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kKrmftPjr uPq \jof Vbj:

xyxsJPr Cj~j uqJmKu I\tPj


rKcS'r TRvuVf mqmyJr
\JjM~JKr 2006

Cj~Pjr \jq
fgq S pJVJPpJV

kKrmftPjr uPq \jof Vbj:


xyxsJPr Cj~j uqJmKu I\tPj rKcS'r TRvuVf mqmyJr
Voices of Change:
Strategic radio support for achieving the Millennium Development Goals
January 2006

oNu: KcFl@AKc, AjlrPovj IqJ TKoCKjPTvj lr cPnukPo Kao


mJuJ~ IjMmJh: oJyJh VJuJo jmL
mJuJ xrPer kTJvTJu: oJYt, 2007
kTJvT: mJuJPhv FjK\Sx jaS~JTt lr rKcS IqJ TKoCKjPTvj
mJKz: 13/1, rJc: 2, vqJouL, dJTJ-1207
lJj: 9130750, 9138501, lqJ: 9138501-105
APoAu: ceo@bnnrc.net
www.bnnrc.net

oMhes : \KjKxx (kJ:) Ku

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IqJPJPjo Fm vxPk
FAcx (AIDS)
FoJrT (AMARC)
KmKmKx (BBC)
KmKmKx FAKk (BBC AEP)
KmKmKx cKmCFxKa (BBC WST)
KcFl@AKc (DFID)
cax (DOTS)
lJS (FAO)
FlFo (FM)
FAY@AKn (HIV)

FPTJ~Jct AKoCj cKlKvP~K KxjPcsJo


S~Jflt IqJPxJKxP~vj Im TKoCKjKa rKcS mscTJJrx
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KlPTJP~K ocMPuvj
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@AKxKc (ICD)

Cj~Pjr \jq fgq S pJVJPpJV kpKM (AjlrPovj IqJ TKoCKjPTvj lr cPnukPo)

@AKxKa (ICT)

fgq S pJVJPpJV kpKM (AjlrPovj IqJ TKoCKjPTvj aTPjJuK\x)

AlJc (IFAD)
FoIqJA (M&E)

TKw Cj~j Kmw~T @\tJKfT fyKmu (AJrjqJvjJu lJ lr FKVTJuYJrJu cPnukPo)


kKrmLe S oNuqJ~j (oKjaKr IqJ AnqJuMP~vj)

FoKcK\ (MDG)

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FjK\S (NGO)

mxrTJKr Cj~j xJ (jj-VnjtPo IrVJjJAP\vj)

KaKm (TB)
ACKcFAY@r (UDHR)
ACFj (UN)
ACFjFAcx (UNAIDS)
ACFjKcKk (UNDP)
ACPjPJ (UNESCO)
cKmCFAYS (WHO)

pJ (KaCmJrKTCPuJKxx)
oJjmJKiTJPrr xmt\jLj WJweJ (ACKjnJxtJu cTJPrvj Im KyCoqJj rJAax)
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Kmv Jq xJ (S~Jflt yug IVtJjJAP\vj)

xNKYk

kOJ

xNKY
mJuJ xrPer nNKoTJ

04

IqJPJPjo Fm vxPk

07

xJrxPk

09-14

1. Cj~Pjr \jq fgq S pJVJPpJV (@AKxKc) Fm xyxsJPr Cj~j uqJmKu

15-17

2. xyxsJPr Cj~j uqJmKu mJmJ~Pj xyJ~fJ Fm @AKxKc CPhqJPVr \jq xyJ~T kKrPmv fKr

18-20

3. oJjmJKiTJr S xofJr mJmJ~j: TgJ muJr xMPpJV I\tj Fm vKfPVJYr yS~J

21-23

4. oJjm Cj~j mJmJ~j: Cjffr Jq S KvJ xyJ~fJr \jq rKcS

24-27

5. aTxA \LKmTJ\tj iJreJr mJmJ~j: TKw S TPotJPhqJPV rKcS xyJ~fJ

28
29-30

6. KmPrJi Fm kJTKfT hMPptJV kKfPrJi mJ KjKPf rKcS'r nNKoTJ


7. Frkr TJgJ~? @AKxKc koJeKnK Fm rKcS UJPfr \jq mKitf hJfJ xyJ~fJr YJKyhJ Kjke

31

kKrKv 1: xyxsJPr Cj~j uqJmKu

32

kKrKv 2: rlJPr xoNy

kKrmftPjr uPq \jof Vbj

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kKrmftPjr uPq \jof Vbj

1
1.1

Cj~Pjr \jq fgq S pJVJPpJV (@AKxKc) Fm


xyxsJPr Cj~j uqmKu

FA kKfPmhPj Pfr xP CPuU TrJ yP~PZ p, fgq S


pJVJPpJV hJKrhsqs KmPoJYj kK~Jr TsPu ImJj
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mUJfKnKT CPhqJPVr xP xKf rPU FA kKfPmhPj
Jq, KvJ, kJTKfT xh mqmJkjJ, kKfPrJi S
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fkeN t ChJyrexoNy fPu irJ yP~PZ
1.4

kPfqPTrA ofJof kJwe TrJ S kTJv TrJr IKiTJr


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(iJrJ 19, xmt\jLj oJjmJKiTJr WJweJ 1948)
1.2

1.3

hKrhs oJjMPwr fgq kJS~Jr Fm fJ TJP\ uJVJPjJr IKiTJr


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kK~JxoNPyr oPiq pJVxN fKrr P Cj~Pjr \jq
fgq S pJVJPpJV (@AKxKc) CPhqJV TRvuVf nNKoTJ
kJuj TrPf kJPr
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(ACFjKcKk 2003: 51-58) @xPTtr FA irjKa
aTxA \LKmTJ\tj TJbJPoJ3 Fm ACFjKcKkr oJjm
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4. hUMj http://www.comminit.com/experiences/
pdskdv102003/experiences-915.html

5. hUMj http://ceb.unsystem.org/hlcp/documents/
UNCG-reports-misc.UNCG-final-report-2002.pdf

6. hUMj http://www.infrastructureconnect.info/ict.asp
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10. hUMj http://www.bbc.co.uk./worldservice/trust/news/


story/2003/09/010509_leprosy.shtml

11. hUMj http://www2.rnw.nl/rnw/en/features/


development/childhoodindex.html

12. hUMj http://www.mande.co.uk/docs/


Summary%20record-FINAL.doc

14

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http://www.undp.md

15

MALI

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Maintaining the solar panels which


power Radio Douentza. This radio
station was opened in 1993 and
broadcasts in local languages.

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Photographer Crispin Hughes

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ocacy.html

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aLTJxoNy:
1. hUMj http://abc.net.au/timetotalk/english/radio/default.htm
2. hUMj http://www.worldbank.org/wbi/righttotelloverview.html

17

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aLTJxoNy
1. hUMj http://www.undp.org.ph/
env_investigative.htm

2. hUMj http://www.comminit.com/experiences/
pds42004/experiences-1926.html

3. hUMj http://learnlink.aed.org/Publications/
Gender_Book/pdf/Exec_Sum_Nophotos.pdf

http://www.fire.or.cr/indexeng.htm

4. hUMj http://www.awmc.com?

19

CHAD
Community radio: interviewing
subsistence farmers.
Giacomo Pirozzi

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kKrmftPjr uPq \jof Vbj

4
4.1

oJjm Cj~j mJmJ~j:


Cjffr Jq S KvJ xyJ~fJr \jq rKcS

Jq S KvJ FoKcK\r oNuxMPrr IVtf FoKcK\r


2, 4, 5 Fm 6 j uPq hKrhs \jPVJL Jq Fm
KvJ UJPf KmrJ\oJj pxTu IxofJr KvTJr
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Ckr \Jr h~J yP~PZ oJjm Cj~Pjr uPq hKrhs
oJjMPwr \jq Cjffr Jq S KvJr mqmJ TrJr
Kmw~Ka CJKnuJwL yPuS hJKrhsq ysJx Fm Cfr
TuqJPer \jq FPuJ oRKuT Kmw~ Cj~jvLu Kmv
\MPz Jq S KvJ TotxKN YPuJPf GKfyJKxTnJPm
rKcS'r FTKa o\mMf CrJKiTJr rP~PZ1 kJgKoT
pMPVr KvJoNuT S Ckr gPT KjPY KmOf pJVJPpJVkKfr xYJr gPT TPr xJKfTTJPur KvJKmPjJhjKnKT rKcS IjMJj kpt KmOf kKrxPrr
rKcS IjMJPjr iJY mqmf yP~ @xPZ FTA irPjr
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hrTJr xyJ~fJoNuT jLKf kKrPmv Vbj, xmJ mqmJr


TJbJPoJVf xxJre mJ Cj~j, xmJ mqmyJPrr \jq
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KjKfTrPer \jq \jVPer YJk fgq S pJVJPpJV
xKfqTJr IPgt rJV Kj~Per \jq CkPpJVL kKrPmv
mJmJ~Pjr P fkeN t nNKoTJ kJuj TPr gJPT
fPm, IPjT hKrhs oJjMw FUjS JqPxmJ, KjrJkh
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4.3

m 7 xJrJy-r kKrmJr, nJjM~Jf


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jJaPT FTKa FTT kKrmJPrr \LmjpJkPjr Ckr
@PuJTkJf TrJ yP~PZ FA jJaPTr TsL~ YKr
xJrJy, KpKj FTKa k\jj JqPTPs TJ\ TPrj
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oJTJPmuJ TrPf y~ FKhPT FA hKfr KTPvJr
ZPu \jKj~e, FAY@AKn/FAcx xPYfjfJ Fm
TPvJPr VntiJrPer oPfJ Kmw~PuJr oMPUJoMKU
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http://www.comminit.com/pdsradiodrama/sld9392.html

4.2

IJAKxKc

KvoOfq r yJr ToJPjJ, oJfJq Cj~j Fm


FAY@AKn/FAcx, pJ S oqJPuKr~J kKfPrJPir \jq

JqPxmJ Fm JqfPgq IKnVoqfJr KmYJPr hKrhs


\jVe xMKmiJmKf fJPhr mKf gJTJr TJrPer
oPiq y~PfJ rP~PZ fgq kpMKr InJm (rKcS,
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(pKh oNuq @PrJk TrJ y~), KmjJoNPuqr Jq krJovt mJ
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FoKcK\-r 6 j uPq FAY@AKn/FAcx, oqJPuKr~J


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IkmJh hNrLTrPer Ckr xKmPvw f @PrJk TPr

4.5

poj, pJ rJPVr KmJr rJi Kjntr TPr @PrJ mKv


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\JPjj jJ fJPhr pJ yP~PZ FPP rKcSKnKT
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\jq @PrJ mKv KmjJoNPuq KYKTxJr (Kmv Jq xJr

21

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kKrmftPjr uPq \jof Vbj

m 8 @lVJKjJPjr KvPhr \jq rKcS'r oJiqPo KvJ (KrY)

@lVJKjJPjr TJmMPu ImKf KmKmKx-r @lVJj FcMPTvj


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yP~ kPzPZj fJPhr TJPZ JqPxmJ kRPZ h~Jr
P TsL~ nNKoTJ kJuj TrPf kJPr
rKcS Fm KvJ

22

4.6

IPjT mZr iPr rKcS Cjf S Cj~jvLu hvPuJPf


u u oJjMPwr \jq hNrKvPer FTKa kiJj mJyj
KyPxPm TJ\ TPr @xPZ @jMJKjT S IjJjMJKjT
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S KvJr oJiqo KyPxPm rKcS-PT FKVP~ KjP~
pJS~Jr P IVeL nNKoTJ kJuj TPr FPxPZ

4.7

FToMUL oJiqo KyPxPm kJ~v xoJPuJKYf yS~J xPS


rKcS fe S kmLe Cn~ irPjr vsJfJPhr \jq
AJrIqJTKan IvVyPer IPjT xMPpJV fKr TPr
gJPT (JAPxu 1986) poj, kKo @KlTJr
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FTKa rKcS IjMJj KvPhr UuJr oJiqPo KvUPf
CxJKyf TPr Fm IjMJjKa KvJgtLPhr Pu pPf
CM TrPZ mPu hUJ VPZ

4.8

aoJx (2001) hNrKvPe rKcS'r IPjTPuJ nNKoTJ


KYKf TrPZj fJr oPf rKcS pxm P mqmyJr
TrJ pPf kJPr xPuJ yPuJ: (i) KvJr xMPpJVPuJ
xPTt Umr S fgq kYJr; (ii) uUJkzJ Kmw~T KjKht
uq I\tPj KvJgtLPhr CM S kKrYJKuf TrJ; (iii)

ZPuPoP~Phr CPvq TPr mv KTZM @VPyJLkT S


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\JrJPuJnJPm @lVJj xKf S GKfPyqr xP pM, Fm
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http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/trust/
projectsindepth/story/2003/09/030904_reach.shtml

kJxKT ChJyre xrmrJPyr oJiqPo KvJgtLPhr kJb


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xLKof

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m 9 uax KT AKuv, jJKoKm~J

aLTJxoNy

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FA IjMJj

1. hUMj http://www.comminit.com/pdf/

IJAKxKc

InstitutionalReviewofRadioDramas.pdf

2. rKcS mscTJK lr yug: F KcKxvJj oTJrx


VJAc' vLwtT kKfPmhPj rKcS xYJr Fm Jq
KmwP~ KmvhnJPm @PuJYjJ TrJ yP~PZ (hUMj
http:www.comminit.com/pdf/RadioBroadcasting
ForHealth.pdf), 2004, ACPT KckJatPo lr

AJrjqJvjJu cPnukPo
3. hUMj http://www.col.org/
4. http://www.usaid.gov/gn/education/
news/010701_interactiveradio/

\jKk~ KZu (aoJx 2001)


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TrJr mqJkJPr KcFl@AKc TL nNKoTJ kJuj TrPf
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1. xrTJKr rKcS vjPuJPf Totrf TotLPhr kfq
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Kmw~mM QfKrPf fJPhr xofJ mOK Fm F UJPfr
\jq JiLjnJPm Kmw~mM fKrPf KjP~JK\f FjK\SPhr
xyJ~fJ TrJr oJiqPo oJjmxh Cj~j Kmw~T Kmw~mM
\JrhJrTre
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KjKmzfrTre
3. KvoOfq , oJfJq Fm xJoT rJV xJ rKcS
Kmw~mM (IqJcPnJPTKx, kKfPrJi S Kj~e) ke~j
\JrhJrTre S KjKmzfrTre

23

IJAKxKc

kKrmftPjr uPq \jof Vbj

5
5.1

aTxA \LKmTJ~j iJreJr mJmJ~j:


TKw S TPotJPhqJPV rKcS xyJ~fJ

FoKcK\-r 1 j uq 2015 xJPur oPiq Yro hJKrhsq S


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TrJr TRvu yP TKw Fm hs TPotJPhqJV, pPuJPf
rKcS TJpto KhP~ IxUq kJkPa xyJ~fJ h~J xm

TKw, mJ\Jr fgq Fm xxJre


5.2

5.3

24

Cj~jvLu hvPuJPf TKw xxJre xmJxoNy IPjT mZr


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5.4

ChJyrek, Cjf VJoLe IgtjLKfxoO hvPuJPf mJ\Jr


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http:www.fao.org/docrep/ 003/x67
21e/x6721e11.htm

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COMOROS
A community radio reporter interviewing
a young mother,
Giacomo Pirozzi

IJAKxKc

kKrmftPjr uPq \jof Vbj

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5.5

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26

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27

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6
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32

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33

If you would like to know more about the


ICD team in DFID, please send an
e-mail to:
ICDdfid.gov.uk,
or call us on:
+44 (0) 20 7023 1743 / 0286
or visit our website:
www.dfid.gov.uk/AboutDFID/Files/icd.htm

Information and Communication for Development


Room 5518
Department for International Development
1 Palace Street
London SE1E 5HE

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