of months but
future demand for freshwater supplies will continue to grow. Tom Freyberg visited
Saudi Arabia and Bahrain before civil unrest swept across the Arab world to fnd out what
opportunities exist when it comes water supply and wastewater treatment.
Under a protection programme the oil giant takes water samples regularly
from more than 400 groundwater monitoring wells
Saudi Arabias major oil producer, Saudi Aramco, is interested in
partnering with international water monitoring companies
W
W
19
time to build business in this country and its important for the same
person to return.
An example of the time it takes to build business can be seen
from previous trade missions. A water and wastewater services pro-
vider recently signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with
a Saudi Arabian company, a whole two years after meeting them
during a previous water mission.
INSUFFICIENT INFRASTRUCTURE
With this in mind, the water delegation visits the National Water Com-
pany (NWC). When the frm was created in 2008, average supply fre-
quency (ASF) to the Jeddah population waste 22.9 days. Two years
later and ASF is down to 9.2 days.
In a recent statement, NWC says that water supply reached 942
million cubic metres in 2010, which compares to a fgure of 753 mil-
lion cubic metres in 2008. The company put this down to efforts to
increase the volume of water resources in cooperation with the Saline
Water Conversion Corporation and intensifying programs that detect
visible and invisible leaks.
And the issue of leaks is a major challenge the company had to
deal with when frst appointed. Discussing insuffcient and poorly-
maintained infrastructure Roberto Bianchi, general manager of the
Jeddah City Business Unit at the National Water Company, says that
the network still experiences 40% water losses and previously, two
thirds of the population were not connected to the sewer network.
Facing such challenges, I wish to know more about the politically
sensitive subject of tariffs, how much NWP is charging for water and
whether an increase is on the cards to help fund new infrastructure?
In answer, currently a low rate - the equivalent of two pence per
cubic metre - is being charged for water. NWP says a request was
put to the Supreme Judicial Council to consider raising the tariff, but
it was rejected at the time. However, plans are in place to revise tariff
structure over the next two to three years. Also, as part of a water
renewal and maintenance programme, the organisation plans to roll
out between 10,000 and 12,000 meters a month.
CURRENT CONTRACTS
It was in 2008 that Frances Suez and Middle Eastern company
Acwa Power signed a seven-year, joint venture public-private part-
nership (PPP) to upgrade and modernise Jeddahs water and waste-
water services. Set to close in 2015, Bianchi says there has been a
signifcant improvement to customers, without the need for a tariff
increase. Discussing contract successes, Bianchi says that the PPP
model works well and there has been no confict to date between
NWC and private operators. Furthermore, Saur secured the SAR12
million 12-month contract back in 2009, to provide technical assis-
tance to the Mecca Water Directorate between August 2009 and
July 2010.
WASTEWATER AND JEDDAHS SEWAGE LAKE
While a wastewater revolution may be expected over the next 20
years, there is certainly signs that progress is slow. Despite such
hesitancy, NWC highlights the King Abdulaziz International airport
contract, which includes a tender for wastewater treatment. Reports
suggest the second phase of this sewage treatment plant will help
to increase capacity by 250,000 cubic metres a day. The airport 1
contract may well be going ahead, but it is the speed of accelerating
delayed and struggling projects that the company says it is improv-
ing.
In an address to the Prince of Meccas region Khalid Al-Faisal,
the CEO of NWC, Loay Al-Mussallam, recently said that the frm has
implemented a plan to accelerate struggling projects. This, he said,
resulted in a decrease in the number of delayed projects to fve in
Jeddah during 2010, which compares to 15 in 2008.
On the subject of wastewater, it is diffcult to be in Jeddah talk-
ing about the topic without mentioning the infamous sewage lake.
A quick internet search on the topic of Jeddahs Musk Lake brings
up several alarming headlines from the past. Archived copies of the
Saudi Gazette and Arabian Business dated two years ago throw up
headlines of Jeddah sewage lake at dangerous level and Fears
Supply and demand: the UK T&I delegation meets NWCs Jeddah team
W
W
____________
20
sewage lake may food Jeddah, respectively. However, the period of
two years is a long when it comes to wastewater clean up projects.
At the end of 2010 it was announced that, through a SAR1 million
contract awarded to environmental consultants CH2M Hill, the lake
was emptied of its content in the space of only three months. The
project saw the evacuation of the lake water, removal of the dam and
removal of sludge deposited in the lake.
Such an operation followed a warning from the Ministry of Water
& Electricity over the lake, which at one stage contained around eight
million cubic metres. An on-site treatment plant, with a capacity of
60,000m
3
/day, now processes wastewater in a three-stage process.
WATER TRAINING ACADEMY
The Jeddah lake behind them, clearly change is afoot at the National
Water Company. What will surely be music to the international wa-
ter industrys ears, NWC says it will be investing around SR5 billion
over the next ten years through the expansion of the sale of treated
water. This will be done via agreement signings and MOUs to supply
390,000 cubic metres per day.
Tenders are being pushed through and the expected wastewater
revolution could well take place. With such a momentous task ahead,
it does raise the question of whether the country will have the neces-
sary skilled and qualifed work-
force to operate and maintain
facilities?
In light of this, NWP says it
will be helping to build a water
training academy in Jeddah,
worth an estimated SR150
million. Suez, Veolia and Agbar
Water have reportedly shown
an interest and the water tech-
nology academy would be
in association with the King
Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST). It will be
interesting to see if such a development will help the country achieve
the goal of becoming to the Middle East what Singapore is to Asia - a
global water hub.
DAMMAN AND CLEANING UP BLACK GOLD
The arrival to Damman and journey to Al Khobar from the airport
couldnt be more of a contrast to Jeddah. Instead of King Fahds
Fountain shooting water over 300 metres above the Red Sea, the
view changes to a vast, endless desert with oil tankers and lorries
crossing the dwarfed roads.
Damman is home of global oil giant, Saudi Aramco. As the frm
has signed international partnerships with Siemens Water Company
and the Dow Chemical Company, not to mention the opportunities
that exist for the vast quantities of water wasted in the extraction of
oil, the group is keen to hear more.
As the largest oil producer worldwide, the frm currently produces
eight million barrels per day but has the capacity to produce 12.5
million barrels a day.
Ramzi Hejazi, engineering consultant in the Environmental Pro-
tection Department says it was in 1938 when the Kingdoms frst
commercial oil feld was discovered, at Dharan, before crude oil was
exported by barge to Bahrain. Following this, it was in 1963 when
Aramco issued its frst policy statement on environmental protection.
This was revolutionary at the time, Hejazi says, as the concept of
environmental protection was unheard of.
After the Saudi
government acquired
100% participation
interest in Aramco in
1980, purchasing all of
the companys assets,
an Environmental Pro-
tection Department was
created in 1998. It was
ten years ago, in 2001,
when an environmen-
tal Master Plan was
launched by the frm,
backed to the tune of
several million dollars.
The aim, according to
the engineering con-
sultant, was to bring all
Aramco facilities into
compliance with cur-
rent regulations. Total
investment will reach $7
billion, with the plan set
for completion by 2015.
Desalination, as with
the majority of Middle
Eastern countries, may
well supply the lions
share of water in Saudi
Arabia, but over 600
wells still remain across
the Kingdom. The oil gi-
ant says that under its
protection programme,
water samples are
regularly collected from
more than 400 ground-
water monitoring wells
to detect the impact on
groundwater.
Were interested in
outsourcing groundwa-
ter monitoring and need
support for occupation-
al monitoring, as well as
water monitoring. This
is a message we want
conveyed to the rest
of the global industry,
says Hejazi.
GROWING THE
SAUDI ECONOMY
We have had numerous companies approaching Aramco from the
Gulf but we would prefer companies to open offces in Saudi Arabia,
the consultant adds. We also want to help younger population be-
come more educated, so companies should hire local staff.
The environmental consultant cites past examples where com-
panies have set up shop in the country, carried out business, and
left. We are not interested in this approach, he warns. Quoting the
Partnership profiles
Halfway through 2010 saw Aramco Overseas
Company, a subsidiary of Saudi Aramco, sign
a licensing agreement for commercialisation
of the EcoRight membrane bioreactor (MBR)
with Siemens Water Technologies. Combin-
ing three technologies into a single wastewa-
ter treatment step, the system will treat efflu-
ent to meet strict wastewater discharge limits,
to be reused, or fed directly to reverse osmo-
sis equipment for reuse, boiler feed or cool-
ing water.
Currently under technical evaluation, it is hoped
the system will be made commercially avail-
able during the middle of this year, according to
Tom Schultz, oil and gas marketing manager for
Siemens Water Technologies. He later tells Wa-
ter & Wastewater International: Despite having
some issues with installing the demonstration
unit, which have resulted in minor delays, ev-
erything is operating correctly and going as an-
ticipated. We are in the process of testing and
so far have obtained the anticipated results.
On the issue of membrane biofouling, a raised
concern with such technologies, Schultz says:
We havent had any fouling issues or antici-
pate any fouling issues. The key to preventing
fouling in the membrane is to make sure youve
got the pre-treatment correct. Using Granular
Activated Carbon (GAC) were able to remove
components which might contribute to fouling
ahead of the membrane.
On the subject of discharge requirements, he
adds: Saudi Arabias regulatory requirements
are right in line with other countries. The issue
in the country is the sustainability of water re-
sources. You have a lot of facilities generating
a low TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) wastewater
which, if you can remove the other pollutants,
is very suitable for reuse. Many facilities run
on desalinated water, so once youve got all of
the salt out of the water, it would be better to
reuse it.
Meanwhile, a long-standing petrochemical joint
venture between Saudi Aramco and the Dow
Chemical Company has seen the Jubail Indus-
trial City chosen as the planned site location for
the project. Initially announced five years ago,
the venture hopes to produce 1.8 million tons a
year of ethylene from naptha and ethane feed-
stock. Chlorine, polyvinyle chloride and other
products are also expected to be produced.
Saudi Aramcos Environmental Protection Depart-
ment was created in 1998
W
W
As a pioneer of energy-optimised drive solutions we have always devoted a great deal
of energy to help our customers to save energy and protect the environment. As early
as the 1990s, we made sustainability a rm part of our company policy. Because of this, we have consistent-
ly orientated both our range of products and our production facilities to nding and implementing potential
energy savings. You can nd out all about NORD energy efciency under vvv.nord.com.
Getriebebau NORD, 22941 Bargteheide, Rudolf-Diesel-Str. 1
Fon: +49 (0) 45 32 / 4 01-0, Fax: +49 (0) 45 32 / 4 01-2 53, info@nord.com
(QHUJ\HIFLHQW'ULYHWHFKQQRORJ\IURP125'
NORD DRIVESYSTEMS | Intelligent Drivesystems, Worldwide Services
Decentralised frequency inverter SK 200E
Energy saving managemenI
fuIIy equipped
Economic A5 inIerface on board
High quaIiIy moIor inverIer
Up Io IP 66
Gear Unit NORDBLOC.1
LighIveighI
5Irong bearings
Corrosion proIecIion (AI)
Easy Io cIean
uieI running
NORD IE2-motors
High efciencies
Wide voIIage range
Lov vasIe heaI
Large pover reserves
Long service Iife
Siemens Water Technologies example (see box out), he says the
company came backing an environment outreach programme and
donated 10,000 backpacks made of environmentally friendly materi-
als to local schools.
RIYADH AND DEVELOPMENT OF A WATER REGULATOR
Arriving at the National Water Companys headquarters in Saudi
Arabias capital city, Riyadh, the issue of non-revenue water (NRW)
is a key topic discussed.
The country is currently facing big challenges with non-revenue
water and intermittent supply, says Michael Webb, senior consul-
tant for corporate projects. The system is not pressurised entirely,
which brings its own challenges.
Back in Jeddah the delegation heard that the company was ex-
periencing a water loss/leakage rate of 40%. However, any compa-
nies interested in lending services to help reduce such a fgure are
encouraged to negotiate the pre-qualifcation process.
The selection of suppliers and contractors to provide services
is crucial, he stresses. Pre-qualifcation is a big issue to us and
we will not be treating the process lightly...business has to proceed
so currently it is being done by existing pre-qualifed companies.
Webb adds: Part of the aim as well as providing water, is gen-
erating revenue. The plan is to expand the application of treated
sewage effuent (TSE) - the highest application for this product to
date is agriculture.
While NWC was created in 2008 to take responsibility for water
services across major cities in Saudi Arabia, there remains a gap -
and need - for an organisation to act as the regulator. Think Ofwat in
the UK. But according to NWC, this could all be changing.
Just like the Electricity & Co-generation Regulatory Authority
(ECRA) regulates the electricity industry in Saudi Arabia, a similar
organisation for water is on the cards for the future. NWC says that
a new water regulator agency will be developed over the next three
years, and the company will be working with the ministries to sup-
port its roll out.
THE MIDDLE EASTS FINANCIAL POWERHOUSE
A mere 30 minute drive from Saudi across the causeway and you
reach another country that couldnt be any different. While one of
the smallest countries in the
Gulf, Bahrain has held the
acculade of possessing one
of the strongest fnancial
services sectors in the Arab
World.
The recent political
events - two weeks of Shia
protests against the Sunni-
led regime, forcing a cabinet
reshuffe - should not tarnish
the countrys economic performance in the past.
In 2009, the fnancial services sector made up 27% of the na-
tions GDP, with manufacturing following closely behind with 16%
and real estate and telecom and transport 10% and 9%, respec-
21
W
W
22
tively. Oil may well have been discovered in the Middle East in Bah-
rain in 1932, but it only accounted for 13% of the countries GDP
in 2009.
An inevitable population boom, along with economic develop-
ment from 2005-08 boosted demand for water and wastewater
services. According to UK T&I, today 30% of Bahrains sewerage
network is in need of replacement, and underground water is in-
fltrating into the sewerage network in 50% of areas, resulting in
fooding and environmental damage. However, also just like Saudi
across the causeway, change is on the horizon.
One of the aims of the government is to increase the propor-
tion of the population connected to the sewerage network. Fur-
thermore, a sanitary drainage project from the National Oil and Gas
Authority, to the tune of US$150 million, is set for completion by the
end of 2012.
In Bahrain, water recycling and sewerage treatment is under the
remit of the Ministry of Works, whereas water production is con-
trolled by the Electricity & Water Authority (EWA). Around 150 million
gallons (567,000 m
3
) of water per day makes up the total water
supply, with 90% generated from desalination and the remaining
10% from groundwater. The following fve facilities make up water
supply:
- Al-Hidd Power Company
- Sitra Power and Water Station
- Ras Abu Jarjur RO Desalination Plant
- Addur SWRO Desalination Plant
- ALBA Desalination (Aluminium Bahrain).
According to Dr Abdulmajeed Ali Alawadhi, chief executive of
EWA, leakage levels are currently at 18%. A two-year target, over
the course of 2011 to 2012, is to reduce this fgure down to 12%.
The estimated cost of doing so is BHR10 million. Following this,
between 2013 and 2014, the authority hopes to reduce this fgure
from 12% to 10%.
We have a water shortage here - water is expensive to produce
and the tariff is low, so it is often overused, he says.
The high cost of water is currently highly subsidised in the coun-
try. In fact, 75% of the cost of water production is subsidised, leav-
ing consumers to only pay 25%. To help with these costs, BH21
million is provided every month from the Ministry of Finance. If the
tariff is increased, we should be able to the decrease the subsidy,
adds the chief executive.
On the subject of privatisation, Dr Alawadhi says: All of produc-
tion has been privatised...in the future we aim to award mainte-
nance contracts to the private sector. Whatever outsourcing can be
done, will, to leave the authority to continue with its core role. The
next step, we will be giving the private sector responsibility of col-
lecting bills - people need to understand how much of an important
area this is.
BAHRAINS WASTEWATER - BUILDING A FUTURE
Improvements may well be in place for drinking water supply but
it is also wastewater where vast improvements are planned.
It was actually back in 1977-1979 when the Ministry of Works
constructed its frst trunk sewers and main pumping station for
Manama, Muharraq and Isa Town. Following the completion of the
National Master Plan for Sanitary Engineering Services (NMPSES),
a Sanitary Engineering Services Restructuring Study is expected to
be completed by the end of this year.
One of the aims, according to Ebrahim Hassen Al-Hawaj, direc-
tor of sanitary engineering operation and maintenance, is for sani-
tary services to reach 95% of Bahrains population by 2020. An
aspiration is for this fgure to reach 100% by 2020.
To help reach these aims, a 100,000 m
3
/day wastewater treat-
ment plant and deep gravity sewer network are set to be located in
Muhharaq, in the north eastern area of Bahrain. The plant will have
the capacity to expand to 160,000 m
3
/day in the future. Interna-
tional interest in the project has been rife and 16 companies made
it to the pre-qualifed list. Companies included Suez Environment
(Degremont), Sembcorp Industries, Veolia Water and a joint venture
between the UKs United Utilities International, Samsung Engineer-
ing Company from South Korea and Invest AD Infrastructure Fund.
The latter has been awarded the preferred bidder status for the
BOO (Build, Own and Operate) project, after their low bid of $1.459
per cubic metre undercut the next lower bidder by $0.152 per cubic
metre, according to Meeds Middle East wastewater market report
for 2010.
At the time of writing, the Ministry of Works and Ministry of Fi-
nance confrmed that the consortium would deliver the project. All
three partners in the consortium are providing equity for the project,
with Samsung committing 45%, Invest AD 35% and United Utilities
20%.
The privatization of Muharraq Sewage Treatment Plant consists
of three major components. The frst component is the Sewage
Treatment Plant (STP), which is scheduled to be operational by
August 2013 and will be built on reclaimed land located north of
Hidd Industrial area. It will be developed in two phases with an initial
capacity of 100,000 m
3
/day and expandable to 160,000 m
3
/day in
phase 2, whenever required. This STP is planned to cater for the
increasing development surrounding Muharraq, to reduce consid-
erable overloads at Tubli STP and mitigate environmental pollution
with the high quality international TSE standard requirement.
The second component is the Sewer Conveyance System,
which includes the construction of a Deep Gravity Sewer (DGS)
Bahrains wastewater treatment plant in the industrial Sitra area
The wave of social and political unrest may have swept across the
Middle East with brute force, but demand for water will continue,
regardless of cabinet and ministerial reshuffles
W
W
23
network system - a 15km long development which the Ministry of
Works says will see micro-tunnelling technology used for the frst
time of this magnitude in sanitary sector. This DGS is due to be
completed by August 2013 and will have 80 years service life. Fi-
nally, the third component is the connection of the existing network
to the DGS trunk main, which will be constructed in stages and
completed by August 2014.
Bahrains other major wastewater treatment plant, Tubli, which
operates alongside the other plant in the industrial area of Sitra, is
being expanded to a capacity of 350,000 m
3
/day.
However, a decision from the Ministry of Works to upgrade and
improve the Tubli plant did not come as a surprise. As a result of
the previously mentioned population boom, the facility had to pro-
cess wastewater levels above its capacity. This resulted in deterio-
ration in the quality of fnal treated effuent, which impacted on the
ecological conditions when discharged into Tubli Bay. The Ministry
signed a Letter of Intent with Bluewater Bio last year to upgrade
the secondary treatment unit. The BD7.3 million project will see the
company providing biological treatment of 100,000 m
3
/day.
BAHRAIN TO SPEARHEAD WIND POWERED
DESALINATION MOVEMENT
Its not just wastewater where Bahrain is setting new ground for
the Middle East. A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) signed
in early February between German company Synlift Systems and
Jade Consultancy could see wind powered desalination intro-
duced to Bahrain for the frst time.
The agreement will see the consultancy provide project man-
agement support on customizing the design concept of seawater
desalination powered by wind energy. Extensive laboratory stud-
ies simulating Gulf region conditions are said to have shown such
a concept is both technically and
commercially viable.
At the time, H.E. Dr. Hubert Lang,
ambassador of the Federal Republic
of Germany in the Kingdom of Bah-
rain, said: Since some years I have
been trying to promote the idea of
alternative and clean energy sources
in the Kingdom of Bahrain. We all
know by now that nuclear energy is
by far not the best solution and we absolutely must look for other
energy sources and resources.
Nor is it just wastewater or desalination attracting all of the atten-
tion. Like Saudi Arabia, Bahrain also plans to revolutionise its storm
water drainage. During the groups time in Bahrain, the local press
reported that the country will be pumping BD12 million into a water
drainage project to cope with fash foods.
Expected to be implemented in 80 to 90 locations across the
country, the plan, according to Al-Hawaj, is to use aqueducts to
drain water from higher ground to the sea, using pumping stations.
FINAL THOUGHTS
The wave of social and political unrest may have swept across the
MIddle East with brutal force recently, with few leaders unlikely to
survive, but demand for water will continue, regardless of cabinet
and ministerial reshuffes. Expected population growth will ensure
this. Opportunities clearly remain for storm water, drinking water
and wastewater. The economic crisis may well have delayed ten-
ders, and subsequently privatisation plans, but it now looks like the
gears are in motion for development to carry on across Saudi Ara-
bia and Bahrain. As demonstrated by the Muhharraq wastewater
project recently signed in Bahrain, international collaborations are
becoming more frequent in a bid to strengthen offerings and tap
into these lucrative Middle Eastern markets. Its clear to see why. A
reported $15 billion dollars is due to be spent on wastewater treat-
ment up until 2015 across the GCC.
The well known phrase, when it rains, it pours couldnt have
been more apt during the delegations time across Saudi Arabia
and Bahrain. Lets hope the level of work and awarded contracts
from the visit will be equally fowing. WWi
Enquiry No. 107
Universal
Pipe Cutters
Reed Manufacturing Company
Erie, PA USA
www.reedmfgco.com
Steel Blade cuts Steel or PE pipe.
With different blades,
UPCs cut 6 48
(150-1300 mm) steel,
ductile iron, cast iron,
clay, concrete, PVC
or PE pipe in one
revolution.
These pneumatic
powered cutters are
lightweight, easy to set-
up and use, fast cutting, require only 12
(300 mm) clearance around the pipe,
provide a square cut,
and can be used
underwater.
1 8 9 6 - 2 0 1 1
Y E A R S
Bahrains Tubli facility is being expanded to a capacity of 350,000 m
3
/day
W
W
Regional Spotlight: Middle East/Africa
24
24
T
he Middle East and North Africa (MENA) is the most wa-
ter scarce region of the world and in recent years the
amount of water available per person has declined dra-
matically.
Lebanon, in contrast to neighbouring countries to the
south and east, has adequate total water resources but at present
lacks a conveyance system
to deliver water to locations
where it is most needed.
Its capital, Beirut, currently
suffers a severe shortage of
water, a situation which was
foreseen before the civil war
in the 1970s.
Current potable water
demand in the main city
of Beirut area is estimated
at 780 million litres per
day (780,000 m
3
/day) for a
population of over two mil-
lion. In the driest month of
October, Beirut can experience a defcit of 368 MLD (368,000 m
3
/
day). As a result, water supply in many parts of Beirut is intermittent.
Furthermore, reliance on wells coupled with the effects of salinity in-
gress has resulted in many homes being supplied unpalatable water
along coastal areas.
AWALI- BEIRUT WATER CONVEYANCE PROJECT
The current major water supply source for Beirut is from Dbayeh in
the north. The Awali Beirut Water Conveyance Project was originally
envisaged in the 1950s to make use of abundant water resources
provided by the Litani and Awali Rivers in the south of Beirut.
The construction of the Qaraaoun Dam on the Litani River made
water available for irrigation, water supply and hydroelectric power
generation. In practice, only the last of these uses has come to frui-
tion so far.
A series of tunnels takes water from the Qaraaoun Dam through
the mountains to the Awali River via two hydroelectric power (HEP)
stations. A fnal tunnel conveys water from both the rivers to a third
HEP station, which discharges back into the Awali River. A Govern-
ment Decree was issued in 1970 for the diversion of water from the
fnal stage of the HEP system to supplement the existing water sup-
plies in Beirut.
The objective of the Awali Beirut scheme is to provide a secure
and safe water supply from southern Lebanon to the developing ur-
ban areas of Beirut. The scheme includes treatment and transmis-
sion of 520 MLD (52,000 m
3
/day) water in two phases with the pos-
sibility of expansion to 780 MLD (78,000 m
3
/day). Phase I will treat
and transmit only 260 MLD (260,000 m
3
/day), which will go some
way in meeting the current defcit. Essential components of the se-
lected scheme are:
Abstraction of water from the existing HEP tunnel at Joun (south
of Beirut) and delivery to the treatment plant at Ouardaniye by 4
km long, 2800mm diameter tunnel
Treatment to accepted potable water standards at Ouardaniye
Transmission of treated water from Ouardaniye to the Khalde by a
20km long, 2800mm diameter tunnel
Transmission of treated water from Khalde tunnel outlet to
number of new reservoirs located in South Beirut by transmis-
sion pipelines with total length of 30km, including diameters of
between 1000mm to 1400mm. The whole scheme is designed
under gravity fow by taking advantage of the available hydraulic
head between extraction and delivery points.
Engineering Lebanons Lifeline
The feasibility report update ensured the treatment facility will meet drinking water guidelines issued by WHO
The Awali-Beirut Water Conveyance project aims to provide secure and safe water supply
from southern Lebanon to the developing urban areas of Beirut. Sudhir Kumar, technical
leader of the project, discusses latest developments of the tunnel development, including
key considerations such as exposure to seismic activity and security concerns.
Project Details
The Council of Development and Reconstruction
(CDR) has engaged MWH to update the feasi-
bility study of Awali-Beirut Water Conveyance
project, which was carried out in 1994, and to
prepare tender documents. The main focus of
the feasibility study update is to analyse the
differences between the situation in 1994 and
at present. This is also to review the option
of water conveyance through tunnels, which
were identified in the 1994 study as the pre-
ferred option.
W
W
V
905 Riverside Dr. Elmhurst, IL 60126 P: 630-941-7600 F: 630-941-8042 www.valmatic.com valves@valmatic.com
We call it a SuperValve
You will call it your new best friend.
The Maintenance Free Wastewater Air Valve
*Field Testing Report Available Upon Request
Fusion Bonded Epoxy - Interior and
Exterior Coated, Holiday Tested
316 Stainless Steel Trim and Cover
Bolts
Tested & Proven Maintenence Free
Rive
25
Project Component

Estimated Cost, Million USD
Tunnel Option Coastal Pipe Option
Raw Water Tunnel 27.85 27.85
Quardaniyeh Water Treatment Works 54.60 54.60
Treated Water Tunnel/ Coastal Pipeline 119.70 171.40
Transmission Pipelines & reservoirs 90.10 90.10
Land Acquisition cost 53.50 117.40
Total Cost 345.75 461.35
FEASIBILITY STUDY OPTIONS
The abstraction and delivery points of the project are 40km apart with
highly varying topography characterised by hills and steep valleys.
Two feasible options - namely water tunnels and coastal pipelines
- were explored for the transmission of water from Joun to Khalde.
The coastal pipeline option shares a few critical technical chal-
lenges, including:
Security concerns as a result of an exposed rural pipeline, which
would be very vulnerable to tampering and intentional acts of
damage or foreign aggression
Exposure to damage from seismic activity because the pipe route
runs through a seismically active zone
High pressure of the pipelines (+25 bar rating requirement) due
to elevation differences could result in very severe consequences
if a pipe was to burst. Any failure in one pipe could damage the
adjacent pipe (of the twin pipes), causing complete cessation
of service. Pipe failure would also threaten local infrastructure,
including the coastal freeway and adjacent properties and en-
danger residents
Extensive expropriations and service corridor requirements par-
ticularly given strong urban development especially towards the
end of the pipe route
Major service crossing (bridges, underpass, culverts, utility pipe-
lines) issues along the pipe alignment, and aesthetic and envi-
ronmental implications due to the extensive construction through
rural and natural areas.
In light of the listed challenges, a tunnel option was deemed tech-
nically superior due to its low susceptibility to such raised concerns.
High pressure operation inherent in piped options, the vulnerability of
exposed infrastructure, nature of the locality and characteristics of
pipe materials were all taken into consideration.
Furthermore, tunnelling though the hills allows the shortest route
to the end point of the project. The tunnel also follows the hydraulic
grade line with less design constraints, with the exception of deep
valley crossings. Due to the minimum economical size of a tunnel,
the tunnelled option also provides additional capacity for any future
expansion, and some degree of storage within the tunnel space itself.
The scheme includes treatment and transmission of 520,000m
3
/day
W
W
26
Most importantly, the tunnelled solution has a signifcantly smaller
surface disruption footprint.
The fnal and most compelling reason for selecting a tunnelled so-
lution was that all options, whether piped or tunnelled, require the
frst stretch of the conveyor from Joun to Ouardaniyeh be tunnelled in
order to access the Joun Adit.
Therefore by default, any solution selected will involve some tun-
nelling. A fnancial comparison of the two options shows that the
coastal pipeline option is 33% more expensive than the tunnel al-
ternative.
A detailed techno-economical analysis of these options suggest-
ed the tunnel option as the preferred one. The annual O&M cost for
the Phase I work of tunnel option is USD 5.96 million (year 2010)
which results in a treated water O&M rate of USD 0.06 per m. The f-
nancial analysis of the project suggested that the project is fnancially
viable at the cost and level of tariffs adopted and the project will pay
back at the end of the 13th year.
AWALI - BEIRUT WATER CONVEYANCE
PROJECT COMPONENTS
The Awali-Beirut scheme is divided into three contract packages.
Package one covers 2800mm internal diameter x 24 kilometres of
water tunnels. The frst phase of the 260 MLD (26,000 m
3
/day) wa-
ter treatment works will be covered in Package two, and fnally 30
kilometres of water pipelines and service reservoirs will be covered
in Package Three.
Package one - water tunnels
The main factors governing the excavation costs of a tunnel are
its diameter, length of the drive and the speed at which the Tunnel
Boring Machine (TBM) face can be advanced. The typical relation-
ship between costs and the tunnel diameter shows that the most
economical diameter is between three and fve metres.
Considering the common TBM availability and the construction is-
sues - removal of excavated material, service piping and in-situ tunnel
lining - a 2.8m internal diameter was selected for the project.
Such a selected diameter can hydraulically carry up to 780 MLD
(78,000 m
3
/day) of water, which is signifcantly higher than the Phase
1 & 2 requirement of total 520 MLD
(520,000 m
3
/day) and provides a
contingency for possible increased
water demand in future.
Soil strata to be penetrated
by the tunnels are Cenomanian-
Turonian limestones, dolomitic
limestones and dolomites. The
tunnel will be concrete lined by
in-situ construction method. Addi-
tional steel lining is provided along
the geologically weaker sections
of the tunnel alignment, or where
the depth of cover over tunnel is
inadequate.
Package two - water treatment
works
The location of the proposed
water treatment works at Ouar-
daniyeh has been selected con-
sidering the hydraulic advantage,
lower cost of land and an oppor-
tunity to include take offs to the coastal town along the tunnel route.
As part of the update to the 1994 feasibility report, the proposed
treatment process has been reevaluated. The major goal was to
assess its ability for fulflling the latest drinking water guidelines and
standards issued by the European Council and also the World Health
Organisation.
Variable raw water quality, as a result of seasonal changes, has
been taken into account to provide a process scheme capable of
treating two different raw water characters to the desired effuent
quality. The proposal will be constructed in two phases, each de-
signed for 260MLD (260,000 m
3
/day) capacity.
Package three - transmission pipelines and reservoirs
Approximately 30km of transmission pipelines with diameters
ranging from 1000mm to 1400mm are being proposed to transfer
treated water from the tunnel outlet portal at Khalde to the fve service
reservoirs at Hadath and Hazmeih, including a total capacity of 155
ML (155,000m
3
/day) capacity.
MWH has already prepared the tender documents for Package
one and two and the pre-qualifcation procedure for both the pack-
ages is expected to start in the frst quarter of year 2011. The project
is scheduled to be completed in three years. To help involve local
contractors, a procurement mode for the third package is being con-
sidered, as well as a conventional consultant design and contractor
build mode.
The company is waiting for CDR approval to proceed with detailed
design of this package. The latter has realised the importance of this
project and is working closely with the World Bank to fulfl the long
awaited dreams of residents in Beirut.
The project will be an example of how neighbouring nations facing
water shortages can work together and overcome substantial chal-
lenges to help deliver supply. WWi
Authors note: Sudhir Kumar is a principal civil engineer and en-
gineering group manager at MWH UK in Dubai and is working as
technical leader on the project.
Enquiry No. 112
Natural Ground Profle along Tunnel Alignment
W
W
Regional Spotlight: Middle East & North Africa
27
P
ro-democracy protests in Jordan may not have escalat-
ed to Tunisia and Egypt levels over the last few weeks,
but the population is being vocal over rising global food
prices and unemployment levels. Reports at the end of
February showed that some 6,000 Jordanians took to
the streets of Amman. Calling for new elections and changes to the
law giving King Abdullah absolute power, the countrys population -
as seen across the region - wants change.
While the economic landscape in the country looks uncertain for
the months ahead, there remains one urgent historic demand which
wont be changed: the need for fresh water supplies. As one of the
fve most water poor countries in the world, the country has attracted
fnance to help bring its water and
wastewater infrastructure up to
scratch. It was in October of last year when the United States Millen-
nium Challenge Corporation (MCC) pledged to invest just over $275
million to improve water distribution and wastewater collection in the
northeast city of Zarqa in Jordan. The investment is set to beneft
three projects to improve water supply, wastewater collection and
treatment. A month later and the U.S. Agency for International De-
velopment (USAID) awarded AECOM a US$28 million, fve-year task
order in Amman for water reuse and environmental conservation.
This was part of the Water Reuse and Environmental Conservation
Project launched by USAID and the Jordanian Government. Aims of
Reuse Steps Up
in Water-Poor Jordan
Prior to the recent protests in Amman, USAID awarded a US$28
million, task order for a water reuse and environmental
conservation project in Jordan. Tom Freyberg speaks to senior
engineer George Harris about the project and challenges of
changing wastewater perceptions across the Middle East.
CC-GRP Pipe Systems
High performance solutions for our planet
Sewage
Potable Water
Raw Water & Irrigation
Drainage
Hydro Power
Thermal Power Cooling
Industrial Wastewater
E Engineering GmbH
Pischeldorfer Str. 128
9020 Klagenfurt | Austria
T +43.463.48 24 24
F +43.463.48 21 21
info@hobas.com
www.hobas.com
Circle No. 14 on Reader Service Card
Circle No. 15 on Reader Service Card
Environmental Dynamics Inc.
+1 877.EDI-AIR8 (334.2478)
wastewater.com
leadership in aeration
through experience
1 00
countries
6000
installations
35
years
W
W
28
the project include strengthening the governments ability to monitor
and regulate industrial water pollution, improve wastewater treatment
and public awareness of water reuse.
Water and Wastewater International (WWi) spoke to George
Harris (GH), senior engineer, water resources & environment offcer,
USAID, Jordan to fnd out more about the project.
WWi: The $28 million dollar project with AECOM is fo-
cussed on industrial water reuse. Why is industrial and not
municipal water the focus here?
GH: The simplest answer is that it adds industries to our ongo-
ing portfolio. Weve addressed water issues in municipalities and
through our eco-
nomic develop-
ment department.
The industrial sec-
tor is a huge water
user and many
countries in Middle
East struggle with
industrial water
demand. Jordan
has created the
industrial zones,
which are special zones to locate and consolidate industry to help
deal with problems more effectively. Aims of the partnership are to
look at water demand and the potential for reuse, along with political
and regulatory challenges.
WWi: How is USAID working with Jordans government to
introduce and enforce regulations?
GH: In collaboration with the Ministry of the Environment weve
actually engaged the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
to help with the enforcement of issues. The government has cre-
ated a group called Environmental Rangers, who act in the envi-
ronmental police type role. Weve had EPA participation on training
the new teams. This includes addressing what they should be look-
ing for, reviewing the existing laws and fnding out if theres room for
improvement and how the judicial process should treat problems or
violations.
WWi: Environmental Rangers? Interesting. How are they and
new levels of regulation being perceived by the Jordanian in-
dustries?
GH: Its a relatively new approach and were too early in the
game to make any kind of real assessment. Theres always a certain
amount of push-back, especially when a certain amount of environ-
mental compliance is involved at a cost to the industry. Weve seen
some initial co-operation but its still early in the programme.
WWi: Once reused, which industries will the water beneft?
GH: The reuse aspect of the new contract is broad, its general
and not confned to just the industry. Weve had a couple of dem-
onstration projects in the past - pilot studies on reuse that were suc-
cessful. One in Wadi Mousa, in Southern Jordan where the water
reuse was agricultural and one in Aqaba, where the water reuse was
industrial. Those have been very successful. Theres an interesting
aspect here in terms of what I would call indirect reuse.
We aid-supported a project to upgrade the AsSamra wastewater
treatment plant that treated water from Zarqa and Amman. That plant
discharges into the Zarqa river, which fows to the King Talal Dam
reservoir, which feeds the King Abdullah Canal in the Jordan Valley.
Most of that water ends up being used agriculturally.
The water is of course being blended with other waters but a
large percentage of it is basically the plant effuent from the As-Samra
wastewater plant.
WWi: I see that USAID supported the Zara Main desalina-
tion plant, which supplies 30% of Ammans water. The end of
last year saw Jordanian minister of state for mega projects,
Imad Fakhoury, invite companies to bid on a contract for the
Red Sea desalination project. Costing $10 billion and set to
produce 200 million cubic metres of water per year, how will
this ft in with the reuse schemes and your conservation proj-
ect? Is such a large scale desalination plant the way forward
for the country?
GH: I would support desalination in the concept but not neces-
sarily endorsement of the projects being rolled out right now. If the
population of Jordan is going to continue to grow and they need
fresh water, then unless theres a major climate change with regards
to water, then I dont see any other source for the water. Water ef-
fciency improvements, reuse, conservation - these are just going to
Project Profile
Duration: 2010-2015
Total Funding: $28 million
Focus: Industrial water reuse
Beneficiaries: Jordanian industries, farmers, general population
Geographic coverage: Nationwide
Jordans Disi water conveyance project involves a 325-
km pipeline being built through the Jordanian desert to
Abu Alanda and Dabuk reservoirs
W
W
29
be natural parts of the pro-
gramme. Desalination of
water between treatment
and delivery is going to be
expensive and the country
needs to be become re-
ally effcient in the use of
their water to minimise the
costs.
WWi: To help with overall water supply effciency, should
the current issue of illegal private wells - exacerbating un-
sustainable groundwater extraction - be addressed more di-
rectly?
GH: Weve been involved in several water monitoring and evalua-
tion programmes over the years. Rather than focusing on the illegal
wells, its really the issue of the groundwater in total, how much is
being extracted and the condition of the aquifers and how to correct
that. Its a tough issue here. Its very political - most people agree that
they are over pumping and levels are dropping. Most of the donors
here have tried to tackle the problem and with marginal success to
date. Everybody agrees its a problem, but nobody wants to take the
next steps to solve it.
WWi: So what steps should be taken then?
GH: We need to reduce the withdrawal rate until aquifers stabilise
- this is a goal I think most people would agree with. How you do
that is the problem. Illegal wells get a lot of attention and if we could
eliminate these we would solve the problem. Another challenge is
fnding a way to monitor and control what is being pumped out of the
aquifer; legal or illegal wells.
WWi: Public-Private Partnerships are now gathering mo-
mentum in Jordan and could inevitably lead the way with the
Red Sea desalination project. Do you think the market is now
ready for such collaborations?
GH: Absolutely. The As-Samra wastewater plant I referred to ear-
lier, which is a BOT (builld-operate-transfer) contract in a 25-year con-
cession, has been considered
a success and is a form of a
PPP. USAID provided the
funding to give it a nudge and
ending up paying slightly less
than half the capital costs.
The facility is now produc-
ing a high quality effuent, as
well as the majority of its own
power, and serves as a good
example of PPP. For long
term sector sustainability and
affordability, it may be benef-
cial to see higher levels of involvement by Jordanians in future PPPs.
WWi
Enquiry No. 106
The As Samra Treatment Plant serves the Amman and Zarqa area
The treatment plant processes wastewater
equivalent of a population of two million people.
W
W
Regional Spotlight: : Middle East & Africa
30
30
R
eforms have been made in North Africas water sector
by the regions government in a bid to adopt and pur-
sue private partnerships. Questions have been raised
whether the fate of such reforms have been jolted by
the fall of the Tunisian and Egyptian regimes, thrown
out of offce through a peoples revolution.
Ministers in charge of water, in the two countries, were dismissed
from offce in the January and February mass revolt, which saw Presi-
dent Hosni Mubarak and Ben Ali fall from power. This included Mr Al
Masry Al Youm of Egypt, who only weeks ago was appointed in place
of Mr Mohammed Nasr Eddin Allam, and also Tunisias Mr Abdes-
salem Mansou.
Interim leadership in the two countries have promised to issue
policy statements on key investment policies. These include public-
private partnerships that have promised to increase not only the
amount but also access to safe drinking water and even more for
commercial use.
The political and social undercurrents that catalyzed the revolts in
Egypt and Tunsia are reminiscent of the regions struggle to quench
the rising demand for water through increased investment in seawa-
ter desalination and wastewater treatment.
The demand for water is being driven mainly by the growing popu-
lation, increased food production and an expanding industrial sector
that is fuelled by an appreciating economy in some of the countries
in the region.
Successful seawater desalination cases like those reported in Alge-
ria, though still facing huge challenges, have been underpinned by the
governments prior planning for the countrys water needs. Effcient de-
salination processes have been embraced, as well as increased private
sector participation and deliberate capacity building programmes, both
for consumers and public institutions in the water sector.
Seriously constrained natural water supplies in the region are forc-
ing North Africa to follow the Middle East and develop seawater and
brackish desalination programmes, according to a report by consul-
Desalinations Fate
Across a Troubled MENA
The 200,000 m
3
/day Mostaganem seawater desalination
plant in Algeria has been touted to be the biggest in Africa
Before the current period of civil unrest, the North African desalination market was looking
prime for expansion and investment. Latest reports from Reuters however suggest Hyfuxs
Libya projects could face delays as a result of the political uncertainty. Shem Oirere looks at
the impact of the protests in the region, as well as progress of the PPP law in Egypt.
Cairos
wastewater treatment
The 250,000m
3
/day New Cairo Wastewater Treatment Plant, jointly fi-
nanced by the International Finance Corporation (IFC), a member
of the World Bank, and the UKs Department for International De-
velopment, became the first water sector project to be established
under the PPP.
The facilitys construction contract was awarded to Orasqualia in June
2009 and managed to reach a financial close the first quarter of last
year (2010). The projects 20-year concession contract, valued at an
estimated $482 million, is a joint venture between Egypts Orascom
Construction Industries and Aqualia, a division of Spanish construc-
tion firm FCC. The concession includes engineering, procurement,
construction, operation and maintenance of the plant.
This transaction has opened up the market for international investors
who are now comfortable to work on PPP projects in Egypt, which
will help the country address its growing infrastructure needs by
harnessing the strength of the private sector, Moazzam Mekan,
IFC manager for the Middle East and North Africa, said in a brief-
ing on the project.
W
W
W
W
__________________
32
tants Frost & Sullivan. The report estimates that the Middle East and
North Africa (MENA) will expect investments of up to $15.5 billion
by 2013. As part of this investment the region is expected to add
2.7 million cubic meters of desalination capacity daily to meet the
expected demand for water.
NORTH AFRICAS WATER LIFELINE
The Nile River is frequently labeled as the lifeline of Egypt. Last year
an agreement that reestablished the rules on how the rivers waters
are shared understandably caused confict. The countrys leaders
shuddered at the prospect of Africas most populous nation having
its share diluted and plunging further into a paralyzing water shortage.
Our quota of the Nile water quota is 55.5 billion cubic meters
a year which was suffcient for Egypts 1959 population of 24 mil-
lion (but) today, the national population is stands at 80 million, said
Mohammed Nasr Eddin Allam, former, Water Resources and Irriga-
tion Minister after the fve Nile basin countries signed the Cooperative
Framework Agreement (CFA). This new deal aimed to pave the way
for equal distribution of the waters of 4,160 kilometer long Nile River.
At least 90% of the water consumed by the 80 million Egyptians
is from the Nile. Reality is dawning on the countrys leadership that
the other fve Nile basin states may soon, and on a grand scale, be
diverting the rivers water for irrigation, hydro power and industrial.
There is mounting anxiety on how to put in place alternative water
supply sources to cater for the anticipated shortfall.
A water shortfall is also expected to persist in Tunisia, Morocco,
Algerian and Libya because of an anticipated population growth, ur-
banization and a re-bounding economy that is fuelling dramatic in-
dustrial growth in the region.
Water is the major vulnerability in Middle East and North Africa, the
worlds driest region, where per capita water availability is predicted to
halve by 2050 (and the) vulnerability is compounded by a heavy con-
centration of population and economic activity in food-prone coastal
zones and by social and political tensions that resource scarcity could
heighten, says the World Banks Development Report for 2010.
WATER INFRASTRUCTURE AND PRIVATE INVESTMENT
A recent briefng by the Islamic Development Bank says the MENA
region needs to invest an estimated $200 million in water infrastruc-
ture to meet demand for water and sanitation services by 2020.
An issue for the water-thirsty North African countries to grapple
with is whether desalination can be adequately backed up requisite
fnancing, effcient technology and a legal framework.
At hand, however, for the water-thirsty North African countries
to grapple with, is whether desalination as an option for increasing
the regions water supply can be adequately backed up by requisite
fnancing, effcient technology and a legal framework.
COUNTRY
Desalination
capacity 2010
(m
3
/d)
Costs 2010
(US$)
Desalination
capacity 2016
(m
3
/d)
Costs 2016( US$)
Egypt 652,000
90million
1.5million 172million
Algeria 2.6million 261million 4.5million 374million
Libya 1.1million 93milllion 4.2million 351million
Morocco 83,000 10million 989,000 112million
Source: Frost &
Sullivan.
Desalination Market Growth projections North Africa 2010-2016
The 250,000 m3/day New Cairo Wastewater
Treatment Plant became the frst water sector
project to be established under the PPP
The countrys leaders shuddered at the prospect of Africas most
populous nation having its share dilluted and plunging further into a
paralyzing water shortage
W
W
33
Egypt has taken the lead in mobilizing investments for the con-
struction of desalination and wastewater treatment plants following
the passage of a public private partnership (PPP) law in May 2010.
PPPs promise faster delivery of public infrastructure works, as
well as access to additional resources, says Mohammed Tarek, proj-
ect manager at the ministrys PPP Central Unit, which provides tech-
nical and advisory support for PPP transactions as well as ensuring
compliance with legislative framework.
With its construction and operating costs of desalination plants
set to rise to $394 million by 2016, according to the Desalination
Markets 2010 report, Egypt seems to be catching up with Algeria,
Libya, Tunisia and Morocco in prioritising desalination in tackling the
rising demand for water to satisfy domestic, agriculture and com-
mercial needs.
In Algeria, North Africas desalination market leader, the authorities
have embraced the heightened wave of desalination investments, as
the country targets to achieve a desalination capacity of 2 million m
3
/
day over the next few years.
The country with an estimated contracted desalination capacity
of 2.6 million m
3
/day, has had public-private partnership legislation in
place for almost 12 years, although the government still has control in
deciding which of the projects should be placed under a PPP.
The country, which according to the World Bank fgures, loses
close to 40% of its water through the distribution system, either
through technical losses or illegal connections, is engaged in grand
plans to partner with the private sector especially for the develop-
ment of desalination plants of Ain Salah, Bejaia, El Oued, Jijel and
Tindouf under the build-operate-transfer (BOT) arrangements.
By the end of this year, it is estimated that Algeria will have 13
seawater desalination plants fully constructed with a combined ca-
pacity of 2.26 million m
3
/day. Despite lacking a fully enacted law on
private investment in the water sector, Algeria continues to attract
leading international water sector infrastructure companies, such as
Singapores Hyfux and Spains Aqualia in the development of the
desalination plants.
Such companies can now be seen dominating desalination mar-
kets in North Africa with Aqualia getting involved in the construction
of the 200,000 m
3
/day Mostaganem seawater desalination plant in
Algeria, touted to be the biggest in Africa and also the 100,000 cubic
meters/day Cap Djinet plant.
THE PPP MODEL IN MOROCCO
Similar efforts have been seen in Morocco, which has partnered with
the International Finance Corporation (IFC) to develop a sustainable
PPP that will ensure both a fnancially and environmentally sustain-
able desalination investment programme. The country anticipates its
desalination market to grow to $191 million by 2016, a 288% in-
crease from the current capacity.
In fact, in December 2010 the IFC signed an agreement with Moroc-
cos ministry of economic and fnance to structure an effcient and inde-
pendent PPP department with a mandate to oversee public/private joint
partnership in the development of the countrys desalination market.
Morocco, which has a contracted desalination capacity of 85,159
m
3
/day, is due to spend spent approximately $112million over the
next fve years in operating new and existing desalination plants. Top-
ping the priority list of desalination projects is the Chtouka desalination
plant with an envisaged capacity of between 60-85 million m
3
/day.
The desalination and irrigation plant in Chtouka area will support
agriculture, an important industry in Morocco and help create jobs
for the surrounding communities, says Rashad Kaldany, IFC vice
president in charge of Middle East and North Africa region.
POLITICAL BACKING IN LIBYA
Libya will have an estimated 1.2 million m3/day of contracted desali-
nation capacity and has approved at least 11 sites for the construc-
tion of desalination plants. These include Benghazi, Misurata, Tobruk,
Tripoli and Zawia. Several international frms have expressed an in-
terest in developing desalination plants under the build-own-transfer
arrangement (BOT).
General Desalination Company (GDC), a government controlled
frm spearheading investment in the countrys desalination sector,
says Libya plans to increase its daily installed desalination capacity to
2.5 million cubic meters over the next 10 years.
Daewoo Motor Sales of South Korea, Impregilo Lidco of Italy, Hy-
fux of Singapore and PunjLloyd of India have sought for a share in
Libyas multi-billion dollar contracts for the construction of drinking
water and sewerage infrastructure.
Italys Eni signed a memorandum of understanding at the end of
2010 with the GDC for the El Agheli desalination plant. This followed
the advertisement for bids for the construction of the 100,000 m
3
/day
reverse osmosis (RO) Tobrouk desalination plant in the eastern coast
of Libya, which was awarded to Singapores Hyfux.
Even though this project is not as sizeable as some our other
projects, we are pleased with our increasing presence in North Africa
beyond Algeria, said Olivia Lum, the companys Group CEO when
signing the contract with Libyas Ministry of Utilities last November.
The race is on for the ultimate prize of becoming North Africas
water hub. From the statistics released by each of the regions
countries, Algeria and Egypt seem to have taken the lead, a clear
testimony that PPPs may have shown the way forward out of the
water shortages in Northern Africa. WWi
Enquiry No. 108
W
W
34
34
I
t is estimated that globally, between 1990 and 2008, 1.8 bil-
lion people gained access to an improved drinking water sup-
ply (WHO/UNICEF 2010). Despite the gains, 884 million people
still do not use an improved source for drinking-water (i.e. pro-
tected spring, well, borehole or piped supply). Of the people not
using an improved drinking water supply, nearly 40% (327 million
people) live in sub-Saharan Africa.
At the current rate of progress the world is expected to meet
the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target to halve, by 2015
the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drink-
ing water. However, several countries are not on track to meet this
target, most of which are in sub-Saharan Africa.
An estimated 83% of the urban population in sub-Saharan Africa
use an improved drinking water supply, compared to only 47% of
the rural population. Much work remains to be done to enable ac-
cess to an improved water supply for over 270 million rural dwellers
in African.
GROUNDWATER SUPPLIES
Groundwater provides a high proportion of sub-Saharan Africas
population with a drinking water source. For example, groundwater
serves 64% and 57% of the rural population in Nigeria and Ethiopia,
respectively. Given its almost ubiquitous nature, generally excellent
natural quality, as well as relative cheap exploitation, groundwater
is likely to remain one of the main means of providing reliable water
supplies for much of sub-Saharan Africas population. A borehole
equipped with a hand pump is a well-established technology for
Drilling Deep
in Sub-Saharan Africa
Almost half the rural population in Sub-Saharan Africa still lack access to an improved
drinking water supply. Water wells continue to be drilled, but little data has been gathered
on groundwater sources in the region. Dr Kerstin Danert argues why a new Code of
Practice hopes to raise the professional standards of borehole drilling.
Nine Principles for
Cost-Effective Boreholes
Principle 1 Professional Drilling Enterprises and Consul-
tants: Construction of drilled water wells and supervision is under-
taken by professional and competent organisations which adhere to
national standards and are regulated by the public sector.
Principle 2 Siting - Appropriate siting practices are used.
Principle 3 Procurement - Procurement procedures ensure that
contracts are awarded to experienced and qualified consultants and
drilling contractors.
Principle 4 Construction Method - The construction method cho-
sen for the borehole is the most economical, considering the de-
sign and available techniques in-country. Drilling technology needs
to match the borehole design.
Principle 5 Design and Construction - The water well design is
cost-effective, designed to last for a lifespan of 20 to 50 years, and
based on the minimum specification to provide a borehole which is
fit for its intended purpose.
Principle 6 Contract Management, Supervision and Pay-
ment - Adequate arrangements are in place to ensure proper con-
tract management, supervision and timely payment of the drilling
contractor.
Principle 7 Data and Information - High quality hydrogeological
and borehole construction data for each well is collected in a standard
format and submitted to the relevant Government authority.
Principle 8 Database and Record Keeping - Storage of hydro-
geological data is undertaken by a central government institution with
records updated and information made freely available and used in
preparing subsequent drilling specifications.
Principle 9 Monitoring - Regular visits to completed boreholes are
made to monitor their functionality in the medium as well as long
term with the findings published.
Boreholes need to be appropriately specifed
and drilled using suitable equipment
W
W
35
water supplies in the region and will continue to be so in the foresee-
able future, unless investments increase dramatically. However, the
challenge is that up to 60,000 boreholes per year will need to be
drilled in sub-Saharan Africa to meet the MDG targets.
Concerns have been raised about the high construction costs
and varying construction quality of boreholes in sub-Saharan Africa.
Causes for this include inadequate supervision, weak regulation,
poor contract management and a lack of apprecia-
tion of the realities of drilling by programme man-
agers (Danert, 2010). Furthermore, over the years
there has been relatively little attention paid to sys-
tematic information gathering about groundwater
resources (Adelana and Macdonald 2008).
Much more emphasis has been on drilling wa-
ter wells than on collecting data. In order to enable
groundwater supplies to fulfl their potential contri-
bution to the MDG targets and to universal access
in the future, there is an urgent need to build on the
strengths and address the weaknesses of borehole
drilling policies and practices in the region.
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
COST-EFFECTIVE BOREHOLES
The term cost-effective, in this instance, means op-
timum value for money invested in the long-term, with
a borehole drilled to function over a lifespan of 20 to 50 years. Thus,
the lowest cost well is not always the most cost-effective, particularly
if construction quality is compromised to save money. Cheap drilling
or poor construction quality can lead to premature failure of the well
or contamination of the water supply. Boreholes that are subsequent-
ly abandoned by the users are clearly not cost-effective. In order for
boreholes (sometimes referred to as drilled water wells or tubewells)
Groundwater still remains one of the most reliable water sup-
plies in much of sub-Saharan Africa
W
W
36
to be cost-effective they need to be appropriately
specifed, properly sited and drilled using suitable
methods and equipment. Where the private sec-
tor is used, competent procurement and contract
management procedures need to be followed. Drill-
ers, as well as supervisors, need to ensure adequate
construction quality.
COMPARING PRINCIPLES WITH REALITIES
Between 2005 and 2010, studies to examine poli-
cies, practices and capacity with respect to borehole
drilling have been undertaken in several countries,
including Burkina Faso, Ghana, Ethiopia, Nigeria,
Uganda and Zambia, with further work planned in
Sudan. These studies have highlighted that countries
are stronger in some areas and weaker in others.
For example, while registration and licensing of
drilling contractors has been ongoing for some time in Ethiopia and
Uganda, such a process has recently started in Burkina Faso and
Ghana.
It was not in place by 2009 in Zambia, where essentially any con-
tractor is able to drill in any location. Drillers associations, which can
play a key role in self-regulation, exist in Nigeria, Uganda and Burkina
Faso, but not in Zambia or Ghana. Arguably stakeholders in each
country have some positive experiences to share with others, as well
as aspects which they could beneft through learning from others in
the region. Whereas drilling contracts tend to be awarded in multiple-
borehole packages in Ghana, this is not always the case in Burkina
Faso or Zambia.
Meanwhile in Uganda, decentralisation has translated into very
small contract packages for drillers, thus signifcantly increasing the
cost of transportation. One of the weakest areas with respect to
borehole drilling in many of the countries analysed is contract man-
agement, supervision and payment.
It is increasingly common for governments to let out drilling con-
tracts to the private sector. Procurement practices usually use local
competitive bidding processes, often with a pre-qualifcation stage.
However, it is common for the implementation of drilling contracts to
be delayed.
Across the board, drilling supervision is often undertaken by
young and inexperienced graduates. Not only can they be outwitted
by drilling contractors, but it is common for supervisors to be reliant
on the contractors for logistician support. This, coupled with poor re-
muneration makes it diffcult to ensure construction quality. Therefore,
there is an urgent need to raise the capacity of drilling supervision
throughout the continent to provide a basis for water well longevity.
From the perspective of the driller, frequent delays in payment for
works completed are one of the numerous challenges of their busi-
ness environment, alongside diffculties in accessing credit and al-
legations of irregularities in tender processes.
EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS
At a technical level, specifcations for drilling equipment are often
much higher than they need to be, particularly in the case of drill-
ing wells of shallow depths. Given the high pay back fees for heavy
drilling rigs, this directly impacts on cost. In some areas, hand drilled
or hand dug wells would offer solutions of considerably lower cost
but are not considered. Suitable well designs which are ft for the
intended purpose, rather than overdesigned ought to be considered.
There are arguments for constructing boreholes which can sub-
sequently be upgraded from a hand pump source to a submersible
pump with a small piped network.
However, the reality is that in rural areas in sub-Saharan Africa such
scheme expansions are very rarely made. Governments and NGOs
are busy trying to install new sources in order to outpace population
growth, and water users themselves are either not able, or not em-
powered to expand supplies.
In order to build up an in-depth understanding of groundwater
resources and hydrogeology, the collection and storage of borehole
construction data by the relevant authority is essential. This is an as-
pect of groundwater development which is particularly weak in many
countries.
In Burkina Faso, Ghana and Zambia, the requirements and re-
sponsibilities with respect to data are not always clear and borehole
logs are not always submitted to the authority. Given the lack of li-
censing for drillers in Ghana or Zambia there is little incentive for the
drillers to do this. While in Zambia there is a pilot project to enter
borehole completion data into a database, this is not the case in
Burkina Faso or Ghana.
Up to 60,000 boreholes per year will need to be drilled in sub-Saharan Africa to meet
the MDG targets
Wider Context
W
W
37
SebaKMT 96148 Baunach/Germany
Tel. +49 (0) 95 44 - 6 80 Fax +49 (0) 95 44 - 22 73
sales@sebakmt.com www.sebakmt.com
sebaKMT is a registered trademark of the sebaKMT group
A strong team
from SebaKMT
A new benchmark in noise loggers
Bi-directional wireless communication with ofce or patrol vehicle
Leak noises are recorded during measurement
Prepared for remote correlation (pinpointing) functionality
Radio range can be extended by repeater, GSM Box, or WiFi
Leak rate more accurately displayed, using both noise
level and frequency
Innovative Commander unit with colour display, huge memory
capacity, history function, GPS module, leak noise replay, and
much more
Sebalog N3
The eld correlator
Indestructible transmitter
for tough eld conditions
The latest generation of high-
sensitivity acoustic sensors
Best correlation results,
even on plastic pipes
Extremely easy to operate
using the tried-and-tested
EasyGo principle
Long operating time
The innovation in
pinpoint location
Combines oor microphone and
tracer gas system in one device
Results of measurement
displayed in the reliable
histogram display
Frequency lter and analysis
help nding the location
Even the smallest leaks can
be pinpointed exactly using
the tracer gas probe
Correlux P-2 HL 5000 H
2

... and locate leaks with reliable accuracy!
Time-saving and effective leak pinpointing ...
y
HL 5000 H
2
HL 5000 H HHL 5000 H
... and locate leak
Come and visit us at Wasser Berlin,
Hall 6.2, Booth 223
RECOMMENDATIONS
Ensuring that the Code of Practice is turned into action on the ground
requires full engagement of key funding agencies for rural water supplies
and implementing organisations. Agencies such as the World Bank, the
African Development Bank, bilateral donors, international NGOs, as well as
national governments and the private sector in sub-Saharan Africa should
stock of how they support and implement drilling programmes.
Ultimately procedures that bring about cost-effective boreholes should
be set out and adhered. In order to achieve this there is a need for long-
term investment to raise the capacity of the institutions and individuals in-
volved. Ensuring that drilled water wells are cost-effective over the long
term - is something that rural dwellers in Africa can expect from the organi-
sations who try to improve access to water supplies. WWi
REFERENCES
[1] Adelana S and Macdonald A (2008) Groundwater research issues in
Africa, in Adelana S and MacDonald A (Eds) (2008) Applied Groundwater
Studies in Africa, International Association of Hydrogeologists, CRC Press.
[2] Danert K, Carter, RC, Adekile, D and MacDonald A (2010) Cost-effective
boreholes in sub-Saharan in Africa in Yongxin X and Braune E (Eds) (2010)
Sustainable Groundwater Resources in Africa, UNESCO International Hy-
drological Programme, CRC Press ISBN 978-0-415-45273-1
[3] WHO/UNICEF (2010) Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water 2010
Update, World Health Organisation/UNICEF. Available on the World Wide
Web: http://www.wssinfo.org/
[4] RWSN (2010). Code of Practice for Cost-Effective Boreholes, Rural Wa-
ter Supply Network. Available from www.rwsn.ch
Authors note: Dr Kertin Danert is coordinator for cost-Effective Bore-
holes and task manager at the Rural Water Supply Network (RWSN), a
global knowledge for rural water supply technologies and approaches.
The Code of Practice for Cost Effective Boreholes was produced after fve
years of research, documentation and refection by the Rural Supply Net-
work (RWSN). For more information, please email: kerstin.danert@skat.ch.
Enquiry No. 103
Cheap drilling or poor construction quality can lead to premature failure of the well or
contamination of the water supply
W
W
38
Public-Private Partnerships
February/March | 2011
38
P
PP projects, the often-complex contracts between a
public-sector authority and a private consortium, have
gained ground globally. The arrangement has become
a way of providing substantial public services or projects
for which governments or local authorities cannot or do
not wish to bear the entire fnancial, technical or operational risk.
The division of fnancing and risk depends on the type of contract,
though such projects are generally characterized by substantial capi-
tal input on the part of the private partner. Contracts usually provide
for agreed services to be delivered. Examples include a given amount
and quality of water or wastewater treated and discharged for an
agreed price and often include a range of other performance criteria
unique to each project.
The form of project can also vary considerably the facility con-
structed may return to the client at the end of the project, it may
be transferred to the private partner, or reallocated to the same or
another consortium under a further operational contract. The public
partner often provides guarantees or subsidies to ensure the project
is attractive to the private sector.
There have been notable and well-publicised failures of this type
of partnership, and the politics and relationships between the various
partners and their perceived performance have often proved crucial.
The nature of the types of projects often signifcant critical infra-
structure inevitably lends a political aspect that can create pitfalls
for the unwary.
FLEXIBILITY IN THE MIDDLE EAST
However, when these types of project succeed, they work extremely
well as some very high-profle examples prove. Take the As Samra
wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Jordan, which is a 25-year
build-operate-transfer (BOT) agreement.
The BOT is for fnancing, building and operating the biggest
WWTP in Jordan. The plant serves 2.2 million people in Amman and
other cities, about 40% of Jordans population, says Hassan Abdal-
lah, the general manager.
Treated wastewater produced is fully re-used for irrigation, and
represents around 10% of Jordans total water resource, which gives
an indication of its strategic importance.
The client is the government of Jordan, which is represented by
the countrys Ministry of Water and Irrigation. Thats our daily link,
Abdallah explains. It is considered a national project.
Degrmont, a Suez Environnement subsidiary, is partnered by
CCC Group on the project, one of the biggest M&E contractors in
the Middle East, via Morgani, a US-based affliate. The project agree-
ment was signed in December 2003, with construction beginning
immediately on the plant.
The plant was the frst BOT in Jordan, and the frst fnanced by a
Jordanian bank, Abdallah explains. This $60 million loan was aug-
mented by a $105 million USAID contribution to the government of
Jordan (see page 27). The plant not only produces wastewater to a
standard higher than WHO guidelines and Jordans own standards,
but treats the resultant sludge to a high level and has a sophisticated
odour control system.
PPPs often have complex interrelationships between the parties
and the elements of the project and this one are no exception. Degr-
mont has three roles frstly as an investor in the project, with 10%
of the total investment in the project for the consortium, some $17
million (Suez Environnement and Degrmont and Morganti).
The companys second role was as leader of the PPP consortium
PPPerfect or Problematic?
Despite well publicised issues, public-private partnerships are now growing in demand
and fexibility to meet varying public sector demands. Lis Steadman speaks to major
players Veolia Water and Suez Environnment to see how a variety of such projects are
developing internationally, including across the Middle East, Australia and the U.S.
The As Samra wastewater treatment plant in Jordan serves 2.2 million
people in Amman and other cities, about 40% of Jordans population
There have been notable and well-publicised failures of this type of
partnership and the politics and relationships between the various
partners have often proved crucial
W
W
Clients and markets are increasingly demanding, new
regulations are to be followed; for this reason each new
project becomes a new opportunity, a new technical challen-
Due to our experience we are able to adapt ourselves to new
situations.
For this reason, we always use components that are in line
with our philosophy: manufactured with the technology,
quality and experience of a company with worldwide
recognition.
CEPEX
Fluid Handling Experts
NEW PROJECTS
NEW CHALLENGES
PVC-U / PVC-C / PP / PVDF / ABS ball valves
PVC-U / PVC-C check valves
Actuated valves
Needle valves
F
L
U
I
D
H
A
N
D
LING
E
X
P
E
R
T
S
during construction, a role shared equally with CCC Group. The third
and fnal role is as operator, again with the CCC Group Degrmont
has 51% of the operating element, which has a further 20 years to run.
A BOT is a specifc type of PPP, in which the private partners pro-
vide the management of the fnancing, then build and operate the
system for a number of years. After this it is handed back to the client,
in this case the Jordanian government. The private sector ensures
this, so we design, fnance, build and operate for a number of years,
and afterwards the asset is handed back to the government.
The As Samra project also benefted from USAID funding, which
was given to the Jordanian government and helped to make the proj-
ect more feasible and the tariff more affordable. The international to
local staff ratio should be noted. Initially there were few local staff but
now, three years into the operational phase, there are only two expa-
triate staff out of 170 employees. The team does however also have
the beneft of backup from Degrmonts experts if needed, he notes,
to enable optimal solutions and options to be chosen.
Because the contract shares risks and rewards, there was an in-
centive on both sides to fnd the optimum affordable treatment op-
tions. The result is fully-integrated energy recovery that generates
98% of the sites electricity requirements from both the digester sys-
tem biogas and unusually hydropower from the inlet and outlet
streams, which is possible because of the sloping terrain. This, and
other moves such as minimization of chemical usage, has enabled
an extremely competitive treatment tariff.
PUBLIC SECTOR COMMITMENT
Joubrane Ouechec, the senior executive vice president of CEMME-
near East (the Central Europe Mediterranean Middle East Business
Unit of Suez Environnement) explains that the companys approach
is to look for a very high level of involvement and commitment on the
part of the public sector authority.
He notes: When managing a public sector project they should
have signifcant involvement throughout.
The company is and has been involved in different types of PPP in
different contexts: for instance, operation and maintenance contracts
where the consumer fees would not cover the capital costs. This in-
cludes BOTs like As Samra, where there is a requirement for sustain-
able improvements, mainly for high CAPEX infrastructure projects. In
lease contracts he observes that in the French affermage, the utility
must generate enough revenue through water and wastewater bills
to cover CAPEX and OPEX costs.
The objective is to consolidate the partnership with the govern-
ment and authorities, he explains, and to generate trust for the future.
The frm is already a serious partner of the Jordanian government.
He stresses that there must be long-term benefts for both parties.
The beneft for the country is the experience of the private sector
we dont come alone, we come with expertise in fnancing methods,
PPPs in other countries, reuse, energy consumption optimization
and high level of energy recovery, operations and maintenance and
experience in how to be sustainable overall.
The ability of the private sector to provide engineering optimiza-
tion allows long-run cost reductions in operations. In the end, in the
water sector, these issues are social and ultimately a political issue,
he adds, noting: We never interfere with the tariff build-up we allow
the public sector to feel comfortable controlling these issues.
www.cepex.com
W
W
40
Sometimes groundbreaking PPPs As Samra was the frst in Jor-
dan require special laws as well. For As Samra there was a special
decree by the government to cover the provision contract, Ouechec
notes. He believes the region is realising the benefts of PPPs, and
this decree helped put the project on the ground fast rather than wait
months or years for global PPP laws to be implemented. This was
very benefcial to Jordan.
Suez Environnement is also in the prequalifying stage for the Jor-
dan Red Sea project, which will create a new type of partnership. The
idea is to concentrate on selecting a partner the bidders will not have
to submit a tariff for the cubic metres per hour but a fle of proposals
and innovations that will allow the public sector to select a partner,
then go together for fnance and phasing of the scope of works. He
says such a new type of partnership is one the frm fnds interesting.
PPPS DOWN UNDER
The preliminary aspects of PPPs are also fascinating. Bndicte Colin
is the General Counsel for Suez Environnement/Degrmonts Mel-
bourne desalination project. Degrmont and Suez Environnement
are part of the winning Aquasure Consortium, with Australian con-
struction company Thiess and fnanciers Macquarie Group. Design
and construction of the plant is planned for completion by December
2011 via a Thiess-Degrmont joint-venture, with subsequent opera-
tion through a Dgremont-Thiess Services joint-venture.
Colin notes that the state of Victoria has a strong culture of PPPs
this is the 19th or 20th project under this model since 2000.
She explains that the well balanced consortiums inclusion of a
prominent fnancial adviser has been critical we were fnancing the
project at one of the worst times, in the global crisis.
The project was awarded in July 2009 but in reality work began
more than a year before. It was a very competitive process the key
element in Victorias partnership policy is a very competitive partner-
ing process, she adds.
This involved a two to the wire process in which two consortia were
chosen from the original shortlist, with both parties producing a pre-
liminary bid in March 2009 and a second best and fnal bid that June.
Both bidders had to provide fully-documented bids and demon-
strate their assets covered the whole life of the projects and beyond.
The state had to the option to take either consortium.
It was very competitive we had to be very reactive. From the
time of the frst bid to the award there was a whole process of meet-
ings with the state, and we were given the opportunity to adjust the
bid and achieve the best project profle for the state and for the entity,
adds the General Counsel.
Both bidders had to demonstrate that their assets covered the
whole of the life of the projects and beyond, because the intention
was that they be handed back to the state, she adds.
Within the overall contract, there are two separate joint ventures
a 65:35 Thiess-Degrmont construction phase element, when
Thiesss construction expertise prevails, and a 60:40 Degrmont-
Thiess operational phase, when Degrmonts operational expertise
dominates. Both parties do, however, have input to both elements
of the contract.
As the contract was awarded for a unifed 30-year construct-
operate period following a severe drought in Victoria, there was also
a signifcant incentive to complete construction effciently and maxi-
mize the operational phase. Thus, a target 28 month construction
phase was set, which Colin observes is very challenging because
the contract has to produce water by the end of this year. This is
followed by a six month reliability testing phase.
A ROBUST MODEL?
The attraction of Victorian PPPs is that if a company is involved in
one, the framework is essentially the same for any other so it will be
a familiar process, she adds. She also notes that in the PPP it is not
just the private party that has obligations. The state of Victoria has
obligations too there are mutual obligations in the project deed,
which is the overall umbrella contractual framework.
She adds: Victoria really is one of the most sophisticated states
in terms of PPP contracts. It has a well known, demonstrated and
robust model.
Victoria also provided useful backup in obtaining fnancing in a
diffcult market, Colin adds. There was a stipulation that the bid had
to be fully fnanced. The consortium found two Australian banks pre-
pared to fnance the project, but only over the short-term. The State
stepped in to guarantee its help if syndication of the fnancing proved
The Melbourne desalination project was won by the Aquasure Consortium, comprising Degremont and Suez Envi-
ronnement, with Australian construction company Thiess and fnanciers Macquarie Group.
In the PPP it is not just the private party that has obligations
W
W
41
impossible, and she notes that for lenders psychologically this helped us
to fnance over 100% of the deal. Syndication was completed less than
three months after fnancial close and was signifcantly oversubscribed,
after which the States syndication guarantee obligation fell away.
REGULATED BUSINESSES IN THE U.S.
In the U.S.s highly-competitive market, PPP contracts have to be both fex-
ible and imaginative as Veolia North America executive vice president and
chief municipal operations offcer Philip Ashcroft explains.
In the U.S., there are both regulated and unregulated businesses
there are a lot of regulated businesses but the PPP model is certainly
growing. It came out of contract operations, but is moving beyond that to
adding value for the client through different models such as asset man-
agement, he says, before adding: There is a particular focus on PPPs
for wastewater.
For some reason municipalities were more comfortable with con-
tracting out wastewater, but that is changing, though it is still mainly
about running the plant.
The PPP model used is becoming increasingly fexible, as demonstrat-
ed by a recently-won Veolia contract in Buffalo, New York. Here, the util-
ity workers remain employees of the city, with a Veolia management team
managing them through the city supervisors. It suits Buffalo and a number
of other municipalities, Ashcroft observes.
LARGE SCALE DBO
Veolias Tampa Bay contract in Florida is the biggest DBO in the U.S..
The original contract went so well that a second phase, doubling the
original 66 MGD (250,000m
3
/day approx.) capacity, has just gone op-
erational. Tampa Bay Water is the wholesaler, providing treated water to
the local region.
Executive VP of Communications Scott Edwards explains that Tampa
Bay Water was projecting a $200 million budget for the frst phase, but
the effciencies inherent in this approach meant the actual sum required
was $120 million. That is signifcant and not uncommon, he adds.
The company is also talking to utilities in water-short California, as
well as being involved in a project in Honolulu. The latter takes waste-
water from the clients wastewater treatment plant, and treats it to two
standards part of the fow is treated for irrigation, and the other to an
extremely high standard for use in a local refnery. In Oklahoma City, the
frm is recycling wastewater to be used to irrigate a local country clubs
grounds.
A Water Impact Index, trialled in Milwaukee, has also been launched.
This is a cradle-to-grave analysis of any production process, from the
direct and indirect impacts of water abstraction on the watershed to the
stress created by the effuent discharged on the receiving water body.
Ashcroft says: Milwaukee is the largest PPP for wastewater opera-
tions in the U.S., which he says involves a great deal of above-ground
asset management. He says another area where the private sector can
help is the reuse of biosolids, increasingly being affected by tight require-
ments currently in Europe and U.S..
In Milwaukee, the dried pelletized sludge is a sought-after fertiliser, and
the company has also leveraged opportunities to generate power, recent-
ly winning a major contract in Hong Kong on that basis.
Ultimately, Ashcroft argues that in the U.S., PPPs provide more lo-
cal control than is possible through a regulated utility. In the regulated
model, the utility sets the rate and ownership of the assets is with the
regulated company, control is not with the local community. With the
PPP model, ownership of the assets remain with the municipality they
decide the rates, and what and when to invest.
In the independently-minded U.S., this is an attractive prospect. De-
spite the odd hiccup, the wide varieties of PPP contracts are clearly still in
demand and evolving constantly to meet new requirements and scenari-
os. With many major projects now under way, the future looks extremely
promising for this most fexible of models.WWi
Enquiry No. 104
Turbidity Monitor AMI Turbiwell
Nephelometric non-contact turbidity
monitor for potable water,
surface water and effluent.
ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTS
No direct contact with the sample

no fouling of the optical elements.
White LED method.
EPA approved.
Measuring range: 0-100 NTU.
Average sample consumption of

10 liters/hour.
Heated precision optics to avoid

condensation.
Automatic purging of the

sample chamber.
Four years warranty.

www.swan-analytical-usa.com
SWAN ANALYTICAL USA Inc.
225 Larkin Drive, Unit 4, Wheeling, IL 60090
Phone: (847) 687 4774
email: info@swan-analytical-usa.com
W
W
Metering & Water Demand Management
42
42
W
ater tariff discussions are normally heated de-
bates, regardless of language or geographic
location. Some may claim that water should be
free; however, the costs associated with water
services are real costs which need to be passed
onto the water users.
The U.S. receives enough annual precipitation to cover the entire
country in a depth of 30 inches. These 30 inches is known as the
U.S. water budget. The eastern half of the country receives more
rainfall than the western half. While the west has 28% of the U.S.
population, the arid west accounts for 80% of the average water
consumed, mostly due to irrigation practices. The water supply, stor-
age, treatment and distribution are asset intensive functions. Lets not
forget these assets are very capital intensive. The ratio of assets to
revenue represents the net dollar amount of assets needed to gener-
ate one dollar of revenues. For example. a U.S. municipal water utility
is $7.03 as compared with an electric utility at $1.61 and telecom-
munications at $1.11. This means that a $7.03 capital investment in
water infrastructure is needed to generate $1.00 in revenue.
Community acceptance of water tariffs is rarely given freely, but af-
ter long debates and with in-depth reviews of costs. There are several
lessons that have been learned as a result in the U.S., and could offer
guidance internationally.
Lesson #1 Always charge something for water; never
give it away for free.
Eventually, the public accepts the fact that a price should be
paid to avoid having to carry their own water buckets from
a raw water source to meet their water related needs. At
this point a rate can be established, but the intensity of the
debate increases as the requested rate increase goes up or
the frequency of requests seems ongoing.
Lesson #2 Complete a cost of service/rate study and
review the issues of fairness and equity
Around 85% of U.S. water utilities are owned or controlled
by local municipalities. The utilities were established as en-
terprise funds (separate from the general fund paying for
police and fre services) which maintained a separate set of
accounts with a revenue source derived from the sale of water. Sales
tax and property taxes were used for other city services. When the
high costs of growth and expansion started to force up water rates,
laws were passed to allow developers to pay to offset the capital
expansion costs.
These fees and charges are called connection fees or tap fees,
which pay for the new infrastructure costs only. The operations and
maintenance costs still remained as the burden of those who are
using the water services. Replacement of all used facilities is also
a cost of the existing user. Such a diversifcation of revenue helped
spread the fnancial burden and helped the general acceptance of
water rates because customers were told they were paying their fair
share. The fair share concept in turn solidifed the concept of own-
ership and responsibility. The establishment of a fair share concept is
a critical step in communities understanding and accepting any water
rate increase.
As a result, if a government circumvents or over subsidises, the
underlying feeling of responsibility will never take hold and the belief
in fairness is diluted to the point where consumers lack trust toward
those in charge. Each customer class; residential, commercial, in-
dustrial, irrigation drives the costs differently for a utility. These costs
should be studied and allocated correctly to form the basis of the fair
and equitable water tariff. Re-calculating the value of water or cost of
water services and reallocating costs by user group can be a diffcult
process. This should be a participatory and transparent activity in or-
der to be accepted by the public.
Meters and Tariffs:
Challenges and Pitfalls
Increasing tariffs and introducing advanced metering infrastructure continues to be a po-
litically sensitive topic but certain states in the U.S. are overcoming this challenge. The City
of Atlanta is set to increase its annual water bill by 206% by 2012. Greg Baird looks at what
can be learned from the continents approach.
The Pacifc Institute
says that residential
water use effciency
measures can save
enough water to meet
the needs of fve mil-
lion people by 2020.
Credit: Badger Meter
W
W
43
Lesson #3 Communicate costs with the rate payers on an on-
going basis, regulations will change
At the beginning of the frst half of the 20th century water supply and
sanitation were a local government responsibility with regulation at
the state level. The U.S. federal government played almost no role
in the water sector at that time. This changed with the enactment of
the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1948, which provided for
comprehensive planning, technical services, research, and fnancial
assistance by the federal government to state and local governments
for sanitary infrastructure. The federal role increased from that point
on, enacting regulations and costs.
- In 1948, the Federal Water Pollution Control Act was passed
- In 1965, the Act was amended, establishing a uniform set of wa-
ter quality standards and creating a Federal Water Pollution Con-
trol Administration authorized to set standards where states failed
to do so. Comprehensive federal regulations for water supply and
sanitation were introduced in the 1970s, in reaction to an increase
in environmental concerns
- In 1970, the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) was
created
- In 1972, the Clean Water Act was passed, requiring industrial
plants to proactively improve their waste procedures in order to
limit the effect of contaminants on freshwater sources
- In 1974, the Safe Drinking Water Act was adopted for the regula-
tion of public water systems.
This law specifed a number of contaminants that must be closely
monitored and reported to residents should they exceed the maxi-
mum contaminant levels allowed. Drinking water systems were
closely monitored by federal, state, and municipal governments for
safety and compliance with existing regulations. During the 1970s
huge federal government grants were offered which built a great deal
of the wastewater capacity for cities, which would last the next 20
years until more regulations and growth would require additional cap-
ital investments. The 21st century is experiencing the replacement
costs of this infrastructure without the beneft of signifcant federal
subsidies. The replacement costs and weak water sales due to the
economy are currently putting a great deal of pressure on utilities to
increase rates.
Lesson #4 Water meters are a prerequisite for accurate, volu-
metric water billing
The U.S. Geological Survey states that over six billion gallons of wa-
ter per day is lost to water distribution system leaks and other un-
accounted for uses, an amount suffcient to supply the ten largest
U.S. cities. According to the Pacifc Institute, residential water use
effciency measures can save enough water to meet the needs of fve
million people by 2020. Irrigation effciency practices, too, can save
enough water to supply 3.6 million people per year.
More and more cities and utilities are recognising the need for
accurate demand management and working to fnd better water
management solutions. Cities like Boston and Seattle are making
signifcant strides in accurately calculating and controlling demand
by incorporating conservation and effciency measures into demand
calculations and water supply plans.
After a long drought and signifcant increase in water consump-
tion, the Massachusetts Water Resource Authority (MWRA) in Bos-
ton was created in 1985 to reduce per capita demand by 10% in
three years. The MWRA identifed ineffciencies in the citys infrastruc-
ture, formed a highly detailed audit system, assessed cultural and
behavioral issues from domestic, commercial, and industrial water
users, and addressed pricing issues. Twenty years after the program
began, the MWRA dramatically reduced water demand to 205 mil-
lion gallons per day, far below the original projection of 450 million
gallons per day. By committing to water effciency, Boston was able
to grow its customer base by two million people, reduce its water
consumption by one-third to 1911 levels- and save $500 million by
eliminating the need to build a dam.
In Seattle where it rains a great deal, a reliable water supply that
satisfes demand in the face of rapid population growth and climate
changes is a signifcant concern. In 1992, a drought led to manda-
tory water use restrictions and tiered pricing for consumers. In 2000,
Seattles water supplier implemented a Regional 1% Water Conser-
vation Program that sought to reduce water consumption by 1%
every year for ten years. The water conservation measures used in
Seattles water supply planning have reduced water consumption by
24% since 1990, even though the population increased by 11%.
Lesson #5 Rate setting is a continuous process, not a one-
time deal
Water consumption in the U.S is more than double that in Central
Europe, with large variations among States. Overall, water use in the
U.S is increasing every year and many regions are starting to feel the
pressure. At least 36 states are anticipating local, regional, or state-
wide water shortages by 2013, even under non-drought conditions.
In the U.S. nearly 800 cities have wastewater systems were that
were originally combined with many storm runoff networks and have
only been designed on the basis of the historic hydrologic record,
taking not taking into account of possible changes in fow conditions
due to climate change. A 2004 USEPA report to the U.S. Congress
estimated that there are 9,348 combined sewer overfows in the
U.S., discharging about 850 billion gallons of untreated wastewater
and storm water to the environment. It is estimated that between
23,000 and 75,000 sanitary sewer overfows occur each year, result-
ing in releases of between three and 10 billion gallons of untreated
wastewater.
Lesson #6 Any rate increase is better than no rate increase at all
Sometimes utility managers are forced to accept minimum rate in-
creases. The lowest level should be at least enough to recover oper-
ating and maintenance expenses. This level should also attempt to
increase the amount of communication between the utility and the
public to build rapport and increase trust, which can create the path
to future rate increases. Customers like to feel like there is a tangible
beneft back to them like better customer service or more payment
option.
The next level of charges would include some portion of the capi-
tal charges. Accepting even an infation based rate increase can be
helpful even though the small increase will not reduce any existing
infrastructure funding gaps. A recent Black & Veatch 2010 survey
Smart meters do not increase the volume or security of water
available to customers. However, they can empower customers
with the information to manage their own consumption better
W
W
44
indicates the average U.S. annual increase in typical residential water
bills is approximately 5.3% from 2001 through 2009, while the in-
crease in typical residential sewer bills is approximately 5.5%. During
this same time period the consumer price index increased by 2.4%.
Lesson #7 Comparing rates can be diffcult - local circum-
stances will always make the rates different
The mean U.S. water tariff excluding sewer tariffs - was $2.72 per
1,000 gallons ($0.72 per cubic meter) in 2000 with signifcant varia-
tions between localities. Average residential water tariffs for a monthly
consumption of 15 cubic meters varied between $0.35 per cubic
meter in Chicago and $3.01 in Atlanta in 2007. Annual combined
water and sewer bills vary between $228 in Chicago and $1,476
in Atlanta in 2008. For purposes of comparison, the average water
and sewer bill in England and Wales in 2008 was equivalent to $466.
Lesson #8 Water demand management helps reduce future
supply costs
Within the arena of water resource planning the critical data of the
demand forecast and demand management is required frst in order
to evaluate the need for new supply development. Public water sup-
ply systems cannot be made entirely drought-proof through supply
development and augmentation. There are limits to such traditional
supply-side approaches, including increasing costs of supply devel-
opment, concern over environmental impacts, and in many cases,
political controversy. As a result, water demand must be managed
just as supplies must be managed.
Demand-side management is a powerful tool which can reduce
future water needs, and if the effort is sustainable, then it can be
treated as an additional source of water supply. It has a cost, a yield,
and environmental considerations and needs to be closely evaluated
just as a new supply project would.
Due to the importance of demand management and the need to
shift from voluntary conservationism to operational control, technol-
ogy will continue to be developed and implemented. With GIS as
the backbone, the demand management tools will include advanced
metering infrastructure (AMI) like smart meters, sensors, advanced
control devices and improved communication equipment. Smart
meters do not increase the volume or security of water available to
customers. However, they can empower customers with the infor-
mation to manage their own consumption better than they can today,
and may facilitate an environment where mandatory restrictions are
replaced with a combination of price signals and voluntary water ef-
fciency measures.
Lesson #9 Conservation means less water sales, reducing
revenues
Utility revenue in the U.S. was fairly stable when the water accounts
were unmetered and uniform rates were applied to all customers. Bill-
ing systems were not technologically advanced and therefore rate de-
signs were very simple. Revenues were predictable with the change
of customer accounts as the main variable. Water was cheap and
plentiful and everyone seemed happy. The pendulum then started to
move the other direction through the forces of water scarcity, the in-
troduction of water meters, and the public education on the true cost
of water, conservation programs and new rate designs.
Reliance on 100% fxed rates revenue has shifted to only a small
percentage of total water sales revenue (less than 20%). Revenue
recovery, as a result, became more unstable, being subject to any
factor that could infuence the change of water demand. These fac-
tors included weather, voluntary or mandatory water restrictions, and
public education and changing water use behaviors, the introduction
of water saving devices, and the consequences of price signals that
caused customers to reduce their water use to maintain a consistent
household water budget (price elasticity of demand), and inevitably a
down turn in the local and national economy.
By reducing or delaying improvements and maintenance, how-
ever, costs may actually increase in the future pay now or pay even
more later. Another option is operating the utility in a more fnancially
weakened condition, but this could create a downgrade in credit and
increase the cost of future borrowing. Other political, legal and eco-
nomic forces also exist. For example: most approving authorities will
not allow the utility to increase rates to make up for a loss of revenue
from conservation.
Lesson #10 Affordability is always at the heart of water rate
increases
A 2010 survey showed that 95% of American voters value water over
any other service they receive. In fact, the nationwide survey showed
that 63% of Americans are willing to pay a little more. The median
household spent about 1.1% of its income on water and sewerage.
However, poor households even in 1997 (18% of U.S. households)
paid more than 4% of their income on their water and sewer bill. In
2002, the average American family spent $474 on water and sewer-
age charges which is about the same level as in Europe. The City of
Atlanta is in the middle of a $4.1 billion project to overhaul its system.
Rate increases already approved will make the average water bill
jump to $151.92 from $49.60 per month; a 206% increase by 2012.
In 2008 an annual water bill is $1,476 in Atlanta putting them at or
near the top nationally for water bills.
A decline in U.S. personal household income, combined with
a prolonged downturn in the overall U.S. economy has raised the
issues of utility rates and customer affordability. The question U.S.
policy makers at all levels of government and utility managers are
struggling with is whether or not rates can be raised to pay for opera-
tions and capital improvements and replacements and still be afford-
able to customers.
Water has generally been so cheap for so long, that people have
become attached to the historical price. A fnal, short lesson is that
sustainability costs money. WWi
Authors note: Gregory Baird is managing director/CFO of AWI
Consulting LLC. For more information, please email: greg.m.baird@
agingwaterinfrastructure.org. Enquiry No. 110
Collecting data: highly detailed audit systems are required to identify ineffciencies in
the any citys infrastructure
W
W
45
Trenchless Technology
C
limate change has escalated concern about fooding
worldwide. In Europe, the Floods Directive was pro-
posed in 2006 as a response to catastrophic fooding
in the continent between 1998 and 2004. During this
period over 100 major foods led to an insured eco-
nomic loss of at least 25 billion.
The threat of fooding was witnessed frst hand in the UK Mid-
lands at the end of 2009 in the Cumbrian town of Cockermouth. The
foods saw the highest ever concentration of rain in a 24 hour period.
Homes, businesses and infrastructure were destroyed and lives seri-
ously affected. One year after the event, fgures suggest that 276
million worth of damage resulted from the foods.
To help prevent and limit potential damages from future foods in
the Midlands, major utility United Utilities contractor VJ Donegans
Civil Engineering has embarked on an element of the Blackburn Sew-
er Improvement Scheme, in Lancashire. The installation comprised a
DN300 gravity sewer laid to precise line and level parameters, set out
by design engineers at United Utilities.
A trenchless installation technique was chosen, given the urban
location and need to ensure the grade of the sewer was maintained.
Such a technique could also ensure the necessary line and level con-
trol. Awarded to Trenchless Solutions of Wakefeld, West Yorkshire,
the frm opted to use a Perforator PBA85 Guided Auger Boring sys-
tem for the installation. A system with a small operational footprint
was required, due to the urban location of the project, as well as hav-
ing the capacity to handle expected ground conditions at the level of
the pipe installation.
Prior to the start
of the installation
works, cable per-
cussive bore holes
were used to under-
take a ground inves-
tigation survey using
a Dando 2000 drill-
ing rig. This inves-
tigation confrmed
that the ground at
the installation hori-
zon comprised soft
to stiff clay.
The guided au-
ger boring machine used included a HS56 power pack, pilot rods,
as well as augers and casings designed to suit the parameters of the
1m long Naylor-manufactured Denlok DN300 clayware pipe chosen
for the installation. Directional control of the pilot bore was achieved
using a monitor, an optical system with a CCD camera and a di-
ode target plate. Furthermore, a three-pass system was used with
the rig for the new pipe installation, comprising an initial pilot bore.
This helped established the accurate line and level of the bore, which
would be followed by the subsequent installation phases. To expand
the pilot bore, an auger chain with a cutting at the lead end was used.
The auger chain ran inside auger casings with excavated soil re-
moved from the bore to the start shaft by using the rotating augers.
With the bore now at the required diameter, to complete the installa-
tion the Naylor Denlok DN300 pipe was jacked into the bore, while
displacing the auger chain at the reception shaft.
The PBA85 guided auger boring rig used some 850 kN (kilone-
wtons) of forward thrust, as well as a maximum 470 kN pullback
force and operate from a start shaft or pit of a minimum 2m diameter.
The machine will install pipelines from DN150 to DN500 and can be
extended by up to 5m where circumstances require and are permit-
ted to handle the installation of longer pipe section in one operation.
Work started on the 24m long sewer installation on 22 November
last year with the installation completed by 24 November with no
specifc problems being encountered during the course of any phase
of the work. The use of the trenchless system for the installation also
meant that despite the urban setting local residents and businesses
were not inconvenienced in any way by the presence of the works.
WWi
Enquiry No. 105
Flood Proof ng
the UK without Disruption
Devastating fooding is becoming more commonplace globally, as has been indicated
across Brisbane, Australia. To prepare against future foods, major utilities across the
UK are investing into sewer rehabilitation schemes. WWi takes a look at a trenchless
installation that caused minimal disturbance to local residents and businesses.
The Perforator PBA85 in the start shaft on the Blackburn food alleviation project
Adding to the auger chain during Phase 2 of the bore to
upsize the pilot bore to diameter of the fnal pipe
W
W
46
Urban Rehabilitation and Leak Detection
T
renchless installation technologies have been in use in
Poland since the beginning of the 1990s. This was as a
result of a transportation boom and need to tunnel be-
neath roads and railways, or in congested areas to avoid
disruption and damage caused by excavation. The de-
velopment of remote controlled drilling equipment and introduction
of hydraulic excavation led to these "no-dig" techniques becoming
popular.
Today, a great range of no-dig options are employed for estab-
lishing or rehabilitating almost all underground infrastructure. This in-
cludes sewers, water mains, gas, energy and communications lines,
tunnels and underpasses, road and railway drainage and hydro-
technical culvert.
Poland invests heavily in trenchless research and relies on its nu-
merous technical institutions, colleges and laboratories whose results
are promptly put into practice. Such research has led to Centrifugally
Cast Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastics (CC-GRP) pipes, reinforced
concrete as well as polymer-concrete and stoneware pipes being
commonly used for micro-
tunneling in Poland.
In Poland the static-
strength calculations for
pipes installed by micro-
tunneling are usually af-
fected by the ATV-A 161
guidelines. These guidelines
help determine the mini-
mum thickness of the pipe
wall for the designed length
of drive. These calculations
include the defned safety
coeffcients for the material
parameters and the desig-
nated installation technol-
ogy.
Such a method is com-
monly applied and forms
the basis for calculating
micro-tunneling ducts, irre-
spective of the used mate-
rial.
In the case of CC-GRP
pipes, the compressive
strength characteristically
amounts to 90 MPa. Due to
a wide range of wall thicknesses (up to 12 kinds for each diameter),
calculations allow a choice of thickness to help constitute the most
economically justifed solution.
MICRO-TUNNELING - FIRST STEPS IN POLAND
The frst micro-tunneling project to break ground for trenchless GRP
pipes in Poland was executed in Torun between 1997 to 1998. After
the successful installation of this 973m long collector measuring a
diameter of DN1600, glass fber composites became more and more
widely applied for micro-tunneling across the entire country.
Impressive jobs such as the Sleza collector in Wrocaw or the col-
lector under Prymasa Tysiaclecia Street in Warsaw followed soon
after. The latter, implemented between 2001 to 2003, was at the
time the largest jacking project in Europe and represented a technical
milestone.
The works were conducted at a depth of between nine to 11 me-
ters in water carrying sand and clay, which were diffcult to separate
from the drilling fuid. The 6km long pipeline route was divided into fve
sections and the longest (470m) was executed with three intermedi-
ate jacking stations.
Bentonite lubricant was injected in all sections to reduce friction
between pipe and soil, keeping the necessary jacking forces beneath
6500kN.
Pipe Dreams in Poland
Trenchless rehabilitation methods may have been used in Poland for over two de-
cades, but such techniques are still proving popular. As joint host of the Euro 2012 with
Ukraine, Poland is on a mission to bring its infrastructure up to date. An overview of
several projects, including a wastewater facility connection.
CC-GRP - Centrifugally Cast
Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastics
CC-GRP is particularly favored in Poland for vari-
ous reasons. The materials high compressive
strength (90 MPa) results in comparably small
wall thicknesses and therefore also smaller ex-
terior diameters at required interior diameter.
Lower jacking forces are thus necessary and
costs regarding the installation process as well
as hoisting equipment and thrust pits are re-
duced. Less excavation material leads to less
transportation costs and less emissions.
Thanks to the materials high resilience (a rela-
tively low Young module at high compressive
strength) it is not necessary to use wooden sep-
arators (rectilinear micro-tunneling) in bends of
angle joints connected with the pipe control.
Apart from the previously mentioned character-
istic compressive strength, the material is char-
acterized by a relatively high longitudinal strain
(0.7%). Tests conducted over a span of 25 years
at the universities in Bochum and Dortmund in
Germany and Illinois in the U.S. confirm these
properties. In practice, numerous contractors
have experienced an array of successful CC-
GRP installations by micro-tunneling on straight
as well as curved routes.
___________________________Continued ON page 56
Intermediate jacking
station in a GRP line
Figure 1. Share of utilized materials
for trenchless technologies in Poland
%
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Stoneware
11.3%
Reinforced
Concrete
35.5%
Polymer
Concrete
12%
Other GRP
Producers
0.8%
CC-GRP
40.4%
W
W
International Show Preview
47
I
t is no coincidence that as one of the Western Eu-
ropes most switched on countries when it
comes to EU water regulation, Germany
possesses one of the most effcient net-
works in the region. Such low water
losses and minor disruptions to supply
are enviable worldwide. But this success
came at a price: the country had to in-
vest over 100 billion over the last 20 years to reach this stage.
These fgures are part of industry analysts Frost & Sullivans recent report,
Western European Water & Wastewater Utilities Market (see pages 14-
15 for more detail). The report also highlighted that despite high levels of
investment in the past, Germany invests one of the highest amounts into
its drinking water sector (0.54 per m
3
) followed by England (0.53 per
m
3
) and France (0.33 per m
3
).
Germany also invests one of the highest levels of fnance into the
wastewater sector (1.27 per m
3
), followed
by England and Wales (0.91 per m
3
),
France (0.72 / m
3
), respectively.
Investments in the water and wastewater
sector are fully paid by the end-users, as
a result of utilities pricing water and waste-
water services following the cost-recovery
principle of the Water Framework Directive.
MIDDLE EASTERN PROMISE
It is not just other countries in Western Eu-
rope that have taken an active interest in
the German model. The end of 2010 saw an agreement signed between
Messe Berlin and the Arab Countries Water Utilities Association in Amman.
As a result, it is expected that numerous foreign delegations, from the
Middle East as well as Russia and China will attend the Wasser Berlin
show in May. Around a quarter of all exhibitors
are expected to be international. This includes
three joint national displays hosted by China,
a joint national display by Russia, where com-
panies will be distributing information about their
services and activities. Numerous exhibitors from the
Middle East will also be represented in Berlin for the frst
time. International events will be further augmented by a Rus-
sia Day, organised by the Eastern Committee of German Industry and
German Water Partnership.
Furthermore, dedicated international forums will address the different
water and wastewater challenges across different countries. Nations set
to attend include Russia, Romania, Bulgaria, Jordan, numerous Central
Asian states and Turkey.
The international attention the fair has attracted is due to two main
factors, said Cornelia Wolff von der Sahl, project manager at Messe Ber-
lin. On the one hand the water industry is becoming more globalised.
Against this back-
drop, with its ex-
tensive programme
of congress events
Wasser Berlin Inter-
national is becom-
ing an increasingly
important industry
platform.
On the other
hand, our direct in-
volvement in other
countries, our inter-
national contacts and the work carried out by our foreign representatives
has had a positive impact.
NO DIG TECHNOLOGIES
It has been estimated that in 2008, trenchless technology (see page 45)
was used to build 750 kilometres of pipes in Berlin alone. This helped to
save 64 million euros in costs. As a result, this years Wasser Berlin Inter-
national will incorporate the International No Dig event, presenting the
latest developments and technology in trenchless pipe laying.
With the 2009 event attracting over 30,000 visitors and 179 interna-
tional exhibitors, it is clear that, as western European countries go, Ger-
many is now an apt a host country as any for an international water event.
WWi
www.wasser-berlin.com
Western Europes
International Water Hub
Enquiry No. 112
W
W
48
Auma
AUMA, a leading modular electric actuator manufacturer, has supported water sector automation since 1964. Latest compact design actuators,
a new end stop solution and enhanced corrosion protection will be displayed. Hall 4.2, Booth 211
ITT
ITT provides energy-effcient solutions and related services for water and wastewater transport, biological treatment, fltration, disinfection, and
testing through a portfolio of leading global brands Flygt, Godwin Pumps, Leopold, Lowara, Sanitaire, WEDECO and WTW. Hall 4.2, Booth 404
Cepex
Cepex is a company based in Spain dedicated to serving customer needs in fuid handling, producing and selling plastic valves and fttings in
PVC-U, CPVC, PP-H, ABS and PVDF. Hall 4.2, Booth 219
Grundfos
An annual production of more than 16 million pump units makes Grundfos one of the worlds leading pump manufacturers. Intensive research and
product development help meet ever-increasing requirements of customers and society at large. Hall 4.2, Booth 123
Burkert
Throughout the world, Brkert is synonymous with competence in fuid control systems. Besides one of the most comprehensive product ranges
for all felds of fuid control, Burkert offers a diversity of services, ranging from consulting and engineering to setup and maintenance, to provide
you with competent solutions for your every requirement in water treatment. Hall 4.2, Booth 319
WHERE:
Messe Berlin GmbH
Messedamm 22
14055 Berlin
Germany
www.wasse-berlin.de
wasser@messe-berlin.de
WHEN:
May 2-5, 2011
W
W
F
or German company AUMA, one of the worlds leading electric actuator
manufacturers, Wasser Berlin is one of the most signifcant exhibitions in
the trade fair calendar for 2011. The event enables AUMA to showcase its
products to the water industry, a sector which it has specialised in supplying
since 1964.
The exhibition is an ideal platform for the company to display its comprehensive product port-
folio for valve automation. AUMAs display will include new SGC and SVC part-turn and multi-turn
actuators, with a torque range between 10 and 500 Nm, as well as multi-turn actuator/part-turn
gearbox combina-
tions with torques
of up to 675,00
Nm.
A key feature of
AUMAs new SGC
and SVC actuators
displayed on the
companys booth is
their compact de-
sign: this is made
possible by coaxial
arrangement of an
ellipto-centric gear-
ing equipped with a
permanent magnet
motor.
All components
for controlling the
actuators, includ-
ing local controls,
are contained in a
single housing. The
design makes the
products particu-
larly appropriate for installations with space constraints. The actuators are available with parallel
interface, but can also be equipped with Profbus DP and Modbus RTU interfaces.
An end stop principle developed and proven by AUMA has been optimised for the com-
panys GS gearboxes and this news is also promoted at Wasser Berlin. The new block stop
construction prevents end position seizures which were diffcult to release in certain conditions
e.g. in the event of automatic tripping failure.
Safety wedge discs ensure that the required unseating torque is just 60% of the torque applied
to approach the end stop.
Further developments promoted by AUMA include enhanced corrosion protection. Two-
component powder coating is one of the crucial elements fulflling the requirements of corrosivity
category C4 (high) in compliance with EN ISO 12944-2. WWi Enquiry No. 113
www.auma.com
Compact actuators suitable for
space-constrained locations
Exhibitor promotion: Auma
AUMAs new SGC actuator designed to suit locations with space constraints
Generation .2
Electric Actuators
Advance information
Currently, plant operators only receive
fault signals when a malfunction has
occurred. Generation .2 actuators help
to avoid these malfunctions using a
system of temperature, torque and
vibration sensors with intelligent evalu-
ation and a standardised signal system
based on NAMUR recommendations.
Deviations from the dened operation
conditions are signalled to the control
room.
Time-stamped setting, operation

process and fault history
Status signals in accordance with

NAMUR NE 107
Wireless access to all actuator data
Memorisation of all actuator data

via AUMA Tool Suite
www.generation2.auma.com
AUMA Riester GmbH & Co. KG
P.O. Box 1362 | 79373 Muellheim, Germany
Tel. +49 7631 809-0 | www.auma.com
Please visit us at our
booth in hall 4.2
2 May 5 May, 2011
W
W
50
Pumps consume 10% of
the worlds electrical power
too much of it is wasted
Grundfos Blueflux pump motors not only meet motor efficiency legislation,
they offer an immediate reduction in CO
2
emissions, potential energy
savings of up to 60% and lower operation costs. Can you really afford not to
Meet the Energy Challenge NOW?
Find out more about Grundfos Blueflux
at Wasser Berlin (Hall 4.2 - Booth 123)
Switch to Grundfos Blueflux
and start saving CO2 and money now
Exhibitor promotion: Grundfos
N
ew European Union legislation comes into effect on June 16,
2011, setting strict standards for motor effciency. The directive
on Energy-Using Products (EuP) will force industries to convert
all 0.75 375 kW electric motors to more energy-effcient solu-
tions. The long-term goal is to reduce the EUs total electricity
consumption by 5%. For electric motors, that means savings of 135 TWh a
year, or an annual electricity consumption equivalent to that of Swedens.
One of the worlds largest pump manufacturers, Grundfos, is also a leading
producer of motor solutions. Grundfos supported the development of the EuP
directive and endorses the necessity for legislation that raises energy standards.
BLUEFLUX LABEL FOR HIGHEST EFFICIENCY
The Grundfos portfolio includes high quality motors that meet or exceed the
European legislation targets for international effciency (IE) standards. The com-
panys new label, Grundfos Bluefux, represents the best from Grundfos within
energy effcient motors and variable frequency drives.
The EuP directive will be implemented in three phasesin 2011, 2015 and
2017. Motors with Grundfos Bluefux labeling already meet most of the 2017 de-
mands. This means pump operators who switch to Grundfos Bluefux today will
not only comply with forthcoming legislation but will also get years of extra savings.
A Grundfos Bluefux motor combined with a variable speed drive can de-
crease a pumps energy consumption by up to 60%, depending on the pumps
load profle.
The latest product portfolio features a range of ener-
gy-effcient motors up to 22 kW that can be controlled
by variable frequency drives, as well as motors with in-
tegrated frequency converters (the MGE line). Motors
up to 75 kW are available this year. All these motors
carry the Grundfos Bluefux label. They meet the high-
est effciency level, IE3, under the EUs energy classifcation.
The drive used on the MGE motors is designed for pump control and helps to
ensure low energy consumption compared to traditional solutions.
REDUCED ENERGY LOSSES
A motor with a Grundfos Bluefux label ensures that only a minimum of energy is
lost. This in turn means less excess heat generation, reducing the need for fan
cooling and thus noise. The cooler motor also results in a longer lifetime for the
bearings and insulation material.
Grundfos Bluefux motors (MG, MGE) and variable speed drives (CUE) are
designed exclusively for pumps. This increases pump effciency, ensures high
reliability and ensures a perfect match for any pump application.
A variable frequency drive intelligently regulates motor speed in direct re-
sponse to shifting system demands. This ensures the motor never works more
than necessary, which in turn also reduces downtime and increases the opera-
tional lifetime. WWi Enquiry No. 114
www.grundfos.com
Quality label introduced for new
motor eff ciency standards
W
W
51
Exhibitor promotion: ITT
Hydraulically perfected UV
system to be launched
I
nnovations dominate this years ITT presence at Wasser
Berlin. The company is exhibiting on two booths in the
Pumps & Water treatment and the Analysis areas.
On a common booth in hall 4.2, number 404, the
brands WEDECO, Lowara and Leopold are showing
well-engineered UV, ozone, and fltration systems, high-
effcient pumps, borehole pumps, booster sets as well as
many new products. The highlight of the brand WEDECO
is a new developed hydraulically perfected UV system
presented the frst time.
With these high-performance systems for
disinfection of drinking water at limited space,
WEDECO is completing its UV portfolio focused
on highest effciency. Additionally, WEDECO is
presenting ECORAY, a new generation of low
pressure high-intensity UV lamps which promise - in con-
nection with unique services - operation costs savings of up to 20%
at existing installations. Similar reduced lifecycle costs are possible with the new
WEDECO PDO ozone systems. With these systems WEDECO again is setting
a benchmark on effcient production of large ozone quantities.
Parties interested in disinfection of wastewater according to the EC Bathing
Water Directive do have the unique chance to visit the new WEDECO UV sys-
tem at the Ruhleben wastewater treatment plant in Berlin.
Besides the new 10 borehole pump, series Z10, one of the LOWARA high-
lights is the new vertical multistage pump e-SV series, which is easy to install
and economical to maintain, enabling lower operational and lifecycle costs.
The new e-SV pumps also have a number of design innovations that allow
easy installation and signifcantly reduce maintenance time. The O ring seal
is designed to allow easy disassembly of the outer sleeve, and the mechanical
seal can be replaced without removing the motor. The new hydraulic design
provides superior NPSHr levels; additionally, the all-stainless steel construction
and NSF certifcation allow the e-SV pump to meet municipalities requirements
for pure water while providing superior corrosion resistance.
WWi Enquiry No. 115
www.wedeco.com and www.lowara.com
SusIaihable soluIiohs
ih Ihe suh ahd sky?
We o!Ieh greeI Ihe lighI o! a hew day wiIh a breaIh o! !resh
air. 1he elemehIal buildihg blocks o! ulIravioleI (UV) lighI ahd
ozohe (O
3
) Iechhology radiaIe !rom a simple approach Io
providihg ahswers Io Ihe world's cleah waIer heeds. WiIh
Ihem, WEDECO has showh iI woh'I resI ih meeIihg 21sI
cehIury demahds !or chemical-!ree ahd ehvirohmehIal-
ly !riehdly disih!ecIioh ahd oxidaIioh !or muhicipal ahd
ihdusIrial waIer ahd wasIewaIer IreaImehI.
1o learh more, visiI www.wedeco.com.
UV & Ozohe - elemehIary
lTT is a global provider o waIer handling and
IreaImenI soluIions or municipal and indus
Irial cusIomers in more Ihan !40 counIries. The
company designs and delivers energyeicienI soluIions and relaIed services
or waIer and wasIewaIer IransporI, biological IreaImenI, ilIraIion, and dis
inecIion. lTT mainIains one o Ihe indusIry's mosI exIensive sales and service
organizaIions Io ensure iI meeIs more Ihan one cusIomer's needs locally.
W
W
___________
52
B
rkert presents a fexible solution for process automation
in water treatment. The diverse areas of application for
the Type 8640 valve terminal and the Type 8644 au-
tomation system in the water treatment industry
are expanded by Air-LINE Quick with an adapter
plate and integrated push-in connectors. Installation and com-
missioning are now reduced to a minimum. You determine the
installation location of the valve terminal or valve block: on the
wall or foor of the control cabinet. AirLINE Quick supports both
options.
AirLINE Quick signifcantly reduces the number of components
in the control cabinet. Less pneumatic hoses and cables are needed
as AirLINE Quick is directly integrated into the foor or wall of the control
cabinet, eliminating the need for bulkhead connections on the cabinet. Ad-
ditional stability is provided by a supplementary fxation plate at the cabinets
exterior. AirLINE Quick simplifes the commissioning and installation process and
reduces the mounting and installation time. A unique feature of Type 8640 and
the Type 8644 automation system is the combination of the pneumatic con-
nections, feld bus interface and I/O modules directly on the foor or wall of the
control cabinet, which means that the control cabinet
can be generally smaller than in the past.
AirLINE Quick, combined with the impor-
tant integrated process safety features such as
check-valves, which are integrated in the exhaust
air channels and the pneumatic hot-swap func-
tion (P-channel shut-off) which makes it possible
to replace a valve while the system is in operation,
now offers the best solution for centralized pneumat-
ic piloting devices in process automation.
Both the AirLINE Quick adapter plate and the pneu-
matic connectors are available in a stainless steel version for use
in hygienic processes as required by the food, beverage and pharmaceutical
industries. In less critical applications, anodized aluminum adapter plates and
nickel-plated brass connectors can be used as a cost-saving alternative provid-
ing all the benefts of AirLINE Quick. WWi Enquiry No. 116
www.koehler-partner.de
Exhibitor promotion: Burkert
Reliable, compact and time saving
Want to know more? Just call: +49 (0) 7940/10-91 111.
Show-Off!
Looking for an allrounder? Brkert has it the new multichannel transmitter/controller.
Beyond the standard versions, which offer various options for measuring pH, redox potential and con-
ductivity, there are a number of additional software and hardware extensions available e.g. for additi-
onal flow measurement, control functions and signal inputs. With just one device you get exactly what
you need for your measuring requirements, whilst saving you not only money but also handling and
storage resources.
Burkerts AirLINE Quick adapter is a fexible solution
for process automation in water treatment
W
W
53
Diary
Diary Dia y Da Di y Dia Di iiiiiaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa yy
Calendar of Events
A selection of events related to the water and wastewater industry
in 2011 can be found here. For a full list, visit: www.wwinternation-
al.com and click on the Events tab at the top of the page.
March 13-18, 2011 - Pittcon 2011 Conference & Expo, Atlanta, GA, USA. www.pittcon.org
March 27-31, 2011 - Food Processing Environmental Conference, Bonita Springs, FL, USA. www.aff.
com/index.asp?bid=2477
March 30- 31, 2011 - 2011 Asia Pacifc Water and Sewer Systems Modeling Conference, Gold Coast,
Australia. www.asiapacifcwater.com
April 3-4, 2011 - Northwest Food Service Show, Portland, OR, USA. http://nwfoodserviceshow.com
April 6-7, 2011 - Water & Environment 2011: CIWEMs Annual Conference, London, UK. www.ciwem.
org/events/annual-conference.aspx
April 6-8, 2011 - 2011 Desalination and Water Reuse International Forum, Tianjin, P.R. china.
www.2011desal.org/english/index.html
April 11-13 - 2011, BevTech 11, Fort Lauderdale, FL , USA. www.bevtech.org
April 18-19, 2011 - Global Water Summit 2011, Berlin, Germany. www.globalwaterintel.com/gwi-
events/gwi-conference/
April 19-21, 2011 - WWEMA 38th Washington Forum, BevTech 11, Washington, DC, USA. www.
wwema.org
May 2-5, 2011 - WASSER Berlin International 2011, Berlin, Germany. www1.messe-berlin.de/vip8_1/
website/Internet/Internet/www.wasser-berlin/englisch/index.html
May 5-7, 2011 -Power-Gen India, New Delhi, India. www.power-genindia.com/index.html
May 9-11, 2011 - Ozwater 11, Adelaide, Australia. www.ozwater11.com.au
May 9-11, 2011 - RemTEC 2011, Chicago, IL, USA. www.remtecsummit.com
May 15- 20, 2011 - ASFPM 2011, Louisville, KY, USA. www.foods.org/index.asp?menuid=663&frstlev
elmenuid=181&siteid=1
May 16-19, 2011 - CS Week, Orlando, FL, USA. www.csweek.org
May 23-26, 2011 - 20th Ozone World Congress and 6th Ultraviolet World Congress and Exhibition,
Paris, France. www.iuva.org
May 24-26, 2011 - International Water & Effuent Exhibition (IWEX) Birmingham, UK. www.sustainabil-
itylive.com
May 25-27, 2011 - HYDROGAA International Water Exhibition, Montpellier, France. www.hydrogaia-
expo.com
June 5-9, 2011 - 59th ASMS Conference on Mass Spectrometry 2011, Denver, CO, USA. www.asms.org
June 12-16, 2011 - AWWA 2011 Annual Conference & Exhibition, Washington, DC, USA. www.awwa
org/index.cfm?showLogin=N
June 20- 24, 2011 - National Water Law Symposium, Dundee, UK. www.dundee.ac.uk/water
July 4-8, 2011 - Singapore International Water Week, Suntec Singapore International Convention &
Exhibition Centre. www.siww.com.sg
August 21- 25, 2011 - StormCon 2011, Anaheim, CA, USA. www.stormcon.com
September 4-9, 2011 - IDA World Congress, Perth, Australia. www.idadesal.org/t-worldcongress_000.aspx
September 11-14, 2011 - 2011 Distribution Systems Symposium and Exposition & Water Security
Conference, Nashville, TN, USA. www.awwa.org/Conferences
September 14-17, 2011 - AWT Annual Convention & Exposition 2011, Atlanta, GA, USA. www.awt.org
September 19- 21, 2011 - 2nd North American Conference on Ozone and Ultraviolet and Advanced
Oxidation Technologies -- Green Technology Benefts Environment & Industry, Toronto, ON, Canada.
www.io3a.org
October 14-15- 2011, SWPA Annual Meeting 2011, Los Angeles, CA, USA. www.swpa.org/swpa/
outside_home.asp
October 15-19, 2011 - WEFTEC.11, Los Angeles, CA, USA. www.weftec.org
October 24-46 2011 - WaterWorld Middle East conference and exhibition. Focusing on water and
wastewater. Doha, Qatar. www.waterworldmiddleeast.com/index.html
October 24-26 2011 - POWER-GEN Middle East Conference & Exhibition: CHANGING
POWER&WATER SOLUTIONS IN CHALLENGING TIMES, Doha, Qatar. www.power-gen-middleeast.
com/index.html
November 1-3, 2011 -2011 CHEM SHOW, New York, NY, USA. www.chemshow.com
November 1-4, 2011 - Aquatech Amsterdam 2011, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. www.amsterdam.
aquatechtrade.com/nl/en/Pages/default.aspx
November 10-12, 2011 - WWEMA 103rd Annual Meeting, St. Pete Beach, FL, USA. www.wwema.org
November 15- 17, 2011 - WATEC Israel 2011, Tel Aviv, Israel. www.watec-israel.com
November 29 - December 02, 2011 - NGWA Ground Water Expo and Annual Meeting 2011, Las
Vegas, NV, USA. www.ngwa.org/development/calendar.aspx.
IN THE
HARSHEST CONDITIONS.
SIPOS 5 FLASH
THE INTELLIGENT ACTUATOR
RELIABLE SERVICE
SIPOS Aktorik GmbH Im Erlet 2 90518 Altdorf Germany www.sipos.de
Tel.: +49 9187 9227- 0 Fax: +49 9187 9227-5111 info@sipos.de
When using actuators, you need to be assured of reliable
performance. You need absolute confidence that your actuation
technology will continue to perform, without loss of torque, even
if faced with unreliable power supplies. At SIPOS, we can offer
this assurance.
Using intelligent electronics incorporating an integrated frequency
converter, SIPOS 5 Flash compensates for fluctuations in voltage
and frequency: The guarantee for actuator functionality, even in
the harshest conditions.
Top marks in all disciplines
High tolerance to supply voltage variation
Ability to maintain torque under
severe voltage/frequency variations
220 V -10 % ... 230 V +15 %
380 V -10 % ... 460 V +15 %
Operating frequency range
40-70Hz
High availability
Long supply cable capability without loss of torque
W
W
__________
_______
________
_____
____
_____________
______________
__________
___
_____
______________
_____________________
____
________
54
Round-up: Corrosion Control
Pepperl +Fuchs
has introduced its
CorrTran AQUA
designed to meet
the corrosion moni-
toring needs of municipal and industrial water
and wastewater treatment facilities. CorrTran
AQUA continuously monitors water and
wastewater processes for general and lo-
calised corrosion, enabling users to determine
the effectiveness of their corrosion inhibitors,
and to detect and correct corrosion issues
through upkeep and preventative mainte-
nance before they become a costly problem.
CorrTran AQUA transmitters use a new
algorithm of the LPR (Linear Polarization Re-
sistance), HDA (Harmonic Distortion Analysis)
and ECN (ElectroChemical Noise) measure-
ment for maximum corrosion monitoring
accuracy. They also automatically calculate
and update the Stern-Geary value (B-value)
due to changes in other process variables to
maintain maximum accuracy.
www.pepperl-fuchs.us
Enquiry No. 120
Corrosion evaluation for
use outside of labs
Prolonged equipment exposure to water, ac-
ids, fuels, solvents, high temperatures and high
pressures creates a constant corrosion prob-
lem in many process industry plants. Ammonia,
chlorine, cyanide, hydrochloric acid, hydrogen
sulfde, methane and other harsh substances
cause corrosion that requires extra maintenance
or reduces the life of instrumentation, pumps,
valves and piping. Corrosion-related mainte-
nance activity shrinks plant product throughput
and increases operating costs.
McCrometers new Corrosion-Resistant
V-Cone Flow Meter is designed for high ac-
curacy measurement with virtually no mainte-
nance and long life under the most challenging
conditions.
The V-Cone Flow Meter aims to provide pre-
cise fow measurement in liquid, steam or gas
media and the manufacturer said it requires virtu-
ally no maintenance in the most demanding pro-
cesses where corrosive conditions exist.
It has been designed for use in a wide range
of industries that include chemical, electric power
generation, food/beverage, oil/gas production
and refning, pharmaceutical, pulp/paper and
more.
The design of McCrometers V-Cone Flow
Meter is based on advanced differential pres-
sure technology and requires no-moving parts,
which may break due to corrosion or clog dur-
ing use. Built-in fow conditioning allows the
V-Cone Flow
Meter to achieve
measur ement
accuracy of
+0.5%, with a
repeatability of
+0.1. It operates
over a fow range
of 10:1 and services line sizes from 0.5 to 120
inches.
The V-Cone Flow Meter is available in stan-
dard confgurations that may be specifed with
either stainless steel or carbon steel materials. It
can now also be constructed from a wide range
of other materials to meet specifc plant oper-
ating and maintenance requirements. Optional
materials that are available include: Hastelloy
C-276, Duplex 2205, Chromeloy P22/P11, Mo-
nel K400/K500, Inconel 625 and many more.
McCrometer said the V-Cone Chem Flow
Meter eliminates the need for up/down stream
straight pipe runs required by other DP technol-
ogies, such as orifce plates and Venturi tubes.
The V-Cone conditions fuid fow to provide
a stable fow profle, which is said to improve
accuracy. The fow sensors design features a
centrally-located cone inside a tube. The cone
interacts with the fuid fow and reshapes the
velocity profle to create a lower pressure region
immediately downstream.
www.mccrometer.com Enquiry No. 121
V-Cone Flow Meter
Withstands Corrosion In
Harsh Processes
A SUMP-GARD Model
SGK PY800SP thermoplastic
pump from Vanton features a
close-coupled, cantilevered
shaft that reduces headroom
requirements and elimi-
nates immersed bearings.
Hard coupling of the
drive shaft to the motor
shaft reduces height above
the mounting plate by about
50%.
According to the man-
ufacturer, this allows the
pump to ft in restricted ar-
eas commonly encountered in r e-
placement and OEM applications, while lower-
ing the center of gravity.
The cantilevered, large diameter shaft elimi-
nates the need for immersed bearings prone to
fail in caustic, acidic and abrasive applications,
and allows run-dry operation with no damage
to the pump.
All wetted components, including a heavy
wall shaft sleeve, are molded of solid Polypro-
pylene, PVDF or CPVC, eliminating corrosion,
which Vanton said is associated with pumps
constructed of stainless steel and high alloys,
as well as delamination and wicking related to
plastic-lined and fberglass pumps.
The company added that since all wetted
surfaces are chemically inert, the pump is also
rated for handling of reagent grade chemicals,
high purity water and other fuids that must re-
main free of contamination.
www.vanton.com Enquiry No. 122
Low prof le sump pump eliminates corrosion
Olefn and PVC solutions manufacturer Vy-
com has consolidated its number of products
designed for use in the chemical and corrosion
industry under the newly launched Corrtec
family of chemical, corrosion and moisture-
resistant materials in several poly-
mer options, including PVC (Type
1 and II), CPVC, HDPE, PP and
CoPP formulations and provides
the largest olefn sheet sizes on
the market. These materials are
designed to meet requirements in
wastewater management, chem-
ical handling, air processing, in-
dustrial tanks, pharmaceuticals
and many other applications. The Corrtec fam-
ily of products includes:
- Hitec HDPE suitable for food process-
ing, tanks, secondary containment, material
handling, guides and wear plates. Hitec can
also be used in the medical feld, for orthot-
ics and prosthetics. It is easy to fabricate and
replaces wood or metal in many applications.
Hitec HDPE is available in oversized sheets
and several color options and thicknesses,
with low minimums on custom orders.
www.vycomplastics.com
Enquiry No. 123
Corrosion resistant materials
for tanks and labs
W
W
55
Product Review: Valves Fittings and Control
SMART ELECTRIC ACTUATORS
Flow control and services provider Flowserve Corporation has launched
the Flowserve ValveSight for the Limitorque MX/QX family of smart elec-
tric actuators. ValveSight for Limitorque is designed to provide enhanced
diagnostic and graphical user interface features for facilities using the
Foundation Fieldbus protocol for their digital communication networks.
The Limitorque MX and QX use ValveSight to monitor the status, alarms
and health of the valve actuator. Embedded predictive diagnostics provide
advanced warning of pending problems, helping reduce operational costs
associated with unscheduled plant shutdowns and loss of productivity.
Additional value is realised by a reduction in commissioning time and a
greater visibility into overall valve performance.
With ValveSight for the Limitorque MX/QX, plant operators can fine tune
their process control through the use of a Proportional-Integral-Derivative
function block. Plant maintenance personnel also benefit from a graphi-
cal diagnostic tool set that offers a proactive service approach to Partial
Stroke Testing, Travel Histogram, Data/Operational Logging, and Limi-
Gard TM circuit protection.
www.flowserve.com Enquiry No. 119
One push button control for valves
The Series 3730 electro pneumatic control valve positioner with PRO-
FIBUS-PA communication from Samson Controls has been designed to
provide high quality air output capacity, combined with optimum functional-
ity and ease-of-operation. As a result of their analogue control, the manu-
facturer said these positioners allow the
microprocessor to concentrate on other
tasks.
The 3730 option is one of a range
of Samson positioners, all of which are
based upon a common model platform.
For example, the housing, travel pick-off
system, pneumatic components as well
as the fast PD controller are designed
along the same lines in all positioners. As a consequence of this design
philosophy the positioners beneft from the same high quality air output
capacity. The only key differences occur in the electronic equipment and
the features associated with it, such as ease-of-operation, functionality and
diagnostic capabilities.
The Type 3730-2 and all higher versions come with the fully integrated
EXPERT valve diagnostics that supply the required information for predictive
maintenance, without the need for additional software. Alarms are indicated
via the fault indication output and displayed as detailed error codes, either
on the positioners large, easy-to-read display or using the serial interface
and the TROVIS-VIEW software. The new Type 3730-4 with PROFIBUS-PA
communication ties-in with the related models, such as Type 3730-3 with
HART communication, the Type 3730-5 FOUNDATION Fieldbus Positioner
with PID controller and LAS capability as well as the Type 3730-2 without
communication capabilities.
These models share the integrated microprocessor that Samson said
enables simple, automatic start-up at the push of a button, as well as set-
ting additional parameters, such as; split-range operation, tight-closing
function, or selecting a saved characteristic. The Series Type 3730 family of
positioners work continuously to keep your process running smoothly, yet
only consume a small amount of power, while its range of functions is com-
pleted by limit switches, position transmitters and solenoid valves. www.
samsoncontrols.co.uk Enquiry No. 117
Seat ball valves ideal for
abrasive surfaces
New M-series metal seat ball valves from
A-T Controls are engineered with specially
coated matched balls and seats to
stand up to high temperatures,
pressures and abrasive materi-
als encountered in oil/gas,
chemical, power generation,
pulp and paper, food processing
and mining industries. Valves in
the M-Series have a temperature
range of -20F to 661F, and a pressure rating up to ANSI class 600.
M-series ball and seat materials include stainless steel, stellite welded
and hard chrome-plated steel, allowing the valves to perform well in appli-
cations involving abrasive fuids and steam. Two optional coatings are also
available a tungsten carbide (TC) coating for heavy slurry environments,
and a chrome carbide (CC) coating for higher temperature applications.
An oversized stem prevents deformation at higher pressures and tempera-
tures. Larger ball design provides a tight seal, preventing leakage, and an
Inconel seat spring maintains positive contact between the ball and seat
during operation.
M-Series valves are available with four connection options fanged,
threaded, socket weld and butt weld and body material options include
WCB, CF8 and CF8M. Special material is available based on application.
Nominal pipe size (NPS) range is 0.5 to 8.0 inches. A uni-directional shutoff
is standard, with a bi-directional shutoff available for back fow applications.
Precision CNC machining ensures the ball and spring live-loaded seats
seal tightly for superior shutoff and tight sealing, even at low temperature
and pressure. Safety features include an anti-static device, a blowout-proof
stem and fre-safe design that conforms to API 607 4th edition.
Details and specifcations for the entire line of AT-Controls metal seat
ball valves and accessories are available in two new product brochures, M
Series Floating Metal Seat Ball Valve and M Series 3-piece High Perfor-
mance Metal Seat Ball Valve. www.a-tcontrols.com Enquiry No. 120
Metso extend iESD offering with SIL
3 certif ed ball valves
Metso has extended its offering of valves,
actuators and intelligent valve controllers with
the introduction of SIL certifed ball valves.
Trunnion and seat supported modular ball
valve series X and M are classifed and certi-
fed by Lloyds in accordance with IEC 61508,
Type A equipment. The company said that a
SIL assessment study with feld proven reliabil-
ity analysis confrmed that X and M series ball
valves can be used in applications up to and including SIL 3 in single valve
confgurations in accordance with IEC 61508.
Metsos reliable iESD (intelligent emergency shutdown) valves and actua-
tors with Neles ValvGuard intelligent valve controllers improve plant safety
cost effciently. Metsos iESDs combine the know-how of fnal elements and
applications, safety standards and system operability together with intel-
ligent partial-stroke test devices. All of the technology has been combined
in a single package and tested and confgured as an integrated assembly
with a clear function. www.metso.com/iesd Enquiry No. 118
W
W
_______________
____
__________________
56
Advertisers Index dex dex Index Ind Advertisers ers Ind Inde Ind rs Ind ers rs
Currently online at www.wwinternational.com
Water kiosks successfully piloted in Kenya
German water treatment company reinforces bond with distribution partner LG in Korea
Singapore water event gains industry support
MED desalination project in Saudi awarded to Doosan Heavy
Water fltration manufacturer Amiad acquires remainder of French subsidiary
Water framework awarded to Mott MacDonald in UK
German water treatment company reinforces bond with distribution partner LG in Korea
Community - www.wwinternational.com
Innovations and Solutions in Water/Sanitation (2/2/11)
Can we blame water pollution on immigration?
Online - www.wwinternational.com
Analytical Technology, Inc. 7
ANDalyze, Inc. 13
AUMA Riester GmbH & Co. Kg 49
Baldor Electric 17
Biorem Technologies, Inc. 19
Doosan Hydro Tech 31
EDI, Environmental Dynamics, Inc. 27
Fluidra Commercial Services, Slu 39
Force Flow Equipment 3
Getriebebau GmbH & Co. Kg 21
Grundfos Management A/S 50
Headworks C4
HOBAS Engineering GmbH 27
ITT Water & Wastewater Hereford GmbH 51
Koehler + Partner GmbH 52
Membrana 11
NEFCO, Inc. 29
Porex Filtration 35
Reed Manufacturing Company 23
SebaKMT 37
Shimadzu Dtl GmbH 2
SIPOS Aktorik GmbH 53
Swan Analytische Instrumente AG 41
Val-Matic Valve and Mfg. Corp. 25
Verder Ltd. 9
WaterWorld Continuing Education C2
WaterWorld Middle East 4
Zoeller Waste Systems, Ltd. C3
Urban Rehabilitation and Leak Detection
___________________________Continued FROM page 46
Despite challenging conditions the DN 2400 CC-GRP pipeline possessing a
nominal stiffness of 32000 N/m
2
and a 76mm thick wall could be jacked with
extraordinary precision, deviating less than 1cm.
PIPE DREAMS IN WARSAW
An even greater challenge was faced and mastered on a technical level during
a further project that started in Warsaw in 2009. This saw a CC-GRP collector
measuring 3000mm in exterior diameter jacked to connect the west of Warsaw
to the wastewater treatment plant Czajka. As part of the project, over seven
kilometres of pipes were jacked on two sections.
It is worthwhile highlighting the 840m long part of the frst section where the
pipes were supposed to be jacked from both ends and meet in the middle.
Instead, the installation was made so precisely that the section was jacked with
one single drive and from one side only.
In the second stage of the project, pipes were jacked beneath the main road
of the district Bialoleka. An open trench would not have been possible here
since the construction works would have impaired the traffc on the three lane
road. A single drive over 910m broke the record of the longest single drives in
the project.
REHABILITATION
Trenchless rehabilitation methods further developed in parallel to jacking and
boring installations across Poland. They are commonly applied for underground
networks in cities particularly those which are diffcult to access. In general
these technologies can be roughly divided into several groups:
- Fold and Form Pipe (FFP) or close-ft renewal
- CIPP - Cured in Place Pipe (CIPP) renewal
- Insitu applied coatings these do not lend structural strength to the reno-
vated line but serve to increase durability and lend tightness.
- Sectional sliplining with adapted profles.
In Poland GRP is commonly used also for these installations, especially for
renewing large diameter conduits. The frst large diameter project was a 3km
long collector with a diameter of 1600mm, including GRP profles. This was
reconstructed in Wrocaw in 1999. The success of this undertaking triggered
further rehabilitation projects across various Polish cities.
INFRASTRUCTURAL PLAN
As a result of a major transport construction and modernisation programme,
launched before the turn of the century, almost all newly installed or rehabilitat-
ed underground structure is implemented with trenchless techniques. Follow-
ing this, an updated programme was handed out by the Decree of the Council
of Ministers in May 2004.
Part of the plans from the government include an extension of the national
motorway network from 850 to 2000km. To date over 812km were completed
by the end of August 2009 and another 337km are under construction. Fur-
thermore, 1633km of motorway are planned to be fnalised and opened for the
European Football Championship in 2012. This includes the whole southern A4
motorway, the A1 and the A2 section between the German border and Warsaw.
Developments, however, also concern the extension of the 560km express
road network to 5300km. There are presently about 600km of express roads
and city ring roads at different construction stages. Bound to international
agreements, the situation for railway lines is similar. These are successively
modernised to ensure their compliance with the trans-European conventional
rail system in the trans-European high-speed rail system.
The program for establishing high-speed lines by 2030 was developed in
Poland in 2005. This involves the construction of a new line from Warsaw via
dz with branch connections to Wrocaw and Poznan incorporating the al-
ready existing CMK (Central Main Railway).
The tracks are designed to allow speeds up to 250 km/h. A new line from Cra-
cow to the area of Tymbark is erected simultaneously, incorporating the south-east
of Poland in the national network of high-speed rail connections. WWi
Authors note: This article was based on the report: Developing the trans-
port infrastructure in Poland with Trenchless Technology and GRP Pipe Sys-
tems. This report was co-authored by Professor Adam Wysokowski (Road
and Bridges Department, University of Zielona Gra, Poland) Professor
Cezary Madryas (vice rector and head of the municipal engineering depart-
ment, Wrocaw University of Technology, Poland) and Lech Skomorowski
(managing director of HOBAS Poland). For further information, please email:
Alexandra.Dobnigg@hobas.com
Enquiry No. 105
Webcasts
Update on Millennium
Development Goals
An update on the UNs Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs), a set of eight objectives that together form a
blueprint for meeting the needs of the worlds developing
nations. The Stockholm International Water Institute com-
mented on the latest developments from the UN Summit at
the end of last year. Following this, the International Water
Associations president looked at challenges of meeting
MDGs in the developing urban environment. WaterHealth
International concluded the session with a presentation on
its commitment made at the summit to help provide clean
water for 175,000 people in underserved communities
across Bangladesh and India.
http://www.virtualh2oevent.com/index.html
W
W
W
W
___________________________
W
W
___________________

Wwi 02 2011

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Wwi 02 2011

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

The future of MENA water

projects amid political uncertainty

For Info. http://wwi.hotims.com RS# 4

No direct contact with the sample

White LED method.

Measuring range: 0-100 NTU.

Average sample consumption of

Heated precision optics to avoid

Automatic purging of the

Four years warranty.

Time-stamped setting, operation

Status signals in accordance with

Wireless access to all actuator data

Memorisation of all actuator data

S-ar putea să vă placă și