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Thermodynamics Cheat Sheet

Thermodynamics Cheat Sheet

Calorimetry Heat required to change temperature: Q = mcT Heat required to change phase: Q = mL Ideal Gas Law: Boyle's Law PV = nRT (in Kelvin) Constant Temperature PV = constant P1 V1 =P2 V2 Charles/Gay Lussac Law Constant Pressure V/T = constant V1 /T1 =V2 /T2

0th Law: Two objects, each in thermal equilibrium with a third object, are in thermal equilibrium with each other. Math Example: If A = C and B = C, then A = B. 1st Law: The change in internal energy of a system equals the difference between the heat taken in by the system and the work done by the system. Formula: U = Q - W (in Kelvin)

Adiabatic no heat flow Isothermal no temp change Isochoric no volume change Isobaric

U = W Q = 0 T = 0 so U = 0 Q = W V = 0 so W = 0 U = Q W=PV

no pressure change P = 0

2nd Law: Clausius statement: Heat cannot, by itself, pass from a colder to a warmer body. Kelvin-Planck statement: It is impossible for any system to undergo a cyclic process whose sole result is the absorption of heat from a single reservoir at a single temperature and the performance of an equivalent amount of work. Actual Thermal Efficiency Eff = W/QH Ideal Eff = 1TC /TH S = Q/T

Ratio of work to heat input

Ideal Thermal Best possible case Efficiency Entropy How much energy/heat is unavailable for conversion into work

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13-6-24

Thermodynamics Cheat Sheet

"Poker game" analogy of the three laws of thermodynamics 0th Law: You can't get out of the game (everything in the universe is in the system, so all objects are in thermal equilibrium or are moving towards it unless we do something about it) 1st Law: You can't win (You can't get something for nothing. If you want work out, you must put heat/energy in and vice versa) 2nd Law: You always lose (Efficiency < 1, Entropy > 0) WebLinks http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/heacon.html#heacon Exercise Consider a system that is taken along the paths shown on the P-V diagram. Assume Ua = 30,000 J a) Find the work done by the system in going from a to b. b) Find the work done by the system in going from b to c. c) If 20 kJ of heat enters the system along the path from a to b, what is the internal energy at point b? d) If the internal energy at point c is 95 kJ, how much heat enters or leaves the system along the path from b to c? e) Run it backwards: If 21 kJ of heat enters the system in going from a to d, what is internal energy at point d? f) Run it backwards: Find the heat that enters the system along the path from d to c. g) If the system is taken along the closed loop abcda, how much work is done? h) Find the area of the rectangular path. i) What is the net heat that enters the system?

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