Jan 1

Hamzah Ahmad Jan

12 B

Sir Giscard El khowry

Feb-22-2009

Final Draft

Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah

My Topic is about any Leader, so In this world there are many

leaders. We know most of them, but my essay is about “Quaid-e-Azam”. He was a

Great politician and statesman of 20th century. He was generally known as the

father of state of Pakistan. He was the leader of The Muslim League and served as

the first Governor General of Pakistan. Quaid-e-Azam was his official names.His

real name is Mohammad Ali Jinnah. Quaid-e-Azam (“The Great Leader”) and

Baba-e-Qaum(“Father of the Nation”) was the name given by the public of

Pakistan.

Quaid-e-Azam, Muhammad Ali Jinnah was born on 25th December 1876

at Wazir Mansion, Karachi of lower Sindh. He was the first of seven children of

Jinnah bhai, who was a rich and successful Gujrati merchant. He moved to Sindh

from Gujrat before Jinnah’s birth. His Grandfather’s name is Poonja Gokuldas,

which is an Indian name. His cast was Rajput, which is an indian cast but these

Rajputs were converted to Islam. Jinnah’s family belongs to Shiia Islam. At first

Jinnah was being taught at home then he was sent to the Sindh Madrasah tul Islam

in 1887 and thn changed his school to Gokal Das Taj Primary School in Mumbai
 Jan 2

and then finally he joined the Christian Missionary Society High School in

Karachi, where at 16 he passed the matric examination of the University of

Bombay.

On the advice of an English friend, his father decided to send him to

England to acquire business experience. Jinnah, however, had made up his mind

to become a barrister, then in the same year 1892, Jinnah joined the office of

Graham's Shipping and Trading Company at London, this company had extensive

dealings with Jinnahbhai Poonja's firm in Karachi. In keeping the custom of time,

his parents urge him for marrige with his distant cousin Emibai Jinnah, who was

two years junior of him. His marriage was not to long last, his wife was died when

he was on a temporary stay at England then his mother was also passed away. In

London, Jinnah left the Trading Company and joined Lincoln's Inn to study Law.

After 3 years at the age of 19 he became the youngest indian to be called to the

bar in England and He completed his formal studies and also made a study of the

British political system.

He was greatly influenced by the liberalism of William E.

Gladstone, who had become prime minister for the fourth time in 1892; that was

the year of Jinnah's arrival at London. Jinnah also took a keen interest in the

affairs of India and in Indian students.

When the Parsi leader “Dada bhai Naoroji”, a leading Indian nationalist,

tried for the British Parliament then, Jinnah and other Indian students worked day

and night for him. Their efforts were crowned with success, and Naoroji became

the first Indian to sit in the House of Commons.

 Jan 3

When Jinnah returned to Karachi in 1896, he found that his father's

business had suffered losses and that he now had to depend on himself. He

decided to start his legal practice in Bombay, but it took him years of work to

establish himself as a lawyer.

It was nearly 10 years later that he turned toward active politics. A

man without hobbies, his interest became divided between law and politics. Nor

was he a religious zealot: he was a Muslim in a broad sense and had little to do

with group discussion about Islam. His interest in women was also limited to

Ruttenbai, the daughter of Sir Dinshaw Petit, a Bombay Parsi millionaire--whom

he married over tremendous opposition from her parents and others. The marriage

proved an unhappy one. It was his sister Fatima who gave him solace and

company.

Jinnah first entered politics by participating in the 1906 Calcutta session

of the Indian National Congress, Jinnah did not favour totally in Independence, he

considered British influences on education, law, culture and industry as beneficial

to India. Jinnah became a member on the sixty-member Imperial Legislative

Council. Four years later he was elected one of the sixty-member Imperial

Legislative Council, then he was appointed to the Sandhurst committee, which

helped to establish the Indian Military Academy at Dehra Dun. During World War

I, Jinnah joined other Indian moderates in supporting the British war effort,

hoping that Indians would be rewarded with political freedoms. He admired the

British political system to raise the status of India in the international community
 Jan 4

and to develop a sense of Indian nationhood among the peoples of India. At that

time, he still looked upon Muslim interests in the context of Indian nationalism.

But, by the beginning of the 20th century, the belief had been growing

among the Muslims that their interests demanded the preservation of their

separate identity rather than live mixed with in the Indian nation, it is impossible

for Muslims to be with Hindus. All-India Muslim League was founded in 1906.

But Jinnah was initially avoiding to join it because it was too Muslim oriented.

Eventually, he joined the league in 1913 and he became its chief organizer in 1916

at Bombay and was elected president of the Bombay branch.

"Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity," Jinnah, tried seriously to bring

about the political union of Hindus and Muslims. It gave him the title of "the best

ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity". It was largely through his efforts that the

Congress and the Muslim League began to hold their annual sessions jointly, to

facilitate mutual consultation and participation. In 1915 the two organizations

held their meetings in Bombay and in Lucknow in 1916, where the Lucknow Pact

was concluded. Under the terms of the pact, the two organizations put their seal to

a scheme of constitutional reform that became their joint demand to the British

Government. There was a good deal of give and take, but the Muslims obtained

one important right to use the land in the shape of separate electorates, but they

have already admit to be true to them by the government in 1909 but upto this

time they resisted by the Congress Meanwhile, a new force in Indian politics had

appeared in the person of Mohan Das K. Gandhi. Both the Home Rule League

and the Indian National Congress had come under his sway. Opposed to Gandhi's
 Jan 5

Non-co-operation Movement and his necessary Hindu approach to politics, Jinnah

left both the League and the Congress in 1920. For a few years he kept himself

away from the main political movements. He continued to be a firm believer in

Hindu-Muslim unity and constitutional methods for the achievement of political

ends. After his withdrawal from the Congress, he used the Muslim League

platform for the theory of his views. But during the 1920s the Muslim League,

and with it Jinnah were more prominent by the Congress and the religiously

oriented Muslim Khilafat committee.

When the failure of the Non-co-operation Movement and the emergence

of Hindu revivalist movements led to antagonism and riots between the Hindus

and Muslims, the league gradually began to come into its own. Jinnah's problem

during the following years was to convert the league into a progressive political

body prepared to co-operate with other organizations working for the good of

India. He had to convince the Congress, as a prerequisite for political progress, of

the necessity of settling the Hindu-Muslim conflict.

To bring about such a rapprochement was Jinnah's chief purpose during

the late 1920s and early 1930s. He worked toward this end within the legislative

assembly, at the Round Table Conferences in London (1930-32), and through his

14 points, which included proposals for a federal form of government, greater

rights for minorities, one-third representation for Muslims in the central

legislature, separation of the predominantly Muslim Sindh region from the rest of

the Bombay province, and the introduction of reforms in the north-west Frontier
 Jan 6

Province. But he failed. His failure to bring about even minor amendments in the

Nehru Committee proposals (1928) over the question of separate electorates and

reservation of seats for Muslims in the legislatures frustrated him. He found

himself in an odd position at this time; many Muslims thought that he was too

nationalistic in his policy and that Muslim interests were not safe in his hands,

while the Indian National Congress would not even meet the moderate Muslim

demands halfway. Indeed, the Muslim League was a house divided against itself.

The Punjab Muslim League repudiated Jinnah's leadership and organized itself

separately. In this unwillingness, Jinnah decided to settle in England. From 1930

to 1935 he remained in London, devoting himself to practice before the Privy

Council. But when constitutional changes were in the offing, he was persuaded to

return home to reorganize the Muslim League.

Soon preparations started for the elections under the Government of India

Act of 1935. Jinnah was still thinking in terms of co-operation between the

Muslim League and the Hindu Congress and with coalition governments in the

provinces. But the elections of 1937 proved to be a turning point in the relations

between the two organizations The Congress obtained an absolute majority in six

provinces, and the league did not do particularly well. The Congress decided not

to include the league in the formation of provincial governments, and all-

Congress governments were excluded.

Jinnah had originally been unreliable about the practicability of Pakistan,

An idea that Sir Muhammad Iqbal had proposed to the Muslim League conference
 Jan 7

of 1930, but before long he became convinced that a Muslim homeland on the

Indian subcontinent was the only way of safeguarding Muslim interests and the

Muslim way of life. It was not religious persecution that he feared so much as the

future exclusion of Muslims from all prospects of advancement within India as

soon as power became vested in the close-knit structure of Hindu social

organization. To guard against this danger he carried on a nation-wide campaign

to warn his religion fellows for the serious danger of their position, and he

converted the Muslim League into a powerful instrument to unite the Muslims

into a nation.

Jinnah issued a call for all Muslims to launch "Direct Action" on August

16 to "achieve Pakistan" Strikes and protests were planned, but violence broke out

all over South Asia, especially in Calcutta and the district of Noakhali in Bengal,

and more than 7,000 people were killed in Bihar. Although viceroy Lord Wavell

declared that there was "no satisfactory evidence to that effect", League

politicians were blamed by the Congress and the media to arrange the violence.

Temporary Government portfolios were announced on October 25, 1946. Muslim

people were sworn on October 26, 1946. The League entered the temporary

government, but Jinnah avoid from accepting office for himself. This was credited

as a major victory for Jinnah, as the League entered government having rejected

both plans, and was allowed to appoint an equal number of ministers despite

being the minority party.

 Jan 8

The Congress agreed to the division of Punjab and Bengal along religious

lines in late 1946. The new viceroy Lord Mountbatten and Indian civil servant V.

P. Menon proposed a plan that would create a Muslim dominion in West Punjab,

East Bengal, Baluchistan and Sindh. After heated and emotional debate, the

Congress approved the plan. The North-West Frontier Province voted to join

Pakistan in a referendum in July 1947. Jinnah asserted in a speech in Lahore on

October 30, 1947 that the League had accepted independence of Pakistan because

"the consequences of any other alternative would have been too disastrous to

imagine".

Jinnah led his movement with such skill and tenacity that ultimately both

the Congress and the British government had no option but to agree to the

partitioning of India. Pakistan thus emerged as an independent state in 14th

August, 1947. Jinnah became the first head of the new state ‘Pakistan’. He took

oath as the first governor general on August 15, 1947. Faced with the serious

problems of a young nation, he tackled Pakistan's problems with authority.

Quaid-e-Azam Mohammed Ali Jinnah was nominated by the Muslim

League as the Governor-General of Pakistan, while the Congress appointed

Mountbatten as India's first Governor-General. Pakistan. He was very hard worker

from his student life, he worked hard until over aged and illness in Karachi. He

died on 11th September 1948 at Karachi. In recognition of his singular

contribution.
 Jan 9

Indeed, few nations in the world have started on their career with less

resources and in more treacherous circumstances. The new nation did not inherit a

central government, a capital, an administrative core or an organized defense

force. Its social and administrative resources were poor, there was little equipment

and still less statistics. The Punjab holocaust had left vast areas in a shambles with

communications disrupted. This, along with the migration of the Hindu and Sikh

business and managerial classes, left the economy almost shattered.

The treasury was empty, India having denied Pakistan the major share of

its cash balances. On top of all this, the still unorganized nation was called upon

to feed some eight million refugees who had fled the insecurities and barbarities

of the north Indian plains that long, hot summer. If all this was symptomatic of

Pakistan's administrative and economic weakness, the Indian annexation, through

military action in November 1947, of Junagadh (which had originally acceded to

Pakistan) and the Kashmir war over the State's accession (October 1947-

December 1948) exposed her military weakness.

The nation desperately needed a charismatic leader at that critical juncture

in the nation's history, and he fulfilled that need profoundly. After all, he was

more than a mere Governor-General, he was the Quaid-e-Azam who had brought

the State into being.

In the ultimate analysis, his very presence at the helm of affairs was

responsible for enabling the newly born nation to overcome the terrible crisis on

the morrow of its cataclysmic birth. He mustered up the immense prestige and the
 Jan 10

unquestioning loyalty he commanded among the people to energize them, to raise

their morale, and directed the profound feelings of patriotism that the freedom had

generated, along constructive channels. Though tired and in poor health, Jinnah

yet carried the heaviest part of the burden in that first crucial year.

He laid down the policies of the new state, called attention to the

immediate problems confronting the nation and told the members of the

Constituent Assembly, the civil servants and the Armed Forces what to do and

what the nation expected of them. He saw to it that law and order was maintained

at all costs, despite the provocation that the large-scale riots in north India had

provided. He moved from Karachi to Lahore for a while and supervised the

immediate refugee problem in the Punjab. He settled the controversial question of

the states of Karachi, secured the accession of States, especially of Kalat which

seemed problematical and carried on negotiations with Lord Mountbatten for the

settlement of the Kashmir Issue.

The sense of supreme satisfaction at the fulfillment of his mission that

Jinnah told the nation in his last message on 14 August, 1948: "The foundations of

your State have been laid and it is now for you to build and build as quickly and

as well as you can". In accomplishing the task he had taken upon himself on the

morrow of Pakistan's birth, Jinnah had worked himself to death, but he had, to

quote Richard Simons, "contributed more than any other man to Pakistan's

survival". How true was Lord Pethick Lawrence, the former Secretary of State for
 Jan 11

India, when he said, "Gandhi died by the hands of an assassin, Jinnah died by his

devotion to Pakistan".

Through the 1940s, Jinnah suffered from tuberculosis only his sister and a

few others close to him were aware of his condition. In 1948, Jinnah's health

began to falter, hindered further by the heavy workload that had fallen upon him

following Pakistan's independence from British Rule. Attempting to recuperate,

he spent many months at his official retreat in Ziarat, but died on September 11,

1948 (just over a year after independence) from a combination of tuberculosis and

lung cancer. His funeral was followed by the construction of a massive

mausoleum (Mazar-e-Quaid) in Karachi to honour him; official and military

ceremonies are hosted there on special occasions.

The Agha Khan considered him "the greatest man he ever met", Beverley

Nichols, the author of `Verdict on India', called him "the most important man in

Asia", and Dr. Kailashnath Katju, the West Bengal Governor in 1948, thought of

him as "an outstanding figure of this century not only in India, but in the whole

world". While Abdul Rahman Azzam Pasha, Secretary General of the Arab

League, called him "one of the greatest leaders in the Muslim world", the Grand

Mufti of Palestine considered his death as a "great loss" to the entire world of

Islam. It was, however, given to Surat Chandra Bose, leader of the Forward Bloc

wing of the Indian National Congress, to sum up succinctly his personal and

political achievements. "Mr. Jinnah" he said on his death in 1948, "was great as a

lawyer, once great as a Congressman, great as a leader of Muslims, great as a

 Jan 12

world politician and diplomat, and greatest of all as a man of action, By Mr.

Jinnah's passing away, the world has lost one of the greatest statesmen and

Pakistan its life-giver, philosopher and guide". Such was Quaid-e-Azam

Mohammed Ali Jinnah, the man and his mission, such the range of his

accomplishments and achievements.

Analysis:

Quaid-e-Azam was a great leader, brilliant Muslim lawyer and having a great

personality. He was an Indian Muslim and not so much believer of Islam, his style

was like an English man. He fought for india’s freedom, as the first President of

Indian National Congress, but it was hard to continue with them, so he decided to

join Muslim League. After joining the Muslim League, his goal was to create a

separate, independent homeland for Muslims of the Indian Sub-continent, where

they could flourish freely without interference from or competition with the

politically, educationally and economically dominant Hindu majority in South

Asia.

He was the first Leader, who separated to different nations and religions.

He had the believe that every religion has its own ways to spend life, and it was

difficult for the Muslims to spend their life in their own way. so he created a

separate and independent country for Muslims.

Now I want to follow him, and to make Muslims together on one platform,

to be a separate Muslim power, against the Jews.

 Jan 13

Bibliography:

1) http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah

2) http://www.brain.net.pk/~wisetech/so/bio/quaid.html

3) http://cybercity_online.net/quaid.html

4) Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah: A man for all Season by Kashkin

on 25th Dec 2008.

5) History of Quaid-e-Azam and Pakistan.

6) Lawrence Ziring, Ralph Braibanti, W. Howard Wriggins:Duke University

Press; Pakistan: The Long View 1977.

7) My Own Knowledge.