ASIC M070R FAC7S

Ifrstwouldliketooutlinecertainfactsaboutmotors.
Motormanufacturersfollowstandardsestablishedbythe
NationalElectricalManufacturersAssociation(NEMA).Tese
standardscoverthebasicdimensions,enclosures,andmini-
mumperformanceratings.
TecommonsourceofpowerintheUnitedStatesis60-hertz
alternatingcurrent(AC).Temotorsanddevicesdiscussed
hereareonlyforACsystems.OutsidetheUnitedStatesthe
powersourceis50Hz.Tetwoarenotinterchangeable.
Motorsareratedinhorsepower(hp)andspeedinrevolutions
perminute(rpm).
Motorsalsoareratedfordutycycle.Amotorisratedcontinu-
ousdutyifitoperatesatfullloadfor60continuousminutesin
any24-hourperiod.Motorsoperatinglessthanthatarerated
intermittentduty,orashort-timerating.Tisisdonetocon-
trolthetimethatcanelapsebeforeoverheatingoccurs.
Generally,singlephaseisusedtopowerportablemotors
andmotorsoflessthan1hp.Amotor1hporlargerusually
hasthree-phasepower.
Altitudeshigherthan3,300feetdepriveamotorofsufcient
coolingair,whichmayleadtooverheating.ConsultNEMAfor
deratingguidelines.
M070R 7YPS AND NCL0SURS
Motors are classifed by the method used to dissipate heat. All
motortypesfallintoNEMAgroupings,whicharebasedonmotor
performance characteristics. Tese characteristics are curves of
torqueandinrushcurrentasafunctionofspeed.Tefvestandard
NEMA classifcations are A, B, C, D, and E. Group E was estab-
lishedin2000toincludehighlyefcientmotors.Teenclosureof
a motor refers to the arrangement of the ventilating openings or
other means for cooling in the environment in which the motor
operates(seethesidebarforNEMAenclosureratings).
Acommonfeatureofallmotorsistheneedtostaycool.Anopen
motorpermitsthepassageofexternalcoolingairoverandaround
thewindings.Itdoesnotpreventwaterfromintrudingtheinterior.
Anopendripproof(ODP)motorisintendedtobeusedinaclean,
dryenvironmentwhereacontinuousfowofambientairthrough
themotorsinternalpartswillkeepitcool.ODPmotorscanresist
dripsofwaterfromverticaluptoa15-degreeslant.Teventilation
openingsarefacedown.ODPisthemostcommonmotorusedin
theconstructionindustry.Anothertypeofmotorclassifcationis
the splash-proof motor, which ofers further protection against
splashing.
Totally enclosed fan cooled (TEFC) motors are intended to be
usedindirty,dusty,andoutdoorenvironmentsandarecooledby
an external fan mounted on the end opposite the shaft. Air does
not move through the motor, so the TEFC type is ideal for dusty
and dirty environments. Te ventilation openings are located on
the bottom of the motor to prevent condensation from building
up.Tisisthesecond-mostcommonmotorused.
Atotallyenclosedairover(TEAO)motorisused mostly inheat-
ing, ventilation, and air-conditioning systems and similar units
wheretheairstreampassesoverthemotorandcoolsit.Tistypeof
motorusuallyisconfnedtomanufacturersoriginalequipment.
Totallyenclosednon-ventilated(TENV)motorsareusedinfac-
tories such as textile mills where lint and fbers otherwise would
adheretothemotorandreducecooling.Tistypeofmotorusu-
ally is 5 hp or less and depends on the surface area of the motor
enclosuretodissipatethegeneratedheat.
Anencapsulatedmotorisanopenmotorinwhichthewindings
arecoveredwithaheavycoatingofmaterialtoprotectthemotor
from moisture, dirt, abrasion, and other difcult materials. With
ElEctrical PrinciPlEs
EvEry Plumbing EnginEEr should Know
by michael Frankel, ciPE
All plumbing engineers should be acquainted with the basic principles of
electrical characteristics and accessories for specifying motors and motor
panel enclosures, as well as the environments in which certain motors can
be installed. In this article I will briefy review the types of motors and the
selection of enclosures installed in both normal and hazardous locations to
help plumbing industry professionals better understand these systems.
14 PlumbingSystems&Design JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2006 PSDMAGAZINE.ORG
thiscompleteprotection,themotoroftencanbeusedinapplica-
tionsthatcallforatotallyenclosedmotor.
Hazardouslocationmotors,sometimescalledexplosionproof,
aretotallyenclosedandmadeinconformancewithNationalElec-
tricalCodeArticle500.Teyaredesignedandbuilttowithstandan
explosionofdust,gas,orvaporandtopreventignitionofanygas,
dust,orvaporsurroundingthemotortriggeredbysparks,fashes,
orexplosionsthatmayoccurwithinthemotorenclosureitself.
UNDRS7ANDINC CLASSS, CR0UPS, AND DIVISI0NS F0R
HAZARD0US DU7Y
Toselectthepropermotorforahazardouslocation,theengineer
mustbeawareofthelistedmarkestablishedbytheUnderwriters
Laboratory(UL)andthemeaningofthetermsestablishedbythe
National Electrical Code. Te area classifcation has three des-
ignatorsclass, group, and divisionwhich all shall be worked
together. Te class refers to the physical nature of the hazardous
material;thegroupreferstothefammabilitypotentialofthemate-
rial; and the division refers to the probability that a hazard will
exist. All hazardous location motors
manufactured after 1975 must carry
a temperature code (T-Code) that
identifesthemaximumsurfacetem-
perature that could develop under
all operating conditionseverything
fromoverloadtomotorburnout(see
Table1).
A Class I area contains fammable
gasesorvaporswheretheyarestored,
handled, processed, or transferred.
Te motor is designed to withstand
andconfnetheefectsofaninternal
motor explosion, as well as to meet
the surface temperature require-
ments under both normal operating
and fault conditions. A Class II area
contains combustible dusts. A Class
IIIareacontainseasilyignitablefbers
orfyingssuchassawdust,woodshavings,andtextilefbers.
Te group classifcations, designated A, B, C, D, E, F, and G,
separate materials according to their fammable and explosive
properties.ClassIareashavefourgroups,A-D,andClassIIareas
havethreegroups,E-G.ClassIIIhasnogroupsassociatedwithit.
Group A has an atmosphere containing acetylene, a colorless,
gaseous hydrocarbon chiefy used in organic synthesis and as a
fuel(asinweldingandsoldering).
Group B has an atmosphere containing hydrogen or combus-
tible process gases of equivalent hazard containing a volume of
more than 30 percent hydrogen, butadiene, acrolein, ethylene
oxide,orpropyleneoxide.
GroupChasanatmospherecontainingethylene,ethylether,or
gasesofequivalenthazard.
Group D has an atmosphere containing acetone, ammonia,
benzene, methane, ethane, butane, hexane, cyclopropane, natu-
ralgas,naphtha,propane,orgasesofequivalenthazard.
Group E has an atmosphere containing combustible or metal
dusts such as aluminum, magnesium, and their alloys or other
combustibledustswithaparticlesize,abrasiveness,andconduc-
tivitythatpresentsimilarhazards.
Group F has an atmosphere containing combustible carbona-
ceousdustssuchascarbonblack,charcoal,andcoalorduststhat
table 1 NEC Temperature Codes
Maximum
Operating
Temperature T-Code
C F
450 842 T1
300 572 T2
280 536 T2A
260 500 T2B
230 446 T2C
215 419 T2D
200 392 T3
180 356 T3A
165 329 T3B
160 320 T3C
135 275 T4
120 248 T4A
100 212 T5
85 185 T6
Source: National Electrical Code
NMA C0N7R0L PANL NCL0SURS
The purpose of rating enclosures is to identify the ability of the
motors enclosure to resist external environmental infuences. Resis-
tance to everything from dripping liquid to hose down to total sub-
mersion is defned in the rating system. The rating system is intended
to provide information to help the engineer make appropriate selec-
tions.
NMA 1: Enclosures designed to prevent accidental contact with
enclosed apparatus. Suitable for indoor applications not exposed to
unusual service conditions. It will protect the electrical components
in the enclosure from falling dirt.
NMA 2: Same as NEMA 1, but includes protection against drip-
ping and light splashing of liquids.
NMA 3: Enclosures constructed for either indoor or outdoor use
and to prevent accidental contact with enclosed parts; to protect
against falling dirt, windblown dust, rain, sleet, and snow; and to be
undamaged by the external formation of ice on the enclosure.
NMA 3R: Same as NEMA 3, but excludes protection against
windblown dust.
NMA 3S: Enclosures constructed for either indoor or outdoor
use to prevent accidental contact with enclosed parts; to protect
the enclosure from the ingress of solid foreign objects such as falling
dirt, windblown dust, rain, sleet, and snow; and to allow an external
mechanism(s) to remain operable with the formation of ice on the
enclosure.
NMA 3X: Same as NEMA 3S, but includes protection against cor-
rosion.
NMA 3RX: Same as NEMA 3X, but excludes protection against
windblown dust.
NMA 3SX: Enclosures constructed for either indoor or outdoor
use to prevent accidental contact with enclosed parts and to pro-
tect against the ingress of solid foreign objects such as falling dirt,
windblown dust, rain, sleet, and snow. It will provide an additional
level of protection against corrosion and also allow an external
mechanism(s) to remain operable with the formation of ice on the
enclosure.
NMA 4: Enclosures constructed for either indoor or outdoor use
to prevent accidental contact with enclosed parts; to protect against
the ingress of solid foreign objects such as falling dirt, windblown
dust, rain, sleet, snow, splashing water, and hose-directed water; and
to be undamaged by the external formation of ice on the enclosure.
NMA 4X: Same as NEMA 4, but includes protection against cor-
rosion.
NMA 5: Enclosures constructed for indoor use to prevent acci-
dental contact with enclosed hazardous parts and to protect against
the ingress of solid foreign objects such as falling dirt, settling dust,
lint, fbers, and fyings and the entry of water similar to light splash-
ing and dripping.
NMA 6: Enclosures constructed for either indoor or outdoor use
to prevent accidental contact with enclosed parts; to protect against
the ingress of solid foreign objects such as falling dirt and water
similar to hose-directed water; and to be undamaged by ice on the
enclosure. The entry of water due to occasional temporary submer-
sion to a limited depth is possible.
NMA 6P: Same as NEMA 6, but includes protection against
corrosion and the entry of water due to prolonged submersion to a
limited depth.
NMA 7: Enclosures constructed for indoor use in Class I, Division
I, Groups A, B, C, and D locations as defned in NFPA 70: National Elec-
trical Code. Designed to meet National Electrical Code Class I. The
circuit interruption occurs in air.
NMA 8: Enclosures constructed for either indoor or outdoor use.
Similar to NEMA 7, except the circuit interruption occurs in oil.
16 PlumbingSystems&Design JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2006 PSDMAGAZINE.ORG
havebeensensitizedbyothermaterialsandpresentanexplosion
hazard.
Group G has an atmosphere containing combustible dusts
not covered in Classes E and F, including four and other grains,
woods,plastics,orchemicals.
Hazardous locations are divided into two divisions. A Division
I location is where ignitable substances are likely to be present
continuously or intermittently during normal operations. Tis
includestank-fllorventportsandlow-lyingareaswhereheavier-
than-air vapors could accumulate. A Division II location is one
where ignitable materials are handled or stored in a way that
wouldallowthemtoescapeintheeventofafaultsituationsuchas
aspillorequipmentfailure.Tisalsoincludescloseproximityto
DivisionI.DivisionlocationsdonotappearinULlabelsforClass
I or II motors because all motors are designed to meet Division
I requirements and therefore are suitable for both types of loca-
tions.
C0NCLUSI0N
Selecting the proper motor begins with consulting the insur-
ance underwriter and the local code authorities. Tey are the
sources for determining whether an area requires a Division I or
IImotor.Nextdeterminetheclass,group,andT-Codedepending
on the type of hazard present. Ten give this information to the
equipment manufacturer, along with the physical characteristic
requirements.Tesestepswillhelpensurethespecifcationofthe
propermotorforyourproject.
NMA 9: Enclosures constructed for indoor use in Class I, Division II,
Groups E, F, and G locations.
NMA 10: Enclosures that are permissible by the Mine Safety and
Health Administration. Suitable for use in coal mines.
NMA 12: Enclosures constructed for indoor use without knock-
outs to prevent accidental contact with enclosed parts and to protect
against the ingress of solid foreign objects such as falling dirt, circulat-
ing fbers (airborne dust, lint, fbers, and fyings) and the entry of water
similar to light splashing or dripping.
NMA 12k. Same as NEMA 12, but includes enclosures constructed
with knockouts.
NMA 13: Enclosures constructed for indoor use with knockouts to
prevent accidental contact with enclosed parts and to protect against
the ingress of solid foreign objects such as falling dirt, circulating fbers
(airborne dust, lint, fbers, and fyings), the entry of water similar to
Mike fRankeL has more than 45 years experience in the
design and engineering of a variety of facilities, including
NASAs Vehicle Assembly Building in Cape Canaveral and the
Shrine of the Book in Israel. He is author of the Facility Piping
Systems Handbook as well as the plumbing sections of the
Architectural Graphic Standards and the Piping Handbook.
For more information or to comment on this article, e-mail
articles@psdmagazine.org.
Davey and Hydrascan are registered trademarks of Davey Products Pty Ltd.
www.daveyusa.com
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