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BASIC
TRAINING MANUAL
1
Intro
Pressure Basics (The U-Tube) Kicks & Shut-in Drillers Method Gauge Questions Pressure Lag Time LOT & Well Design Shallow Hazards Equipment SBM
Special Problems
SECTION Introduction Pressure Basics U-Tube Boyles Law / Inversion ECD Surge / Swab Pressure Kicks Cause & Detection Shut-In Drills Drillers Method Kill Weight Mud Other Well Control Methods
SLIDE 2-11 12-27 28-35 36-43 44-45 46-50 51-59 60-62 63-66 67-103 104-105 106-109
SECTION
SLIDE
Gauge Questions 110-139 Pressure Lag Time 140-169 Well Design / LOTs 170-207 Shallow Hazards 208-230 Equipment 231-250 Synthetic Fluids 251-269 Special Problems 270-283 Formulas 284-285 Contact Info 286 Appendix Glossary Homework Simulator Test Sheet Instructor Evaluation Sheet 3
TRAINING GROUNDRULES
Stay focused on the agenda Everyone is responsible to participate One conversation at a time All ideas get equal consideration Respect differences There may not be just one answer Be on time
6
IMPORTANT DETAILS
Manuals - they are yours Notes - write in the book or paper Problem solving - work as a team (by table) FOR THE MONEY- Game show - win prizes Homework - DO IT - you will pass the test Test - written/simulator Relax- The more we work together the more we all learn. Parking Lot - Ideas brought up that we are not ready for.
7
Breaks
8
Communications/Teamwork Understanding Alertness Equipment Were here to try to eliminate well control problems all together by reminding you to use BEST PRACTICES, to work as a team, and get back to basics.
10
Communications
You are the chief airplane washer at the company hangar and you: Hook high pressure hose up to the soap suds machine. Turn the machine "on". Receive an important call and have to leave work to go home. As you depart for home, you yell to Don, your assistant, "Don,turn it off. Assistant Don thinks he hears, "Don't turn it off." He shrugs,and leaves the area right after you. Refer to attachment for the results.
11
Intro
Pressure Basics (The U-Tube) Kicks & Shut-in Drillers Method Gauge Questions Pressure Lag Time LOT & Well Design Shallow Hazards Equipment SBM
Special Problems
12
With all the emphasis that we place on mathematics and calculations, Well Control is still as simple as a playground teeter-totter. As we continue learning how to calculate BHP, Hydrostatic Pressure, Gradients, Volumes and Force - Keep in mind this simple picture.
Well Control
0psi
0psi
13
Pressure
The total force felt downward is 3 lbs but is this a pressure?
1 lb
1 lb
1 lb
1 3 2 0
lb
14
Pressure
The force felt downward is still 3 lbs but it is felt over a total surface area of 1 square inch. Is this pressure?
1 lb 1 lb 1 lb
1 1
Force Area
1 3 2 0
lb
15
Pressure
In our industry, when we are measuring pressure it is usually pressure created with a fluid. We will describe most of these pressures in our Well Control class. For now lets talk about fluid at rest. Fluid at rest creates a pressure that we call Hydrostatic Pressure.
hydro (Fluid)
1 1 1
Weight of 0 lb Fluid
16
12 12
What is 0.052?
1 1
12 X 12 = 144 in2
A one cubic foot container will hold 7.5 gallons of fluid. Because we are measuring our pressure in square inches, we section the base into square inches. If I now divide the 7.5 gallons by 144 square inches, we find that a column of fluid 1in X 1in X 1ft tall contains 0.052 gallons of fluid.
17
Gradient
If our fluid density is measured in ppg you can then multiply the fluid weight (ppg) by 0.052 to find the hydrostatic pressure (psi) exerted by one foot of this fluid. This is called the pressure gradient (G) of the fluid or the pressure change per foot (psi/ft).
Gradientpsi/ft = Fluid Weightppg x 0.052 x 1ft If we fill the 0.052 gallon container with 10 ppg fluid, what will be the pressure?
1
This means that for every foot of mud in the well, the pressure increases by .52 psi. So, Gradientpsi/ft x TVDft = Pressurehydrostatic
18
TVD vs MD
Because fluid density is a function of gravitational force and gravity is a vertical component, the bottomhole hydrostatic pressure is the sum of all the vertical components. The sketch of a slant hole helps us see why this is true. It shows that the mud column can be thought of as a stack of blocks, with the weight of each block pushing vertically downward on those underneath it. From this, we see that it is the vertical height (or depth) of a mud column, not its measured length, that must be used in pressure calculations.
10 11
19
Pressure Equations
Hydrostatic Pressure (psi) = MW (ppg) X 0.052 X Depth (ft) HP = PPG X 0.052 X TVD Hydrostatic Pressure (psi) = Gradient (psi/ft) X Depth (ft.) HP = G X TVD Gradient (psi/ft) = Fluid Weight (ppg) X 0.052 G = MW X 0.052 Equivalent Mud Weight (ppg) = Gradient (psi/ft) 0.052 EMW = G 0.052 or EMW = Press. (TVD x 0.052) Gradient (psi/ft.) = Pressure (psi) Depth (ft.) G = P TVD
Equation Triangle
Pressurepsi = MWppg X 0.052 X TVDft
Pressurepsi
If you want to solve for MW or TVD, fill in the known information and the equation is written for you.
MWppg X 0.052
X TVDft
21
Equation Triangle
If you want to solve for MW or TVD, fill in the known information and the equation is written for you. 1) SIDPP is 500 psi. Hole TVD is 11,000 ft. How much MW increase is needed to kill the well?
500 psi
500 572
On your calculator you would key in: 0.052 x 11000 = 572 500 572 = .87ppg
22
Equation Triangle
If you want to solve for MW or TVD, fill in the known information and the equation is written for you. 1) While pulling out of the hole, using 9.6 ppg fluid, you forgot to fill the hole. If your overbalance is 100 psi, how far can the fluid level drop before you are underbalance? _______ft 200
FT =
FT =
On your calculator you would key in: 9.6 x 0.052 = .5 psi/ft 100 .5 = 200ft
23
FORMATION PRESSURES
8.4 ppg > Normal Pressured formations < 8.9 ppg Abnormal Pressured formations > 8.9 ppg 8.4 ppg > Subnormal Pressured formations
As the weight of the sponges increases, the fluid is squeezed out. If you make a hole in the bottom sponge nothing happens. If the bottom sponge is wrapped in plastic (sealed) then the fluid cannot escape and becomes pressurized by the weight of the sponges above. If you make a hole in the bottom sponge:
24
4,500 10,000 = .45 psi/ft .45 0.052 = 8.7 ppg 10,000 Formation pressure of 4,500 psi at 8,000 would be considered Abnormal pressure!
P
form atio n
=4
500 psi
25
CHARGED SANDS
26
ND SA
E AL H S
PD= PC= PB= 1860 psi G = 1860 / 3600ft = .517 psi/ft MW D = 9.9 ppg
PC = PB= 1860 psi G = 1860 / 3900ft = .477 psi/ft PB = 4000 x .465 psi/ft = 1860 psi PA = 4100 x .465 psi/ft = 1906 psi MW b = 8.9 ppg MW a = 8.9 ppg
MW C = 9.2 ppg
27
U- Tube
While drilling a well, we have a u-tube in effect.
10,000 ft
28
U- Tube
If I started filling the glass tube with a fluid that weighed 9.6 ppg where would the fluid go and what would the gauge read? 10 ft
29
U- Tube
Two columns of fluid connected at the bottom that will balance each other in a static condition.
If I then put another few gallons of a 12 ppg fluid in the tube what would happen and what would the gauge read? 10 ft
30
U- Tube
Calculate Bottom Hole Pressure
AIR
Practice
10.2 ppg
6000 ft
6000 ft TVD
31
U- Tube
Calculate Bottom Hole Pressure
Practice
1,000 ft of 10 ppg
5,500 ft of 10 ppg
6000 ft
U- Tube
Calculate how far the slug has dropped.
Practice
1,200 ft of 12 ppg
6000 ft
6000 ft TVD
33
If there is no balance between the two columns of fluid and the fluid cannot escape, pressure will be created.
U- Tube
Practice
= Gauge Press.
6000 ft
BHP =
6000 ft TVD
34
Well Control
35
Uncontrolled Expansion
0 600-1200 LONG
500
40 LONG
1000
20 LONG
1500
13.5 LONG
MUD
2000
10 LONG
36
GAS EXPANSION
V2 = (P1 X V1) P2 P1 = 5000 psi V1 = 10 bbls
Hydrostatic = (9.6 X 0.052) X 10,000 = 5000 psi New Hydrostatic = (9.6 X 0.052) X 5000 = 2500 psi
10 bbls gas
New Hydrostatic (9.6 X 0.052) X 1000 = 500 psi New Hydrostatic = (9.6 X 0.052) X 100 = 50 psi
P 2 = 500 Where? psi ? bbls Gas 2 ? bbls bbls Top of gas V2 2 = 100 at 1000 ft.
? bbls Gas Top of gas P2 = 500 Where? psi at 100 ft. ? bbls V2 = 1000 bbls
37
Equation Triangle
P1 x V1 = P2 X V2
P1 is the pressure that the gas is under. P1 = BHP V1 is the size of kick V1 = Barrels P2 is the pressure of the gas at its new position in the well. P2 = Hydrostatic + Gauge Pressure V2 is the new size of the kick at its new position in the well. V2 = Barrels
P1 x V1
P2
V2
38
Equation Triangle
P1 x V1 = P2 X V2
P1 = 5000 psi V1 = 10 bbls P2 = 14.7 psi V2 = ?
5000 P1 x X V110
5000 X 10 14.7
= 3,401 bbls
P2 14.7
? V 2
39
Volume At Surface
12.4 ppg WBM The well unloaded 30 bbls at Bottoms Up.
P1 = 14.7 psi V1 = 30 bbls P2 = 12.4 x 0.052 x 12,000 = 7,740 psi V2 = 0.057 bbl kick on Bottom
PRESSURE INVERSION
250 250 Gauge Press. + 2500 Hydrostatic to shoe 2750 psi at casing shoe
250 Gauge Press. + 4930 Hydrostatic 5180 psi Gas Press. 143 ft
41
PRESSURE INVERSION
2680 5180 psi at shoe - 2500 Hydrostatic to shoe 2680 Gauge Press.
5180
PRESSURE INVERSION
5180 143 ft 5180 Gas Press. + 2430 Hydrostatic at shoe 7610 psi at shoe 5180
Hydrostatic = (10000 143) X 0.052 X 9.6 = 4921 psi 5180 Gas Press. + 4921 Hydrostatic 10,101 psi Bottom Hole
43
ECD
SPM = 100
2300
Hydrostatic = 10 X 10,000 X 0.052 = 5,200 psi Circulating BHP = 5,200 + 115 Friction loss = 5,315 psi in surface lines = 150 psi Annular Open ECD = 5,315 10,000 0.052 = 10.22 ppg
115
44
ECD
Reverse Circulate
Circulating BHP = 5,200 + 2,035 = 7,235 psi ECD = 7,235 10,000 0.052 = 13.91 ppg
2035
45
Swab Pressure
In a static condition, Bottom hole pressure is equal to Hydrostatic Pressure. As the pipe is pulled out of the hole, friction creates a swab pressure that is felt upward.
10 ppg
Swab Pressure
46
Swab Pressure
If the swab pressure is greater than the overbalance, fluid in the formation can enter the well. In this example, the swab pressure created is 50 psi more than the overbalance. This would let formation fluid into the well.
10 ppg
BHP = (10,000 X 10 X 0.052) - 150 psi = 5,050 psi Formation Pressure = 5,100 psi
10,000 ft
47
Swab Pressure
When the pipe movement is stopped, the friction is lost, and the overbalance is returned.
10 ppg
Even though the overbalance is restored, the fluid that was swabbed in is still in the well. This influx would have little or no migration and no noticeable expansion. A flow check would not show any flow.
48
Swab Pressure
49
10,000 ft
Surge Pressure
Surge Pressure is a downward force create by lowering the drillstring and creating friction as the mud is displaced from the hole. This surge pressure increases BHP.
10 ppg
Factors that create surge pressure are: Clearance Yield Point of mud Running Speed of Pipe Length of Drillstring High surge pressure can cause the formations to fracture and lost circulation to occur.
Surge Pressure = 150 psi
50
10,000 ft
Intro
Pressure Basics (The U-Tube) Kicks & Shut-in Drillers Method Gauge Questions Pressure Lag Time LOT & Well Design Shallow Hazards Equipment SBM
Special Problems
51
Kicks
Cause
THE MAIN CONDITION THAT ALLOWS A KICK TO OCCUR: THE PRESSURE IN THE WELL BORE BECOMES LESS THAN THE PRESSURE IN THE FORMATION
53
2. Drilling into zones of known pressure with mud weight too low. 3. Drilling into an unexpected abnormal formation pressure.
Good engineering/good well procedures and alert, questioning attitude by Foreman. ALERTNESS Careful engineering;proper well design;Understand the Geology; Use Pressure Hunting Techniques STUDY OFFSET WELLS!
54
Decreasing Occurrence 4. Lost Circulation (Fluid level, not rate of loss is critical in well control.) 5. Unloading mud by pulling balled drilling assembly. 6. Mud weight high enough to drill but not to trip.
Careful engineering; proper well design;Understand the Geology CASE OFF LOST CIRC. ASAP!
Measurement of fill-up volume when pulling drill string. TRIP TANK! Measurement of fill-up volume when pulling drill string. TRIP TANK!
55
Notes: Dont assume that a small flow is not a kick. Observe well long enough to be sure. Put well on Trip Tank to check small flows, when drilling top of hole at high ROP
58
Flow Checking
If the well continues to flow after the pumps are off, then: SHUT THE WELL IN There are several reasons which might cause the well to flow with the pumps turned off, the main three are: Unbalanced U-Tube Ballooning or Fracture Charging There is a kick in the well ! However, it is recommended to SHUT THE WELL IN until it is determined the flow is not caused by underbalance.
59
SHUT-IN PROCEDURE
KEEP PATHS ON CHOKE MANIFOLD CLOSED In general, the use of a float while drilling is recommended.
WHILE DRILLING
1. Pull up and position T.J. above rotary table. 2. Shut down pump. 3. Check for flow. 4. Close annular preventer (Hydril) AND Open HCR valve. 5. Toolpusher and Drilling Foreman on floor. 6. Read/record SIDPP and SICP. 7. Start moving pipe if reasonable. 8. Read/record gain in pit volume.
NOTES: 1. When well has been shut-in and readable pressures have been observed, do NOT open well to verify entry or check its rate. 2. Decide on max. CP for pipe Movement AHEAD OF TIME
60
SHUT-IN PROCEDURE
WHILE TRIPPING
1. Set slips with T.J. positioned above rotary table. 2. Install full-opening safety valve in open position. 3. Close safety valve. 4. Close annular preventer (Hydril) AND Open HCR valve. 5. Toolpusher and Drilling Foreman on floor. 6. Put on Top Drive and open safety valve. 7. Read/record gain in pit volume. 8. Start moving pipe if reasonable. 9. Read/record gain in pit volume.
NOTES: 1. When well has been shut-in and readable pressures have been observed, do NOT open well to verify entry or check its rate. 2. Decide on max. CP for pipe movement AHEAD OF TIME 3. Install inside BOP If needed in control procedure.
61
62
DRILLS
DRILLS SHOULD BE CONDUCTED AT AN OPTIMUM TIME. Drills are not a competitive sporting event. A five-minute drill indicates that your crew is conducting these drills and hopefully improving. A 30-second drill indicates that you are not doing them properly. Keep kick detection in everyones mind. Gives you information that may be useful during a kill. Gives you practice with the actual equipment. Gives you confidence if you actually are in a well control situation.
63
KICK DRILL
Pit Drill/Flow Drill
Action Initiate Drill Lift flow sensor or Pit float to indicate kick Immediately record start time. Responsible Party Unocal Foreman/Rig Manager
Recognize Kick Driller/Logger Logger should notify Driller of indicator. Driller to stop drilling, pick up off bottom and stop pumps. Conduct flow check. Initiate Action Unocal Foreman/Rig Manager Notify drill crew that the well is flowing (Drill) Simulate Shut-in Move to BOP Panel. Driller/Crew
TRIP DRILL
Pit Drill/Flow Drill
Action Initiate Drill Lift flow sensor or Pit float to indicate kick Immediately record start time. Responsible Party Unocal Foreman/Rig Manager
Recognize Kick Driller/Logger Logger should notify Driller of indicator. Driller to stop drilling, pick up off bottom and stop pumps. Conduct flow check. Initiate Action Unocal Foreman/Rig Manager Notify drill crew that the well is flowing (Drill) Simulate Shut-In Driller/Crew Position tool joint above rotary and set slips. Stab FOSV and close valve. Latch elevators or make-up top drive and remove slips. Move to BOP panel. Time is stopped. Record this time in the Drilling Report.
H2S drills are conducted the same as above, however upon notification that the drill is in progress the crew will don breathing apparatus before taking any further action.
65
CHOKE DRILL
1. Before drilling out each casing shoe. Trap a small amount of pressure against the choke. Practice proper start- up of the Drillers Method holding this pressure constant. 2. After moving to the Drillpipe Pressure gauge and allowing the pressures in the well to stabilize, make a definite change on the Casing gauge (50 -100 psi) by opening or closing the choke. 3. Record the time required to see this pressure change reflect on the Drillpipe gauge. This is PLT (Pressure Lag Time)
66
Intro
Pressure Basics (The U-Tube) Kicks & Shut-in Drillers Method Gauge Questions Pressure Lag Time LOT & Well Design Shallow Hazards Equipment SBM
Special Problems
67
300
500
DP 300
CP 500
CLOSE
OPEN
Well is shut in and pressures allowed to stabilize. Shut-in Drillpipe pressure + DP Hydrostatic = Bottom Hole Pressure. Kill the well using the Drillers Method.
BHP 5,500
68
300
500
DP 300
CP 500
CLOSE
OPEN
Mud weight = 10ppg 10,000 X 10 X 0.052 = 5,200 psi BHP = 5,200 + 300 = 5,500 psi
BHP 5,500
69
300
500
DP 300
CP 500
CLOSE
OPEN
From your last choke drill we know; KRP @40 spm = 1,000psi ICP = 1000 + 300 = 1,300 psi on DP
BHP 5,500
70
1300
500
DP 1300
CP 500
CLOSE
OPEN
Casing Pressure is held constant as pumps are brought up to speed by opening the choke. If the Casing Pressure is held constant when starting, then BHP is held constant. Once pumps are up to speed, the Drillpipe Pressure should be held constant to keep BHP constant.
BHP 5,500
71
1300
550
DP 1300
CP 550
CLOSE
OPEN
As the bubble begins to expand it pushes mud out of the hole causing a loss of hydrostatic. To keep BHP constant, Drillpipe pressure must be kept constant.
BHP 5,500
72
1300
650
DP 1300
CP 650
CLOSE
OPEN
BHP 5,500
73
1300
625
DP 1300
CP 625
CLOSE
OPEN
BHP 5,500
74
1300
600
DP 1300
CP 600
CLOSE
OPEN
BHP 5,500
75
1300
550
DP 1300
CP 550
CLOSE
OPEN
BHP 5,500
76
1300
700
DP 1300
CP 700
CLOSE
OPEN
BHP 5,500
77
1300
1000
DP 1300
CP 1000
CLOSE
OPEN
BHP 5,500
78
1300 1750
DP 1300
CP 1750
CLOSE
OPEN
BHP 5,500
79
1300
1000
DP 1300
CP 1000
CLOSE
OPEN
BHP 5,500
80
1300
400
DP 1300
CP 400
CLOSE
OPEN
BHP 5,500
81
1300
300
DP 1300
CP 350
CLOSE
OPEN
Once the influx is circulated out, casing pressure should be held constant while the pumps are brought down and the well shutin.
BHP 5,500
82
300
300
DP 300
CP 300
CLOSE
OPEN
Compare the Drillpipe and Casing pressure gauges and confirm that they are equal. If Casing pressure is greater than Drillpipe pressure then you may not have all the influx out of the well. Once you are confident that the annulus is clean line up the pumps on Kill Weight Fluid.
BHP 5,500
83
1300
300
DP 1300
CP 300
CLOSE
OPEN
Hold Casing pressure constant as you bring the pumps up to 40 spm. Continue to hold Casing pressure constant as you displace the drillstring. Drillpipe pressure should drop as hydrostatic in the drillpipe increases.
BHP 5,500
84
1250
300
DP 1250
CP 300
CLOSE
OPEN
BHP 5,500
85
1200
300
DP 1200
CP 300
CLOSE
OPEN
BHP 5,500
86
1150
300
DP 1150
CP 300
CLOSE
OPEN
BHP 5,500
87
1100
300
DP 1100
CP 300
CLOSE
OPEN
BHP 5,500
88
1060
300
DP 1060
CP 300
CLOSE
OPEN
Once the Drillpipe is full of Kill Weight Fluid the hydrostatic will remain constant. Continue circulating holding Drillpipe pressure constant at FCP. Casing pressure should drop as Kill Weight Fluid displaces the annulus.
BHP 5,500
89
1060
300
DP 1060
CP 300
CLOSE
OPEN
BHP 5,500
90
1060
250
DP 1060
CP 250
CLOSE
OPEN
BHP 5,500
91
1060
200
DP 1060
CP 200
CLOSE
OPEN
BHP 5,500
92
1060
150
DP 1060
CP 150
CLOSE
OPEN
BHP 5,500
93
1060
100
DP 1060
CP 100
CLOSE
OPEN
BHP 5,500
94
1110
50
DP 1110
CP 50
CLOSE
OPEN
BHP 5,550
95
0 DP 0 CP 0
CLOSE
OPEN
After confirming that Kill Weight Fluid is back to surface, shut the well in. Drillpipe and Casing pressure should read 0 psi. Open the choke and check for flow. When opening the Annular beware of gas trapped under the element.
BHP 5,500
96
DRILLERS METHOD
FIRST STEP ( Remove Influx)
> Monitor shut-in well while preparing to start circulating using original weight fluid. Record Drillpipe & Casing pressures. > Hold Casing Pressure constant while bringing pump up to kill rate speed. THIS SPEED IS TO BE HELD CONSTANT. > Hold Casing Pressure constant a few more minutes until DP pressure stabilizes. > Read DP Pressure and hold this pressure constant until the kick is circulated out of the hole. > Hold Casing Pressure constant while bringing pump speed down. When pump speed is down to the point that the pump is barely running: -Shut pump off (first) -Finish closing choke > Read Pressures. If all influx is out of well the pressure should be almost the same.
97
DRILLERS METHOD
SECOND STEP (Change Fluid Weight)
> Calculate kill weight and increase fluid weight to that value. > Hold Casing Pressure constant while bringing pump up to kill rate speed. THIS SPEED IS TO BE HELD CONSTANT. > Hold Casing Pressure constant until drill string volume has been pumped. > Read DP Pressure and hold this pressure constant until fluid returns are at kill weight. > Shut down pump and shut in well. > Read pressures. Should be zero. > Check for flow through choke line. > Open preventers if well is dead.
98
If the kick was larger in size would DP and CP change? If the kick was salt water or gas would DP and CP change? If a gas bubble began to migrate, how would you control bottom hole press? If the hole size was smaller would it change DP and CP?
9.6 ppg
99
Open
Closed
What happens to hydrostatic in the DP? If the DP gauge is kept constant, what happens to BHP? If the CP gauge is kept constant, what happens to BHP?
10,000 ft Formation Pressure= 6000 psi
100
Open
Closed
As KWF is being pumped, what is happening to the hydrostatic pressure in the DP?
9.6 ppg
If the annulus is clean, what is happening to the hydrostatic in the annulus? If CP is held constant what happens to BHP? If DP pressure is held constant what happens to BHP?
101
700
780
Open
Closed
As KWF is pumped up the annulus, what is happening to the hydrostatic in the DP?
9.6 ppg
As KWF is pumped up the annulus, what is happening to the hydrostatic in the annulus? If you hold DP constant, what happens to BHP? If you hold CP constant, what happens to BHP?
102
1600 1500
1000
A closing/opening adjustment on the choke would take 23 seconds to travel down the annulus and 23 seconds to travel up the drillpipe before reflecting on the drillpipe gauge with water base mud. With SBM/OBM, the compressibility of the oil will increase the lag time. On one documented well, with casing set at 14,000 it took 3-4 min. before the choke adjustments were reflected on the drillpipe gauge. To get an estimate of what the lag time can be, choke drills, prior to drilling out the casing shoe, are recommended.
103
TD @ 23,000 ft.
= SIDPP + Hydrostatic = 700 + (11 X 0.052 X 8000) = 700 + 4576 = 5276 psi = BHP 0.052 TVD =5276 0.052 8000 = 12.68
KMW
9.625
3,000 ft.
Original SIDPP = 500 psi Shoe tested to Leak-off @ 14 ppg EMW Assume pump is shut off when drill pipe is filled with kill mud. 8.5
Safety Factor (ppg) 0 .1 .2 .4 1.0 SICP (psi) 515 550 610 700 980 EMW @ Shoe (ppg) 13.3 13.6 13.9 14.5 16.3 Over/under LOT (ppg) .7 under .4 under .1 under .5 over 2.3 over
105
40 bbl KICK
20 bbl KICK
10 bbl KICK
BBLS PUMPED
600
800
1000
1200
106
MUD WEIGHT = 9.6 ppg KILL WEIGHT = 10.6 ppg KICK VOLUME = 20 bbls
DRILLER'S METHOD
WAIT & WEIGHT METHOD WITH NO MIX TIME WITH 2000' MIGRATION
1200 1100 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 0 1000 2000
STROKES
108
OTHER ACCEPTABLE METHODS A. Wait & Weight Method B. Top Kill C. Bottom Kill D. Lubricate & Bleed E. Volumetric (does not kill the well) F. Bullhead These Methods Are NOT Preferred
109
Intro
Pressure Basics (The U-Tube) Kicks & Shut-in Drillers Method Gauge Questions Pressure Lag Time LOT & Well Design Shallow Hazards Equipment SBM
Special Problems
110
WELL INFORMATION
TVD = 10,000 ft. Shoe TVD = 7500 ft. Fluid Weight = 9.6 ppg. Circulating Rate = 50 spm. Influx is Gas. Water Base Mud Strokes To Bit = 1,570. Bottoms Up Strokes = 5,550. Strokes To Shoe = 1,390. Total Strokes = 7,120. M.A.S.P. @ 9.6 ppg = 1,100 psi
111
At initial shut-in, these are the stabilized pressures that you read.
DRILLPIPE
2000
CASING
2000
1000
500
0
3000
1000
800
0
3000
SPM
3/4 7/8
Pit Gain
10 bbls.
0 0
TOTAL STROKES
OPEN
CLOSED
112
Before you get started, what will the gauges and the pit volume be when you get finished with the first step of the Drillers Method?
A. The same B. 800 psi each 0 pit gain. C. DP -500/CP-800 0 pit gain. D. 500 psi each 10 bbl pit gain. E. 500 psi each 0 pit gain.
1000
DRILLPIPE
2000
CASING
2000
500
0
3000
1000
800
0
3000
SPM
3/4 7/8
Pit Gain
10 bbls.
0 0
TOTAL STROKES
OPEN
CLOSED
113
DRILLPIPE
2000
CASING
2000
500
0
3000
1000
800
0
3000
SPM
3/4 7/8
Pit Gain
10 bbls.
0 0
TOTAL STROKES
OPEN
CLOSED
114
The pumps are brought up to Kill Rate Speed and this is what you see. Which of the following courses of action would you take? A. Continue holding CP constant B. Open choke C. Close Choke D. Choke size OK E. Begin monitoring DP gauge F. Shut the well in
1000
DRILLPIPE
2000
CASING
2000
1500
0
3000
1000
800
0
3000
SPM
3/4 7/8
Pit Gain
10 bbls.
50 150
TOTAL STROKES
OPEN
CLOSED
115
Youve been circulating for a few minutes and everything seems to be ok. Which of the following courses of action would you take? A. Decrease stroke rate B. Open choke C. Close Choke D. Choke size OK E. Increase stroke rate F. Shut the well in
1000
DRILLPIPE
2000
CASING
2000
1500
0
3000
1000
800
0
3000
SPM
3/4 7/8
Pit Gain
11 bbls.
50 300
TOTAL STROKES
OPEN
CLOSED
116
Casing pressure decreased slightly so you pinched the choke in and this is what you see. Which of the following courses of action would you take? A. Decrease stroke rate B. Open choke C. Close Choke D. Choke size OK E. Increase stroke rate F. Shut the well in
1000
DRILLPIPE
2000
CASING
2000
1800
0
3000
1000
800
0
3000
SPM
3/4 7/8
Pit Gain
11 bbls.
50 500
TOTAL STROKES
OPEN
CLOSED
117
Drillpipe pressure was a little to high so you corrected the problem and this is what you see. Which of the following courses of action would you take? A. Decrease stroke rate B. Open choke C. Close Choke D. Choke size OK E. Increase stroke rate F. Shut the well in
1000
DRILLPIPE
2000
CASING
2000
1500
0
3000
1000
750
0
3000
SPM
3/4 7/8
Pit Gain
11 bbls.
45 750
TOTAL STROKES
OPEN
CLOSED
118
You finally get things back to where you like and this is what you see. Which of the following courses of action would you take? A. Decrease stroke rate B. Open choke C. Close Choke D. Choke size OK E. Increase stroke rate F. Shut the well in
1000
DRILLPIPE
2000
CASING
2000
1500
0
3000
1000
950
0
3000
SPM
3/4 7/8
Pit Gain
12 bbls.
50 950
TOTAL STROKES
OPEN
CLOSED
119
The Casing pressure is getting close to your posted MASP. Which of the following courses of action would you take? A. Decrease stroke rate B. Open choke C. Close Choke D. Choke size OK E. Increase stroke rate F. Shut the well in
1000
DRILLPIPE
2000
CASING
2000
1500
0
3000
1000
1000
0
3000
SPM
3/4 7/8
Pit Gain
12 bbls.
50 1200
TOTAL STROKES
OPEN
CLOSED
120
Its decision time, earn your pay. Which of the following courses of action would you take? A. Decrease stroke rate B. Open choke C. Close Choke D. Choke size OK E. Increase stroke rate F. Shut the well in
1000
DRILLPIPE
2000
CASING
2000
1500
0
3000
1000
1150
0
3000
SPM
3/4 7/8
Pit Gain
12 bbls.
50 1600
TOTAL STROKES
OPEN
CLOSED
121
Its starting to get boring now. The driller has gone for a smoke and the AD is on the floor. Before you let him take over, you see this. Which of the following courses of action would you take? A. Decrease stroke rate B. Open choke C. Close Choke D. Choke size OK E. Increase stroke rate F. Shut the well in
0 0 5/8 1/2 3/8 1/4 1/8 1000
DRILLPIPE
2000
CASING
2000
1500
3000
1000
1250
3000
SPM
3/4 7/8
Pit Gain
17 bbls.
54 3500
TOTAL STROKES
OPEN
CLOSED
122
You hear gas passing through the choke. What will happen to the casing gauge and to the pit volume as the gas is circulated out? A. Pit volume goes down and casing gauge goes up. B. Pit volume goes up and casing gauge goes up. C. Pit volume goes down and casing gauge goes down. D. Nothing E. Pit volume goes down and casing gauge goes up. F. Pit volume goes up and casing gauge goes down.
CASING
2000
DRILLPIPE
2000
1000
1500
0
3000
1000
1250
0
3000
SPM
3/4 7/8
50 4500
TOTAL STROKES
OPEN
CLOSED
Pit Gain
27 bbls.
123
You hear gas passing through the choke and the Casing gauge begins too drop. Which of the following courses of action would you take? A. Decrease stroke rate B. Open choke C. Close Choke D. Choke size OK E. Increase stroke rate F. Shut the well in
1000
DRILLPIPE
2000
CASING
2000
1500
0
3000
1000
200
0
3000
SPM
3/4 7/8
Pit Gain
27 bbls.
50 4500
TOTAL STROKES
OPEN
CLOSED
124
You got behind the kick and played choke handle tennis but finally got the gas out and the well shut-in. Which of the following courses of action would you take? A. Open choke and flow check B. Line up on KW Mud C. Continue to circulate D. Call town E. Increase Kill Weight Mud F. Shut the well in
1000
DRILLPIPE
2000
CASING
2000
550
0
3000
1000
700
0
3000
SPM
3/4 7/8
Pit Gain
6 bbls.
0 5550
TOTAL STROKES
OPEN
CLOSED
125
You elected to circulate longer and this is what you see. Which of the following courses of action would you take? A. Decrease stroke rate B. Open choke C. Close Choke D. Choke size OK E. Increase stroke rate F. Shut the well in
1000
DRILLPIPE
2000
CASING
2000
1500
0
3000
1000
550
0
3000
SPM
3/4 7/8
Pit Gain
4 bbls.
50 6550
TOTAL STROKES
OPEN
CLOSED
126
You have circulated longer. How do you determine it is time to shut it in? A. We have circulated more than a bottoms up. B. Pit volume gain is less. C. DP pressure is constant D. Chock is almost all the way open. E. CP is close to the initial shut in DP pressure.
1000
DRILLPIPE
2000
CASING
2000
1500
0
3000
1000
500
0
3000
SPM
3/4 7/8
Pit Gain
4 bbls.
50 6600
TOTAL STROKES
OPEN
CLOSED
127
You have circulated long enough and decided to shut the well in. How do shut down properly? A. Continue to hold DP constant B. Open choke C. Close Choke D. Hold CP constant E. Increase stroke rate
1000
DRILLPIPE
2000
CASING
2000
1500
0
3000
1000
500
0
3000
SPM
3/4 7/8
Pit Gain
4 bbls.
50 6600
TOTAL STROKES
OPEN
CLOSED
128
You got the well shut-in. What is the calculated Kill Weight Mud that should be pumped? A. 9.6 PPG B. 10.6 PPG. C. 9.0 PPG. D. 10.0 PPG. E. 8.6 PPG. F. 11.0 PPG.
1000
DRILLPIPE
2000
CASING
2000
500
0
3000
1000
500
0
3000
SPM
3/4 7/8
Pit Gain
2 bbls.
0 9000
TOTAL STROKES
OPEN
CLOSED
129
You bring the pumps back up to Kill Rate Speed, pumping Kill Weight Fluid. Which of the following courses of action would you take? A. Decrease stroke rate B. Open choke C. Close Choke D. Choke size OK E. Increase stroke rate F. Shut the well in
1000
DRILLPIPE
2000
CASING
2000
1500
0
3000
1000
500
0
3000
SPM
3/4 7/8
Pit Gain
2 bbls.
50 50
TOTAL STROKES
OPEN
CLOSED
130
Everything is going well. You are on the correct gauge and up to kill rate speed. What will the approximate Drillpipe pressure be when kill weight mud reaches the bit? A. 1500 psi B. 1400 psi C. 1600psi D. 1000 psi E. 1200 psi F. 1700 psi
1000
DRILLPIPE
2000
CASING
2000
1500
0
3000
1000
500
0
3000
SPM
3/4 7/8
Pit Gain
2 bbls.
50 50
TOTAL STROKES
OPEN
CLOSED
131
The Drillpipe pressure began to drop so you closed the choke slightly. Which of the following courses of action should you take? A. Decrease stroke rate B. Open choke C. Close Choke D. Choke size OK E. Increase stroke rate F. Shut the well in
1000
DRILLPIPE
2000
CASING
2000
1500
0
3000
1000
600
0
3000
SPM
3/4 7/8
Pit Gain
2 bbls.
50 200
TOTAL STROKES
OPEN
CLOSED
132
The night cook said that you were wrong and made some adjustments. This is what you see. Which of the following courses of action would you take? A. Decrease stroke rate B. Open choke C. Close Choke D. Choke size OK E. Increase stroke rate F. Shut the well in
1000
DRILLPIPE
2000
CASING
2000
1200
0
3000
1000
500
0
3000
SPM
3/4 7/8
Pit Gain
2 bbls.
50 250
TOTAL STROKES
OPEN
CLOSED
133
Everything seems to be going well, or is it? Which of the following courses of action would you take? A. Decrease stroke rate B. Open choke C. Close Choke D. Choke size OK E. Increase stroke rate F. Shut the well in
1000
DRILLPIPE
2000
CASING
2000
1150
0
3000
1000
500
0
3000
SPM
3/4 7/8
Pit Gain
2 bbls.
50 1400
TOTAL STROKES
OPEN
CLOSED
134
You know that the Drillpipe is full with KW Mud. If you shut down right now, what would your DP, CP and Pit Gain be? A. DP=0, CP=500, and Pit Gain same. B. DP=500, CP=500, and Pit Gain = 10 bbls. C. DP=1050, CP=500, and Pit Gain same. D. DP=500, CP=500, and Pit Gain same. E. DP=0, CP=0, and Pit Gain = 10 bbls. F. DP=0, CP=0, and Pit Gain same.
1000
DRILLPIPE
2000
CASING
2000
1050
0
3000
1000
500
0
3000
SPM
3/4 7/8
Pit Gain
2 bbls.
50 1600
TOTAL STROKES
OPEN
CLOSED
135
You know that the Drillpipe is full with KW Mud. What do you do now? Which of the following courses of action would you take? A. Continue holding Casing pressure constant B. Shut-in C. Hold DP pressure constant D. Increase Mud weight E. Increase stroke rate F. Shut the well in
0 0 5/8 1/2 3/8 1/4 1/8
DRILLPIPE
2000
CASING
2000
1000
1050
3000
1000
500
3000
SPM
3/4 7/8
Pit Gain
2 bbls.
50 1600
TOTAL STROKES
OPEN
CLOSED
136
You made your choice and continued to circulate. This is what you see. Which of the following courses of action would you take? A. Decrease stroke rate B. Open choke C. Close Choke D. Choke size OK E. Increase stroke rate F. Shut the well in
1000
DRILLPIPE
2000
CASING
2000
1050
0
3000
1000
450
0
3000
SPM
3/4 7/8
Pit Gain
2 bbls.
50 3500
TOTAL STROKES
OPEN
CLOSED
137
Everything is going so well that you decide to speed things up. You have the driller bring the pumps up and you keep Drillpipe pressure constant. What happened to BHP? A. BHP decreased B. BHP increased C. BHP did not change
1000
DRILLPIPE
2000
CASING
2000
1050
0
3000
1000
150
0
3000
SPM
3/4 7/8
Pit Gain
2 bbls.
80 4000
TOTAL STROKES
OPEN
CLOSED
138
The Mud Engineer notified you that KW mud has been coming back for some time. You shut-in and observe the gauges. Which of the following courses of action would you take? A. Perform LOT at new MW B. Open annular C. Close rams D. Flow check at the choke
1000
DRILLPIPE
2000
CASING
2000
0
0
3000
1000
0
0
3000
SPM
3/4 7/8
Pit Gain
2 bbls.
0 8500
TOTAL STROKES
OPEN
CLOSED
139
Intro
Pressure Basics (The U-Tube) Kicks & Shut-in Drillers Method Gauge Questions Pressure Lag Time LOT & Well Design Shallow Hazards Equipment SBM
Special Problems
140
141
A change in choke size will create a change in Bottom Hole Pressure (BHP). Incorrect choke adjustments will lead to incorrect BHP which can allow further influx and/or broken u-tube.
142
Historically Well Control schools taught with the approach that most wells were drilled using a water based mud. This led to using a rule of thumb that pressure changes traveled at 1 second per One Thousand feet of measured depth on each side of the U-Tube.
143
12,000 ft
144
0 sec
12,000 ft
145
0 sec
12,000 ft
12 sec
146
24 sec
0 sec
12,000 ft
12 sec
147
148
Mud Type Compressibility of Synthetic Fluid Well Geometry Deeper Wells Larger O.D.
>
149
Understanding PLT
In the Drillers Method of Well Control, BHP is held constant by manipulating the choke using the proper gauge at surface. Because the PLT from a choke manipulation to the Drillpipe Pressure Gauge is the longest, it becomes the most difficult to control.
150
Drills
Choke Drills will establish the PLT on your well and allow each choke operator the practice necessary.
151
152
Step 1
DRILLPIPE
2000
CASING
2000
1000
300
0
3000
1000
300
0
3000
SPM
3/4 7/8
0 0
TOTAL STROKES
OPEN
CLOSED
153
Step 2
DRILLPIPE
2000
CASING
2000
1000
1000
0
3000
1000
300
0
3000
Bring the pumps to Kill Rate Speed holding Casing Pressure Constant by opening the choke. After circulation has stabilized, continue pumping holding Drillpipe pressure at 1000 psi.
SPM
3/4 7/8
50 500
TOTAL STROKES
OPEN
CLOSED
154
Step 3
DRILLPIPE
2000
CASING
2000
1000
1000 1100
0
3000
1000
400
0
3000
Make a 100 psi choke adjustment and record the time it takes to reflect on the Drillpipe Gauge. It took 100 strokes for the Pressure change to reflect on the DP gauge. At 50 spm this would take 2 min. This is your PLT.
SPM
50 550 650
TOTAL STROKES
OPEN
CLOSED
155
CASING
2000
1000
1000
0
3000
1000
300
0
3000
SPM
3/4 7/8
50 500
TOTAL STROKES
OPEN
CLOSED
156
The Drillpipe pressure has dropped and I said to keep it at 1000 psi!
CASING
2000
DRILLPIPE
2000
What do you do? A. Close choke slightly monitoring Drillpipe Pressure B. Close choke slightly monitoring Casing Pressure C. Do Nothing! Allow the well to balance. D. Scream Im Confused and tell me to do it myself.
157
1000
900
0
3000
1000
300
0
3000
SPM
3/4 7/8
50 1000
TOTAL STROKES
OPEN
CLOSED
DRILLPIPE
2000
CASING
2000
1000
900
0
3000
1000
300 2300
0
3000
SPM
3/4 7/8
50 1150
TOTAL STROKES
OPEN
CLOSED
158
TRY AGAIN !!
159
NOT HERE !!
160
DRILLPIPE
2000
CASING
2000
1000
900
0
3000
1000
400
0
3000
After closing the choke and watching CP rise by 100 psi you wait,
SPM
3/4 7/8
50 1000
TOTAL STROKES
OPEN
CLOSED
DRILLPIPE
2000
CASING
2000
1000
900
0
3000
1000
400
0
3000
But the DP gauge is still not at the 1000 psi mark. Do you wait some more do you pinch in the choke or is it time to shut the well in?
SPM
3/4 7/8
50 1025
TOTAL STROKES
OPEN
CLOSED
162
DRILLPIPE
2000
CASING
2000
1000
900
0
3000
1000
400
0
Surely you have done something by now. What kind of lag time did you have when you did the choke drill Oh! No choke drill..
SPM
3/4 7/8
50 1050
TOTAL STROKES
OPEN
CLOSED
163
DRILLPIPE
2000
CASING
2000
900
0
3000
1000
400
0
3000
I feel sorry for the guys still waiting. Anybody here play golf? I wonder if Im underbalanced...
SPM
3/4 7/8
50 1075
TOTAL STROKES
OPEN
CLOSED
164
DRILLPIPE
2000
CASING
2000
1000
900
0
3000
1000
400
0
3000
There is no way it should take this long Is that a watch or a sundial on your wrist.
SPM
3/4 7/8
50 1100
TOTAL STROKES
OPEN
CLOSED
Do you have any idea how much this rig costs per minute!
165
DRILLPIPE
2000
CASING
2000
Waiting for your relief is not considered a Well Control Method.. Tap the gauge.. Maybe it moved and you missed it. Its been more than ten minutes I think you blew it. Will it be like this on the simulator .
166
1000
900
0
3000
1000
400
0
3000
SPM
3/4 7/8
50 1125
TOTAL STROKES
OPEN
CLOSED
Congratulations on your patience. That was three minutes. Can you do this for real!
DRILLPIPE
2000
CASING
2000
1000
1000
0
3000
1000
400 300
0
3000
SPM
3/4 7/8
50 1150
TOTAL STROKES
OPEN
CLOSED
167
168
Questions or Comments?
169
Intro
Pressure Basics (The U-Tube) Kicks & Shut-in Drillers Method Gauge Questions Pressure Lag Time LOT & Well Design Shallow Hazards Equipment SBM
Special Problems
170
171
Why do we talk about Leak-Off Testing (L.O.T.) and Well Design in a Well Control course, they are not related. That thinking is incorrect. The three are very similar or interrelated.
172
173
174
WHAT IS A L.O.T.
A L.O.T. (Leak-Off Test) is performed by drilling below the shoe 10 to 50 of new formation. Close the annular and fracture the exposed formation with your mud. (Equivalent Mud Weight). We can now calculate the Frac Gradient and EMW
176
Total Pressure at the shoe = Hydrostatic + Surface Press. Fracture Pressure is the Total Pressure that causes the rock to break and split apart.
FRAC PRESS
Once the pressure is removed the overburden will force the rock to close and it regains its integrity until the Fracture Press is re-applied.
177
WHAT IS A F.I.T.
A F.I.T. (Formation Integrity Test) is performed by drilling below the shoe 10 to 50 of new formation. Close the annular and pressure up to a predetermined pressure with your mud. If the formation can withstand the applied pressure, the test is called good. We can now calculate the EMW (Equivalent Mud Weight). A F.I.T. is similar to pressure testing the cement lines or the BOP.
178
FIT Development well with several other wells in the field. Cannot perform a LOT
LOT GUIDELINES
The adoption of a standard leak-off test procedure that specifies the following is recommended. 1. Drilling fluid in the wellbore that is of a type and in condition that will freely transmit pressure. 2. Constant injection rates of 1 to 2 barrels per minute. 3. Observation of a stabilized injection pressure for a minimum of 4 minutes. 4. Reading of the surface pressure to be used in the fracture gradient calculation on the casing gauge as per previous procedure. 5.Use of a casing gauge of appropriate range for which accuracy is maintained by scheduled calibrations. (It is recommended that a recording gauge with an accuracy of 180 +/- 2% or better be used).
Pump Stopped
0 0 2 4 6
10
12
14
16
18
TIME (MIN)
181
LOT Data
DATA INPUT: Well Name (max 8 characters) Date: WELL Data: Rotary Table: Water Depth: Casing Size: Casing Shoe Depth: Casing Shoe Vertical Depth: LOT Data: M ud Weight: 10 sec. Casing Pressure: Pump Rate:
Trat A-06 19 Nov. 1998 106 ft above MSL 240 ft 7 inch 10441 ft MD 8232 ft TVD 11.3 ppg 2090 psi 1.0 BPM
182
VOLUME BBLS 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 After Stop Pumping 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0
PRESSURES (PSI) Drillpipe Casing 0.0 0.0 262.0 178.0 669.0 600.0 1011.0 942.0 1418.0 1341.0 1901.0 1804.0 2352.0 2239.0 2820.0 2719.0 3335.0 3198.0 2719.0 2513.0 2268.0 2276.0 2252.0 2252.0 2207.0 2050.0 1945.0 1929.0 1929.0 2159.0 2159.0 2127.0 2127.0 2094.0 2090.0 1929.0 1901.0 1889.0
TIME Minutes 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 14.2 (10 sec shut-in) 15.0 16.0 17.0
183
184
Question: What is our kick tolerance with the shoe at 19,000 TVD and we want to drill to 25,500 TVD. Need to Know - Kick Tolerance has 2 components 1. VOLUME (BBLS) 2. INTENSITY (Pressure - Intensity is normally expressed in PPG (Relative to mud weight)
185
Determine kick tolerance by picking a number and then mathematically verifying that the number picked will work or not.
Mathematical verification is done using Boyles Law. Boyles Law: P1V1=P2V2 Assumptions 1) Kick is 100% gas. 2) Fluid is WBM - No gas goes into solution.
186
649
Fracture Pressure at shoe = 14,524 psi BHP = 18,829 psi - (13.6 ppg + .2 ppg + .4 ppg) = 14.2 ppg EMW MW = 13.8 ppg Hydrostatic to shoe = 13,634 psi
Gauge Pressure = 18,829 - 4,527 - 19 - 13,634 = 649 psi Pressure at the shoe = 649 + 13,364 = 14,013 psi I have not exceeded the Fracture Pressure so the well design would be valid. If the Fracture Pressure is exceeded- the casing point, kick size and/or intensity would have to be adjusted and the calculations checked again.
14,013
192 ft of gas = 32.4 bbl when 192 x 0.1 psi/ft = 19 brought to the shoe. psi hydrostatic
6,308 ft of 13.8 ppg = 4,527 psi
187
P1 = 25,500 X 0.052 X 14.2 PPG = 18,829 PSI V1 = Volume (size) of the kick (Arbitrary # based on the size of the kick that can be detected) V1 = 25 BBLS The kick tolerance that we want to check is 25 BBL. & 0.4 PPG With TD = Shoe = MW = 25,500 TVD 19,000 TVD 13.8 PPG
188
P1 V1 = P2 V2 P1 = Bottom hole pressure (Pressure of the kick) Bottom hole pressure = predicted maximum pore pressure + mud overbalance + kick tolerance. FOR THIS EXAMPLE: Predicted max pore pressure (at 25,500 TVD) = 13.6 PPG EMW Mud overbalance (for this example it is 0.2 PPG) = 13.6 + 0.2 = 13.8 PPG Kick Intensity (Arbitrary number relative to mud weight) = 13.8 + 0.4 = 14.2 PPG EMW
189
P2 = Weak Link By design the Weak Link is the shoe. The Weak Link is defined by the fracture pressure (AKA Leak Off Test Pressure) of the shoe. P2 = Fracture pressure of the shoe = 14.7 PPG EMW (Predicted) = 14.7 PPG X 19,000 X 0.052 P2 = 14,524 PSI
V2 = The size of the kick when it gets to the shoe this is unknown. We solve for it.
190
Equation Triangle
P1 x V1 = P2 X V2
P1 is the pressure that the gas is under. P1 = BHP V1 is the size of kick V1 = Barrels P2 is the pressure of the gas at its new position in the well. P2 = Hydrostatic + Gauge Pressure V2 is the new size of the kick at its new position in the well. V2 = Barrels
P1 x V1
P2
V2
191
Equation Triangle
P1 x V1 = P2 X V2
P1 = 18,829 psi V1 = 25 bbls P2 = 14,524 psi V2 = ?
18,829 X P1 x V 1 25
P2 14,524
? V 2
192
P1 V1 = P2 V2
V2 = P1 V1 V2 = (18,829 psi X 25 bbl) 14,524 psi V2 = 32.4 bbls The 25 BBL kick taken at 25,500 will have expanded to 32.4 BBL when it is at the shoe at 19,000.
193
The maximum pressure that the shoe will see is when the top of the gas bubble (kick) is at the shoe. Now that we have the volume of the kick we need to determine the pressure on the shoe. If the pressure on the shoe exceeds the fracture pressure then our kick tolerance is too high and must be re-designed. What height does the 32.4 Bbl occupy in 14 3/4 hole X 6 5/8 DP - Annulus capacity is 0.1687 bpf 32.4 bbls 0.1687 bpf = 192
194
DPP
CP
Water
7129
Sea bed
}B
}c
Frac Pressure at shoe = 14,524 psi 14,283 < 14,524 Therefore our design is valid and our Kick Tolerance is greater than 25 BBL and 0.4 PPG so we would be able to tolerate this kick in our design.
196
FRACTURE PRESSURE LEAK OFF TEST (SHOE TEST) AND ROCK FRACTURE GRADIENT Both Leak off and rock fracture gradient are derived from the fracture pressure. Leak off pressure is normally reported as PPG EMW. Rock Fracture Gradient is normally reported as PSI/FT
197
RKB MSL
Mudline
B) What is the rock fracture gradient (FG)? 11,871 Rock Fracture Press. = HYD Press water + HYD Press rock 14,524 = (7037 X 0.447) + (11871 X FG) 14,524 = 3146 + (11,871 X FG) 19,000/ 11,871 BML FG = (14,524 - 3146) 11871 = 0.95 psi/ft
198
Leak-off pressure is most important to the foreman and drill crews. (Execution) * This number is a direct indication of what maximum mud weight you can use in this hole section. Rock fracture gradient is most important to the engineers. (Design) * This is an indirect means to compare geology in different areas. It also provides a sound method to compare actual and theoretical (predicted) leak off pressures - answers rock competency question.
199
11,871
Rock
19,000
Shoe
LOT Press. = 14,524 psi 19,000 = .764 psi/ft = .764psi/ft = 14.7 00.052 Rock Frac Grad. = 14,524 - 7037 X .447 = 11,379 psi 11,379 psi 11,871 = 0.95 psi/ft 200
11,871
Rock
16,316
Rock
19,000
Shoe
19,000
Shoe
LOT Press. = 14,524 psi 19,000 = .764 psi/ft = .764psi/ft = 14.7 00.052 Rock Frac Grad. = 14,524 - 7037 X .447 = 11,379 psi 11,379 psi 11,871 = 0.95 psi/ft
LOT Press. = 14,524 psi 19,000 = .764 psi/ft = .764psi/ft = 14.7 00.052 Rock Frac Grad. = 14,524 - 2600 X .447 = 13, 362 psi 13,362 psi 16,316 = 0.82 psi/ft 201
11,871
Rock
16,316
Rock
16,316
Rock
19,000
Shoe
19,000
Shoe
19,000
Shoe
LOT Press. = 14,524 psi 19,000 = .764 psi/ft = .764psi/ft = 14.7 00.052 Rock Frac Grad. = 14,524 - 7037 X .447 = 11,379 psi 11,379 psi 11,871 = 0.95 psi/ft
LOT Press. = 14,524 psi 19,000 = .764 psi/ft = .764psi/ft = 14.7 00.052 Rock Frac Grad. = 14,524 - 2600 X .447 = 13, 362 psi 13,362 psi 16,316 = 0.82 psi/ft
LOT Press. = 16,697 psi 19,000 = .879 psi/ft = .879psi/ft = 16.9 00.052 Rock Frac Grad. = 16,697 - 2600 X .447 = 15,534 psi 15,534 psi 16,316 = 0.95 psi/ft 202
11,871
Rock
16,316
Rock
16,316
Rock 14,555
19,000
Shoe
19,000
Shoe
19,000
LOT Press. = 14,524 psi 19,000 = .764 psi/ft = .764psi/ft = 14.7 00.052 Rock Frac Grad. = 14,524 - 7037 X .447 = 11,379 psi 11,379 psi 11,871 = 0.95 psi/ft
LOT Press. = 14,524 psi 19,000 = .764 psi/ft = .764psi/ft = 14.7 00.052 Rock Frac Grad. = 14,524 - 2600 X .447 = 13, 362 psi 13,362 psi 16,316 = 0.82 psi/ft
LOT Press. = 16,697 psi 19,000 = .879 psi/ft = .879psi/ft = 16.9 00.052 Rock Frac Grad. = 16,697 - 2600 X .447 = 15,534 psi 15,534 psi 16,316 = 0.95 psi/ft
14,555 = .854 psi/ft = .854psi/ft = 16.4 00.052 Rock Frac Grad. = 12,440 - 2600 X .447 = 11,278 psi 13,362 psi 11,871 = 0.95 psi/ft 203
204
LEAK-OFF TESTS
BELOW IS A VERY SMALL SAMPLING OF OUR MANY THOUSANDS OFL.O.T. STATISTICS
WELL NAME FRAC LOCATION DEPTH WELL GRAD WELL NAME LOCATION FRAC DEPTH WELL GRAD
BS 52#1 GOM A-19 Cal 16-2CT Midland A-17 Cal Sibual 2-2 Indo YC-2 Indo 220 Midland Yakin YC-5HZ Indo 201 Midland
Attaka#32 Indo Sakon #1 Thai VE 66 #3 GOM BA #28 Alaska EHI 302 A-13 GOM A-20 Cal VE 328 #2 La A-19 Cal Kham Palai #1Thai BA #28 Alaska B-KL-1X Vietnam #1-9 Michigan
448 495 562 582 679 681 681 755 774 802 814 869
1.00 .92 .83 .94 .89 1.18 .81 .93 1.77 .94 .94 1.71
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206
Intro
Pressure Basics (The U-Tube) Kicks & Shut-in Drillers Method Gauge Questions Pressure Lag Time LOT & Well Design Shallow Hazards Equipment SBM
Special Problems
208
Shallow Hazards
Definition any phenomenon, located from mudline to the depth riserless drilling is ended, which puts a wellbore, location, or structure at risk.The hazard may be natural or man made.
209
Pipelines and man made structures Unstable Seafloor: faults, slumps, and channels Gas vents and mud volcanoes Hydrates (Primary and Secondary) Chemosynthetic Communities
210
Gas Hydrates
Gas Hydrates are ice-like crystalline solids (minerals) in which hydrocarbon and nonhydrocarbon gases are held within rigid cages of water molecules.
211
Hydrate Formation
Form at high pressures and low temperatures 40 degrees F and 780 psia Commonly found in water depths of 1200 6000 (deeper sites not well sampled) Usually associated with some type of gas vent Modeling has indicated hydrates may exist as deep as 3000 BML on GOM slope*
212 * Sloan 1998
Hydrate Hazards
Unstable sea floor if hydrates are melted Chemosynthetic Communities / Hardgrounds Unstable wellbore associated with primary hydrates Secondary Hydrate accumulation on subsea equipment. (Associated with SWFs not primary hydrates)
213
Hydrates
214
Subsurface Hydrates
GR
RES
WD : 5312 5635
Hydrates Interval
-5987
215
Water depths > 3000, Mudline temp ~ 40o F Encountered between 0 - 600 BML Seismic character high amplitude events Log character high resistivity zones Increase in ROP Flows noted while reaming with seawater Borehole swelling (could not get casing down)
216
Initial drilling riserless with Seawater Displace with 9.8ppg WBM and pull out of hole If tight spots noted across from Hydrates begin back reaming with 9.8ppg WBM. If back reaming becomes problematic switch to seawater and re-ream the hole to bottom. Displace with 9.8ppg WBM mud and spot 18ppg floating mud cap across hydrate zone to ML.
217
Any flow of water and/or gas into the wellbore, in flow paths around the annulus or to the seafloor. SWFs have been reported in water depths of 500 7,000 feet and observed between the mudline and 4000 below mudline (BML). Typically problems arise between 950 and 2000 feet BML.
218
Overpressure Mechanisms
Overpressure Mechanisms
Remember the sponges and Charged formation
220
Uncontrolled Water Flows Sediment washout (cement integrity) Sediment Compaction Casing Collapse and Buckling Formation of seafloor craters, mounds and cracks
221
ERWE-19 WELL-SEC
222
223
224
Geomechanics
Overburden Assessment Fracture Gradient Prediction Pore Pressure Prediction Offset and Regional Mud and LOT data Real Time analysis with PWD and ROV
225
Site Assessments to start early in prospect life. Multi-discipline cross functional team involved Third party analysis of hazards is not enough Pick locations with shallow hazards in mind Depth Thickness Geologic setting Presence/absence of sandstone Presence/absence of a pressure seal Presence/absence of hydrocarbons
226
Wherever possible move locations to avoid potential hazards If hazard can not be avoided, mitigate risk map interval & specific horizons radial seismic panels pressure prediction revise well design Set 36 casing deep enough to allow control of shallow hazards with weighted mud. Utilize UCL Riserless Drilling Procedure to minimize probability of a flow occurring.
227
Problems worsen with time Assess situation before resuming drilling operations
Riserless drilling stops when a 10 PPG leak-off can be
reasonably expected.
Pump out of hole with good quality kill weight mud Run 20 casing as per UCL Riserless Drilling
Procedure
CONCLUSIONS
Unocal has made significant improvement with regards to shallow hazard identification Shallow Hazard identification requires considerable time & focused effort Unocals well design and well execution capabilities have enabled us to drill potential shallow hazards with a high degree of success Fully integrated multi-disciplined team approach to shallow hazard identification is paying off
229
230
Intro
Pressure Basics (The U-Tube) Kicks & Shut-in Drillers Method Gauge Questions Pressure Lag Time LOT & Well Design Shallow Hazards Equipment SBM
Special Problems
231
GRAYLING - 1985
Diverted
4000
3565
ATTAKA J1 - 1981
456 Diverter Failed Fire 5 Fatalities Multiple Injuries 766
STEELHEAD - 1987
Diverted 2 - 10 lines Diverter Failed Fire Breached
1225
2265
500
Moved rig off location Flow stopped on its own No Injuries Minimal Cost
460
B-TXT-2X - 2000
Gas in water
915
2755
DIVERTERS
Gas/Sand mixtures flowing through diverter lines have been measured to erode through steel at the rate of 8 per hour.
235
BOP CONSIDERATIONS
ANNULAR
TO CHOKE LINE
WELLHEAD
236
Accumulators Should have sufficient volume to close and hold closed all preventers and maintain accumulator pressure above minimum system pressure.
237
USEABLE FLUID
To provide energy, the bladder is pre-charged to 1000 psi with Nitrogen. To provide closing fluid, it must be pumped into the bottle
1000
10 gal N2
238
Equation Triangle
P1 x V1 = P2 X V2
P1 = 1000 psi V1 = 10 gal P2 = 1200 psi V2 = ?
1000 P1 x X V110
P2 1200
? V 2
239
USEABLE FLUID
It takes 1.7 gallons of fluid to compress the Nitrogen to the Minimum System Pressure of 1200 psi.
1000 1200
10 gal N2
8.3 gal N2
Equation Triangle
P1 x V1 = P2 X V2
P1 = 1000 psi V1 = 10 gal P2 = 3000 psi V2 = ?
1000 P1 x X V110
P2 3000
? V 2
241
USEABLE FLUID
To get useable fluid, I must continue to pump fluid until I reach the Operating Pressure of 3000 psi. It takes a total of 6.7 gallons of fluid to compress the Nitrogen to 3000 psi.
1200
3000
8.3 gal N2
3.3 gal N2
Useable Fluid
The volume of fluid it takes to change the pressure from Minimum System Pressure to Operating Pressure is the useable Fluid per bottle. (6.7 - 1.6 = 5 gallons/bottle)
Accumulator Volume
Atmospheric Pressure
1 gal. To open
Total gallons to close = 39 gallons 39 gal. X 1.5 safety factor = 59 gal. Of useable fluid required 59 gal. X 2 = 118 gal. Of total stored fluid 118 10 = 11.8 or 12 bottles
243
High Pressure Flexible Hoses Confirm that flexible hoses are acceptable for exposure to unusual fluids which may be encountered or used and meet acceptable temperature ranges.
244
Bleed Off Valve & Line The bleed off valve and line allow flow directly from the choke manifold to the overboard line or burner boom to protect the mud/gas separator from being overloaded.
245
247
GAS BUSTER
Vent Line GAS
NO VALVES!
Pressure Gauge Impingement Plate Siphon Breaker
d
To Mud Degasser
NO VALVES! D
Drain Line With Valve
Height of U tube (D) & distance from bottom of separator to top of U tube (d) controls fluid level in separator and keeps gas from going to flowline
248
249
BOP TESTING
RECOMMENDED FIELD TESTS: Ram Preventers Annular Preventers Low 200-300 psi High WP or CSG. Burst 70% WP
Ram and Annular preventers are Wellbore Assisted. This means that pressure from the well helps to energise the elements and seal off the well. This is why low pressure tests are sometimes harder to achieve. Bumping the pressure up to get a seal and then bleeding off to get the test is dangerous. How many 5,000 psi vs. 300 psi kicks do we take?
250
Intro
Pressure Basics (The U-Tube) Kicks & Shut-in Drillers Method Gauge Questions Pressure Lag Time LOT & Well Design Shallow Hazards Equipment SBM Special Problems
251
SBM OBM
Gas Kicks: migration, solubility. Ballooning;
252
Myths about Synthetic and Oil Base Muds Gas kicks do not migrate. Gas kicks do not cause volume change. Gas kicks come out of solution all at once. Gas kicks come out of solution slowly.
253
Solubility vol/vol
6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 -1000 0 200 400 600 Pressure West North
255
256
5,000
10 bbl
Temperature ( F) 78
Pressure (psig) 0 3,000 6,000 9,000 12,000 15,000 0 3,000 6,000 9,000 12,000 15,000 3,000 6,000 9,000 12,000 15,000
200
350
Measured Density ( lbm/gal) 17.000 17.145 17.275 17.389 17.492 17.589 16.392 16.592 16.760 16.905 17.033 17.149 15.890 16.122 16.310 16.469 16.608
258
Kick Detection
Kick detection is more difficult when oil/synthetic base drilling fluid is used over a water base drilling fluid because gas is soluble in the OBM/SBM. However, gas cannot enter the wellbore without causing some changes in fluid volume . Therefore, it is concluded that an increase in flow and/or pit gain is the most reliable indicator of a kick during drilling in either OBM/SBM or WBM.
The perception that gas kicks totally hide in OBM / SBM is false. The gain is there but our ability to measure that gain depends on accurate, working PVTs and flow shows, good pit discipline and alert Drillers and Mud Loggers.
259
Volume At Surface
12.4 ppg SBM The well unloaded 30 bbls at Bottoms Up.
P1 = 14.7 psi V1 = 30 bbls P2 = 12.4 x 0.052 x 12,000 = 7,740 psi V2 = .057 bbl kick on Bottom (no solubility) V2 = .03 bbl Kick on Bottom (50% solubility)
The gas oil ratio (GOR) is a measure of the amount of gas that is mixed with a given volume of oil.
Bubble Point
The higher the GOR the deeper in the well the gas begins to break out. As some of the gas breaks out it lowers the GOR of the remaining influx. The remaining influx is then circulated further up the hole until it reaches the new bubble point at which time some of the gas breaks out, again lowering the GOR in the remaining influx.
This cycle is repeated till all of the gas has become free gas.
261
Bubble Point
If the well is circulated with the BOPs open, the gas is able to come out of solution quickly. This can result in mud being pushed above the bushings.
If the well is being circulated through the choke, the backpressure helps keep the gas in solution and protects the rig and its crews.
262
Bubble Point
At any time that you suspect that you have taken a gas influx, or that it is possible that you have taken a gas influx, circulate the well with the last 2000+ ft. circulated across the choke.
263
265
130 Feb. 14, 142 bbl. Breathing 110 Feb. 15, 112 bbl. Breathing Change Pit Vol., bble 90 Feb. 14, 80 bbl. No breathing
70
50
30
10
1 -10
9 Time, min.
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
266
130 Jan.. 12, well flowing, 140 + bbls 110 Point of infelction 90 Jan. 10, start of interval, 100 bbls. No breathing
70
50
30
10
1 -10
9 Time, min.
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
267
268
Intro
Pressure Basics (The U-Tube) Kicks & Shut-in Drillers Method Gauge Questions Pressure Lag Time LOT & Well Design Shallow Hazards Equipment SBM Special Problems
269
Gas may enter well after cementing due to temporary reduction in annulus pressure as cement begins to set, resulting in a kick. Observe the well after cementing and be ready to shut well in if annular flow occurs. To reduce the likelihood of this problem, the following cementing practices have been shown to be helpful: Fast Transition Time- Right set cement Condition mud well before cementing. Use a well designed spacer/wash ahead of the cement to assist in mud removal. Centralize the casing in the wellbore. Maintain turbulent flow while cementing. Move the casing while cementing.
No technique to date has been 100% successful in eliminating this problem 270 Remain Alert!
Air
Air
Water
Producing Zone
271
272
BROKEN U-TUBES
This requires a high rate of losses. Slight losses can be dealt with during the regular Drillers Method.
273
275
Most of the attempts to control an Underground Blowout (complete losses) are hit or miss. Instead of analyzing the well to define the real problem, assumptions are made and one of the following solutions is begun. If this doesnt work you try something else.
276
277
MECHANICAL COMPLICATIONS
= HAPPENS FIRST = HAPPENS AFTER TIME LAG
COMPLICATION
PLUGGED JET PLUGGED CHOKE WASHED CHOKE LOSING CIRCULATION HOLE IN WORKSTRING HOLE PACKED OFF
DP GAUGE
CP GAUGE
NO CHANGE
279
INTACT U-TUBE
DRILLERS METHOD CLEAR INFLUX KWF TO BIT KWF TO SURFACE DP GAUGE KEEP CONSTANT DECREASING CP GAUGE SLOWLY INCREASING KEEP CONSTANT SLOWLY DECREASING PIT CHOKE GAIN DIRECTION INCREASING MOSTLY THEN BACK OPENING TO ORIGINAL CONSTANT NO CHANGE CONSTANT MOSTLY OPENING
KEEP CONSTANT
280
281
ORGANIZING & DIRECTING IN WELL CONTROL Value of Rig Crew Drills - TEAMWORK
Keeps possibility of kick control in minds of crew and supervisors (like school). Gets everyone familiar with the equipment on the rig and get more comfortable with the procedures. Causes drilling foreman to plan ahead of time how he will organize and direct. Make assignments for circulating-out kick the last step in shut-in drills.
282
Formulas
1 Phydrostatic = MWppg x .052 x TVDft 2 MWppg = Pressurepsi .052 TVDft 3 TVDft = Pressurepsi .052 MWppg 4 Gradientpsi/ft = MWppg x .052 5 Gradientpsi/ft = Pressurepsi TVDft 6 MWppg = Gradientpsi/ ft .052 7 Capacitybbl/ft = Hole Diameter2 1029.4 8 Annular Capacitybbl/ft = (Hole diameter2 - Pipe Diameter2) 1029.4 9 Fluid Column Heightft = Volumebbls Capacitybbl/ft
284
Formulas
1 2 3 4 Displacementbbl/ft = Pipe Weightlbs x .00036 Triplex Pump Outputbbl/stk = .000243 x Liner Diameterin2 x Stroke Lengthin x Efficiency% Total Pump Strokes = Volumebbls Pump Outputbbl/stk Kill Weight Mudppg = (SIDPPpsi .052 TVDft) + MWppg
Volume of Slugbbls = Mud Weight.ppg x Dry Pipe Lengthft x Pipe Capacitybbl/ft Slug Weightppg - Mud Weightppg Slug Weightppg = Mud Weightppg + Mud Weight.ppg x Dry Pipe Lengthft x Pipe Capacitybbl/ft Slug Volumebbls Pit Gain from Slugbbls = Volume of Slugbbls x Slug Weightppg - Mud Weightppg Mud Weightppg Depth Slug Fallsft = Pit Gain from Slugbbls Pipe Capacitybbl/ft Pump Pressure Correction: For Mud Weight ChangeNew Pump Pressurepsi = Original Pressurepsi x (New Mud Weightppg Old Mud Weightppg) 285
8 9
Contact Information
Rick Dolan: richard.dolan@unocal.com
286