EUROPEAN TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRICAL POWER Euro. Trans. Electr. Power 2005; 15:7793 Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com).

DOI: 10.1002/etep.37

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of voltage sags in networks with signicant penetration of embedded generation
*,y R. M. Gnativ and J. V. Milanovic
Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, UMIST, P.O. Box 88, Manchester M60 1QD, U.K.

SUMMARY This paper summarizes the ndings of the research carried out in the area of the voltage sag (dip) propagation in distribution networks. The emphasis is on the inuence of embedded generation on voltage sag characteristics and propagation. Two different, realistic, network topologies are used in the analysis. Different types of faults and different levels of embedded generation penetration are considered. The inuence of embedded generation on symmetrical and asymmetrical voltage sags is assessed. Variations in voltage sag magnitude, phase-angle jump and sag propagation through the network as a function of the level and type of embedded generation are illustrated. New indices for the assessment of voltage sag propagation are proposed. The results of the research have shown that the effects, either benecial or detrimental, of the embedded generation on voltage sag propagation and characteristics are closely coupled with the level of their penetration into the network and the location of the generators. Copyright # 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. key words: embedded generation; symmetrical and asymmetrical voltage sags; phase-angle jump; voltage sag propagation indices

1. INTRODUCTION At the present time almost one-third of the U.K.s total electricity demand is met by gas-red power stations. It is estimated [1] that the U.K. would need to import between 55% and 90% of its gas by 2020. In 1999 renewable energy accounted for only about 2.8% of electricity generated in the U.K. [2]. The Government has proposed that 5% of the U.K. electricity demand should be met from renewable sources by the end of 2003 and 10% by 2010. This target introduces new challenges to electric power utilities, in particular to distribution companies. It is expected that the embedded generation (EG) will contribute signicantly to total national generation in the future. The EG will also increase competition in customer choice in sustained energy supply. It is well known that the presence of the EG in the network increases fault levels at all voltages (above and below the voltage of connection) [2]. Higher fault levels are indicators of a stronger network that may exhibit an improved quality of power supply.

, Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, UMIST, P.O. Box 88, Manchester *Correspondence to: J. V. Milanovic M60 1QD, U.K. y E-mail: milanovic@umist.ac.uk

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One of the major issues facing distribution networks today is to decide how much embedded generation may be allowed to connect to a certain part of the network. This task, however, is very complex. The connection may be limited, apart from other reasons, in order to ensure adequate power quality [3]. The Embedded Generation Working Group [4] suggested additional studies in order to be able to value services that embedded generation could provide to the network (voltage support, spinning reserve, etc.). The potential of embedded generation to provide ancillary services has been also discussed [5]. This paper concentrates on the inuence of embedded generation on power quality, or more precisely on the voltage sag characteristics and propagation. Two different networks were used in the study. Symmetrical and asymmetrical faults were simulated at various voltage levels and locations. The inuence of the amount of embedded generation connected to the network and the type of generators (synchronous or induction) on voltage sag characteristics and propagation was studied. In order to assess this inuence more easily and in a standardized way a new set of indices is proposed for voltage sag propagation.

2. TEST SYSTEMS The analysis presented in the paper has been carried out using two different networks. In order to facilitate detailed analysis of the inuence of embedded generation on voltage sag characteristics a simple radial network was used. The single line diagram of this network is shown in Figure 1. The network is fed from one main substation (400/132 kV) and there is a single embedded generator connected to it. For the analysis of the inuence of EG on voltage sag propagation the generic distribution network was used [6]. The network consists of 287 buses and over 300 overhead lines and cables. It is fed from four substations: two 400/132 kV and two 275/132 kV. Embedded generators are connected at ve different locations at different voltage levels. Realistic pre-fault voltages obtained from a load ow study are used in all calculations. Transformers winding connections are modelled in all cases. The Interactive Power System Analysis (IPSA) software package was used in all simulations.

Figure 1. Test system 1 (simple radial network).

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3. THE INFLUENCE OF EMBEDDED GENERATORS ON SAG CHARACTERISTICS In order to analyse the inuence of electrical distance between the fault position and the point of common coupling PCC (bus 611 kV in Figure 1) the following cases were examined: (a) Network without EG; (b) Network with connected EG (20% of the total system load); and (c) Network with connected EG (50% of total system load). Sliding symmetrical and asymmetrical faults at 11 kV distribution line were simulated. The line was divided into six equal sections and faults were simulated at each section, as illustrated in Figure 1. Voltage sag magnitude and phase angle at bus 611 kV (PCC) were calculated. 3.1. Symmetrical faults (LLL) The calculated voltage sag magnitude and phase-angle jump at PCC following LLL faults for different fault locations and network connections are shown in Figures 2 and 3, respectively. It can be clearly seen from the gures that the voltage sags become deeper for faults electrically closer to the PCC, as expected. Also, the closer the fault is to the PCC, the bigger the phase-angle jump it will cause. The presence of the embedded generator slightly increased the voltage magnitude during the fault condition and decreased the phase-angle jump, i.e., the inuence was positive.

Figure 2. The inuence of electrical distance between fault location and PCC on magnitude of voltage sag during symmetrical voltage sags.

Figure 3. The inuence of electrical distance between fault location and PCC on phase-angle jump during symmetrical voltage sags.
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3.2. Single line-to-ground faults (SLGFs) Most of the faults on the utility transmission and distribution system are single line to ground faults (SLGFs). For SLGF the voltage in the faulted phase drops to zero at the fault position, whereas in the non-faulted phases it remains more or less unchanged. The voltage at the substations or on parallel feeders will depend on the distance of the fault from the substation and on the transformer connections between the faulted system and the bus of interest [7]. For the same fault positions, as before, SLGF was applied and voltage sag magnitudes and phase-angle jumps for each phase separately were calculated. Illustrative results of calculation are shown in Figures 4 to 9. These results show that embedded generators in the network increase voltage sag magnitudes at the PCC. The more embedded generators that are connected to the network the greater the mitigation effect they will have on the voltage sags. (One should bear in mind, however, other limitation factors for connection of embedded generators (voltage stability, security, etc.)). Figures 5, 7 and 9 show that EGs decrease the phase-angle jump in the faulted phase, but may increase the phase-angle jump in the non-faulted phase. This is particularly important for single-phase equipment sensitive to phase-angle jumps which is connected to a phase experiencing increase in phase-angle jump.

Figure 4. The inuence of electrical distance between SLGF and PCC on voltage sag magnitude in the faulted phase for different networks.

Figure 5. The inuence of electrical distance between SLGF and PCC on phase-angle jump for different networks in the faulted phase.
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Figure 6. The inuence of electrical distance between SLGF and PCC on voltage sag magnitude in yellow (non-faulted) phase for different networks.

Figure 7. The inuence of electrical distance between SLGF and PCC on phase-angle jump for different networks in yellow (non-faulted) phase.

Figure 8. The inuence of electrical distance between SLGF and PCC on voltage sag magnitude in blue (non-faulted) phase for different networks.

4. THE INFLUENCE OF EMBEDDED GENERATORS ON SAG PROPAGATION For the analysis of the inuence of the embedded generators on the voltage sag propagation the generic distribution network [6] was used. Twenty-ve faults, randomly chosen, were simulated at different locations in the network and at different voltage levels. Voltage sag magnitudes at all buses in the network were calculated for each fault position. Two typical network topologies were studied: radial
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Figure 9. The inuence of electrical distance between SLGF and PCC on phase-angle jump for different networks in blue (non-faulted) phase.

network and meshed network. The following cases were examined: (a) network with disconnected embedded generators; (b) network with 10%, 20% and 30% of embedded generation. The total amount of embedded generation was kept low in order to represent realistic scenarios. Embedded generators were connected at different locations: ve locations were used for the case of 10% and 20% of embedded generation and ten locations were used for the case of 30% of embedded generation. At 40% of the locations synchronous generators were used though their total power was much higher than the power of induction generators which were used at 60% of the locations. 4.1. Symmetrical faults (LLL) The major results illustrating the inuence of the EG on voltage sag propagation are shown in Figures 10 and 11 for radial and meshed networks, respectively. It can be seen that the EGs increase voltage sag magnitudes (magnitude of the remaining voltage at the bus during the fault). The total number of buses with voltages above 0.9 p.u. increases and the total number of buses with voltages below 0.5 p.u. decreases with the increase in size (number) of connected EG. This inuence is further illustrated by voltage sag propagation contours shown in Figures 12 to 15 for the meshed network. The fault position (bus 19) was xed and voltage magnitudes were calculated for all buses in the network

Figure 10. The inuence of rating of embedded generation on voltage sag propagation in radial network.
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Figure 11. The inuence of rating of embedded generation on voltage sag propagation in meshed network.

Figure 12. Sag propagation following the LLL fault at bus 19 in the network without embedded generators.

for different percentage of EGs. It is shown that the more embedded generators that are connected to the network the smaller is the area affected by the voltage sags of lower magnitudes. 4.2. Single line-to-ground faults (SLGFs) To investigate the inuence of the EG on the voltage sags propagation following SLGFs the same generic distribution network [6] was used. The same number of faults was simulated as for the threephase fault case and voltage magnitudes at all buses in each phase were calculated. The SLGFs on the red phase were simulated in the radial and meshed networks. The inuence of the EG on the voltage
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Figure 13. Sag propagation following the LLL fault at bus 19 in the network with connected 10% of embedded generators.

Figure 14. Sag propagation following the LLL fault at bus 19 in the network with connected 20% of embedded generators.

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Figure 15. Sag propagation following the LLL fault at bus 19 in the network with connected 30% of embedded generators.

sag propagation following SLGFs in each phase separately is illustrated by Figures 16 and 17 for the radial and meshed networks, respectively. The results of simulations with radial network show that the increase in EG leads to the increase in voltage sag magnitudes in the faulted phase, especially in the range between 0.7 p.u and 0.9 p.u. One should note that voltage sags within this range are most common in distribution networks. The opposite has been found for the non-faulted phases. A similar trend for the faulted phase was observed for the meshed network with different levels of embedded generation. However, the adverse effects on non-faulted phases were much less pronounced in the case of the meshed network.

5. VOLTAGE SAG PROPAGATION INDICES To facilitate voltage sag characterization and the assessment of voltage sag propagation in transmission and distribution networks different methods have been proposed in the past [810]. The majority of those new proposed indices directly evolved form reliability indices based on frequency of occurrence of particular phenomenon e.g., SARFI, SIARFI [8,9]. For more comprehensive analysis of the inuence of network topology and structure on voltage sag propagation a new method for quantifying this performance is needed. The method should facilitate comparison of performances of the networks of different structures and topologies in a standardized way. Furthermore, the method should allow this comparison even when the historical data or results of long-lasting monitoring are not available. In this paper a new set of indices is proposed that fulls the above requirements.
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Figure 16. The inuence of embedded generations on voltage sag distribution in radial network following SLGFs.

5.1. Propagation indices for symmetrical faults The inuence of distribution network topology on voltage sag propagation can be described using the new Sag Propagation Index (SPI) calculated as:
n SPI% V

NBi NBt

where n is the network conguration (r radial, m.m medium meshed, m meshed); %Vis the rms voltage threshold (90%, 80%, 70%, etc.); NBi is the number of buses experiencing voltage sags with magnitudes < %V; and NBt is the total number of buses of the distribution system.
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Figure 17. The inuence of embedded generations on voltage sag distribution in meshed network following SLGFs.

This index is similar to the System Average Rms variation Frequency Index (SARFI). If we multiply the SPI by the known rate of fault occurrences the result obtained will be the same as if we used SARFI in the rst place. The SARFI, however, cannot be applied directly in the study of the voltage sag propagation because it is an index of frequency. It can be calculated for different buses based on monitoring data or when the rate of faults for the system is known. Furthermore, SARFI cannot be applied to asymmetrical rms variations. In order to calculate SARFI the initial requirement is to know the number of customers experiencing voltages that exceed the index threshold for each rms variation. It is not possible to monitor voltages at all customers connections so one must approximate the voltage experienced by each customer during a disturbance event and consequently the calculated index value will not be accurate. On the other hand, the accuracy of calculating SPI for any bus in the system will depend only on the accuracy of the model of the network.
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Table I. SPI for different network congurations (no embedded generators). Fault number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 ASPI Faulted bus 226 231 55 25 228 33 47 232 146 83 108 120 219 184 59 10 76 19 39 V < 0.9 Radial 0.968 0.585 0.439 0.156 0.7 0.156 0.142 0.331 0.334 0.254 0.209 0.177 0.327 0.327 0.17 0.149 0.358 0.358 0.139 0.330 Meshed 0.968 0.934 0.968 0.878 0.968 0.312 0.773 0.48 0.487 0.811 0.522 0.498 0.428 0.414 0.867 0.55 0.891 0.808 0.428 0.694 V < 0.8 Radial 0.156 0.236 0.156 0.156 0.358 0.156 0.135 0.331 0.334 0.188 0.177 0.324 0.313 0.313 0.149 0.111 0.132 0.149 0.101 0.172 Meshed 0.63 0.853 0.599 0.547 0.874 0.229 0.48 0.428 0.428 0.414 0.454 0.453 0.355 0.355 0.515 0.292 0.567 0.522 0.195 0.478 V < 0.7 Radial 0.156 0.191 0.156 0.118 0.142 0.114 0.054 0.33 0.327 0.188 0.167 0.094 0.259 0.259 0.149 0.108 0.142 0.142 0.09 0.187 Meshed 0.48 0.564 0.487 0.435 0.592 0.104 0.278 0.407 0.404 0.247 0.32 0.205 0.313 0.204 0.299 0.209 0.494 0.386 0.101 0.346 V < 0.5 Radial Meshed 0.156 0.188 0.118 0.114 0.100 0.045 0.08 0.327 0.327 0.167 0.095 0.073 0.205 0.216 0.01 0.024 0.076 0.142 0.062 0.149 0.275 0.237 0.282 0.236 0.432 0.052 0.114 0.355 0.372 0.153 0.17 0.118 0.188 0.066 0.236 0.048 0.261 0.160 0.052 0.2

An example of the calculation of SPI for symmetrical fault at bus 55 in the radial network is given below:
r SPI90

287 161 0:439 287

where 287 is the total number of buses in the system and 161 is the number of buses that experience voltage sag with magnitude > 0.9 p.u. The results of calculation of SPI are presented in Tables I and II for the generic distribution network without embedded generation and with 30% of embedded generation, respectively. Figure 18 illustrates the results of calculations for different ratios of embedded generations. (Note: SPI is calculated only for faults at the 11 kV level, as the 33 kV network is usually looped and a fault behind the in-feeding transformers causes a very deep voltage sag through the whole system.) Ideally the magnitude of SPI for all voltage sags should be close to or equal to 0, however this is not the case in reality. From Tables I and II and Figure 18 one can clearly see how the level of embedded generations and distribution network topology inuences voltage sag propagation through the whole system. The decision about the network performance, however, should not be made on the basis of the results of a single fault. The additional index is introduced therefore. Average Sag Propagation Index (ASPI) calculated as the average of SPIs for individual faults is given in the last row of Tables I and II. The main advantage of the proposed index is that the results of the study presented using SPI and ASPI (Tables I and II, for example) are easy to read and understand.
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Table II. SPI for different network congurations (30% of embedded generators). Fault number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 ASPIA Faulted bus 226 231 55 25 228 33 47 232 146 83 108 120 219 184 59 10 76 19 39 V < 0.9 Radial 0.161 0.192 0.067 0.009 0.168 0.004 0.043 0.25 0.110 0.117 0.058 0.044 0.181 0.110 0.049 0.038 0.081 0.074 0.011 0.093 Meshed 0.398 0.327 0.267 0.025 0.337 0.025 0.055 0.253 0.154 0.098 0.157 0.098 0.124 0.102 0.152 0.083 0.222 0.089 0.044 0.158 V < 0.8 Radial 0.052 0.0627 0.040 0.009 0.045 0.004 0.031 0.112 0.109 0.059 0.046 0.031 0.09 0.081 0.011 0.0267 0.032 0.036 0.011 0.046 Meshed 0.16 0.17 0.096 0.025 0.176 0.025 0.025 0.157 0.154 0.06 0.067 0.046 0.076 0.068 0.91 0.047 0.092 0.048 0.026 0.084 V < 0.7 Radial 0.052 0.062 0.039 0.009 0.045 0.004 0.030 0.109 0.108 0.056 0.042 0.025 0.074 0.074 0.010 0.024 0.011 0.033 0.011 0.042 Meshed 0.094 0.095 0.092 0.025 0.128 0.025 0.016 0.154 0.153 0.025 0.059 0.036 0.067 0.052 0.068 0.046 0.006 0.047 0.025 0.067 V < 0.5 Radial 0.049 0.062 0.025 0.009 0.045 0.004 0.009 0.109 0.104 0.006 0.031 0.018 0.062 0.047 0.003 0.008 0.006 0.022 0.011 0.007 Meshed 0.048 0.019 0.042 0.025 0.038 0.025 0.008 0.128 0.127 0.005 0.031 0.005 0.004 0.011 0.020 0.045 0.022 0.045 0.018 0.035

Figure 18. SPI for different network connections following LLL faults for: (a) radial network; (b) meshed network.
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5.2. Propagation indices for asymmetrical faults In the case of asymmetrical faults SPI can be calculated in terms of number of phases affected by the voltage sag. In this way independent performance of different phases with respect to voltage sags can be obtained. This is particularly important as the majority of the sensitive equipment connected to the distribution network is single-phase equipment. The new voltage Sag Propagation Index for Asymmetrical faults (SPIA) can be calculated as: SPIAn %V Npi Npt

where n is the network conguration (r radial, m.m medium meshed, m meshed); %V is the rms voltage threshold (90%, 80%, 70%, etc.); Npi is the number of phases experiencing voltage sags with magnitude < %V in the whole system; and Npt is the total number of phases of the whole system (number of buses multiplied by 3). Results of the calculation of SPIA for a single-line-to-ground fault are shown in Tables III and IV. The last row of these tables shows the Average voltage Sag Propagation Index for Asymmetrical faults (ASPIA). 6. CONCLUSIONS This paper summarizes the results of an extensive study of the inuence of embedded generation on voltage sag characteristics and propagation in distribution networks. It also proposes new indices for the assessment of voltage sag propagation and comparison of different network designs and structure.
Table III. SPIA for different network congurations following SLGFs (no embedded generators). Fault number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 ASPI Faulted bus 226 231 55 25 228 33 47 232 146 83 108 120 219 184 59 10 76 19 39 V < 0.9 Radial 0.48 0.384 0.202 0.167 0.254 0.149 0.149 0.334 0.334 0.254 0.212 0.212 0.365 0.331 0.174 0.149 0.191 0.275 0.111 0.248 Meshed 0.968 0.881 0.961 0.777 0.923 0.348 0.564 0.477 0.48 0.801 0.522 0.473 0.501 0.407 0.790 0.533 0.874 0.630 0.292 0.642 V < 0.8 Radial 0.167 0.292 0.146 0.153 0.181 0.111 0.142 0.334 0.334 0.181 0.177 0.177 0.351 0.317 0.149 0.118 0.142 0.149 0.108 0.196 Meshed 0.543 0.825 0.550 0.491 0.783 0.257 0.425 0.425 0.428 0.331 0.435 0.341 0.463 0.331 0.435 0.320 0.564 0.487 0.181 0.418 Radial 0.167 0.188 0.146 0.114 0.146 0.104 0.101 0.334 0.327 0.167 0.167 0.167 0.337 0.303 0.149 0.114 0.142 0.142 0.069 0.177 V < 0.7 Meshed 0.348 0.519 0.411 0.334 0.567 0.146 0.261 0.407 0.400 0.240 0.313 0.128 0.376 0.243 0.289 0.240 0.456 0.275 0.101 0.318 V < 0.5 Radial 0.167 0.188 0.108 0.111 0.139 0.038 0.087 0.327 0.327 0.167 0.135 0.128 0.243 0.219 0.010 0.024 0.038 0.142 0.031 0.138 Meshed 0.264 0.519 0.233 0.215 0.386 0.097 0.108 0.358 0.372 0.121 0.142 0.069 0.282 0.048 0.222 0.083 0.254 0.160 0.048 0.191

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Table IV. SPIA for different network congurations following SLGFs (30% of embedded generators). Fault number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 ASPIA Faulted bus 226 231 55 25 228 33 47 232 146 83 108 120 219 184 59 10 76 19 39 V < 0.9 Radial 0.097 0.175 0.061 0.006 0.155 0.004 0.011 0.328 0.218 0.121 0.056 0.042 0.197 0.124 0.049 0.037 0.080 0.077 0.044 0.096 Meshed 0.186 0.295 0.156 0.006 0.307 0.066 0.046 0.264 0.162 0.108 0.152 0.088 0.112 0.098 0.109 0.083 0.148 0.096 0.037 0.132 V < 0.8 Radial 0.051 0.175 0.038 0.006 0.055 0.004 0.011 0.157 0.185 0.058 0.044 0.029 0.085 0.078 0.011 0.025 0.032 0.034 0.004 0.056 Meshed 0.094 0.157 0.095 0.006 0.156 0.025 0.034 0.137 0.133 0.042 0.066 0.041 0.076 0.067 0.091 0.048 0.092 0.049 0.025 0.075 V < 0.7 Radial 0.051 0.062 0.037 0.006 0.047 0.004 0.011 0.109 0.109 0.055 0.042 0.024 0.074 0.074 0.010 0.023 0.006 0.033 0.004 0.045 Meshed 0.083 0.046 0.095 0.006 0.094 0.018 0.026 0.127 0.127 0.010 0.056 0.029 0.068 0.051 0.067 0.047 0.067 0.046 0.022 0.057 V < 0.5 Radial Meshed 0.039 0.016 0.025 0.006 0.047 0.004 0.011 0.109 0.104 0.005 0.031 0.018 0.062 0.042 0.003 0.008 0.006 0.022 0.004 0.010 0.020 0.005 0.052 0.006 0.048 0.012 0.023 0.109 0.080 0.005 0.031 0.005 0.046 0.011 0.018 0.038 0.023 0.044 0.016 0.031

It is shown that voltage sags become deeper and have a greater phase-angle jump for faults electrically closer to the PCC. The embedded generation generally increases voltage sag magnitude at the PCC for a three-phase fault and voltage sag magnitude in the faulted phase for single-line-toground faults. The voltage sag magnitude in non-faulted phases, however, can be decreased and the phase-angle jump increased when embedded generators are connected. The study also showed that the inuence of embedded generators on bus voltages in the generic distribution network varies depending on the bus considered, network conguration and amount of EG connected. Their inuence was mainly limited to neighbouring buses, for the sizes of the generators considered in the study. The signicance of the observed differences can be judged only based on the knowledge of the type of customers equipment and its location in the distribution system. Even though they might be small, the differences observed may result in signicant losses in production, depending on sensitivity thresholds of the connected equipment. Finally, in this paper new indices have been proposed for the assessment of voltage sag propagation. The indices proposed allow comparison of different network topologies and they can be applied to voltage sags caused by symmetrical and asymmetrical faults.

7. LIST OF SYMBOLS EG kV IPSA embedded generation kilovolt Interactive Power System Analysis
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92 PCC LLL SLGF p.u. SARFI SIARFI SPI n %V rms NBi NBt ASPI SPIA Npi Npt

R. M. GNATIV AND J. V. MILANOVIC

point of common coupling symmetrical fault single line-to-ground fault per unit value System Average Rms variation Frequency Index System Instantaneous Average Rms (variation) Frequency Index Sag Propagation Index network conguration (r radial, m.m medium meshed, m meshed) is the voltage threshold (90%, 80%, 70%, etc.) number of buses experiencing voltage sags with magnitudes < %V total number of buses of distribution system Average Sag Propagation Index Sag Propagation Index for Asymmetrical faults number of phases experiencing voltage sags with magnitude < %V in the whole system total number of phases of the whole system

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors gratefully acknowledge the nancial support given by the Electrical and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) for the work on this project.

REFERENCES 1. Burdon IP. Gas and the current generation mix in England and Wales. Power Engineering Journal 2000; 4:6170. 2. Embedded Generation Working Group. Report into Network Access Issues. Vol. 1, Main Report and Appendices, 200101. 3. Tande JOG, Jenkins N. International standards for power quality of dispersed generation. CD-ROM of CIRED99, Nice, France. 4. Embedded Generation Working Group. Report into Network Access Issues. Vol. 2, AnnexesThe Rapporteurs Papers, 200101. 5. Joos G, Ooi BT, McGillis D, Galiana FD, Marceau R. The potential of distributed generation to provide ancillary services. CD-ROM of the IEEE PES Summer Meeting 2000, U.S.A. JV. Voltage sag propagation in systems with embedded generation and induction motors. CD ROM of 6. Gnativ R, Milanovic the IEEE PES Summer Meeting 2001, Canada. 7. Yalcinkaya G, Bollen MJ, Crossley PA. Inuence of induction motor load on imbalanced sags. PQA-1997, Sweden. 8. Brooks DL, Dugan RG, Waclawiak M, Sundaram A. Indices for assessing utility distribution system RMS variation performance. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 1998; 13:254259. 9. Thalam RS, Heydt GT. Power acceptability and voltage sag indices in the three-phase sense. CD-ROM of the IEEE PES Summer Meeting, 2000, U.S.A. 10. Nimrihter MD, Banjai DI, Ciric RM. Power quality indices of distribution networkdenitions and evaluation. IEEE Power Tech99, Hungary.

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AUTHORS BIOGRAPHIES

Ruslan M. Gnativ (born in 1971) received his BEng in Electrical Engineering from the Ivano-Frankivsk Oil and Gas Institute, Ukraine, and his PhD degree from UMIST, U.K. From 1993 to 1996 he was with Ivano-Frankivsk Region Distribution Company in the relay protection group. Since March 2003 he has been a research associate in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics at UMIST, U.K. His research interests are in the area of power quality and embedded generations.

(born in 1962) received his Dipl.Ing. and his MSc degree from the Jovica V. Milanovic University of Belgrade, Yugoslavia, and his PhD degree from the University of Newcastle, Australia. His employment experience includes Energoproject-MDD consulting and engineering company, the University of Belgrade in Yugoslavia, and the Universities of Newcastle and Tasmania in Australia. In January 1998 he joined the Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics at UMIST, U.K. where he is currently a Reader. His research interests are in the area of power quality and power system dynamics.

Copyright # 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Euro. Trans. Electr. Power 2005; 15:7793