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Introduction Types of chicken breeds Principles of pountry husbandry Breeder farm sequence Layer farm sequence Broiler farm sequence
INTRODUCTION
Poultry is the class of domesticated fowl (birds) farmed for their meat, eggs or feathers These most typically are members of the orders Galliformes (such as chickens and turkeys), and Anseriformes (waterfowl such as ducks and geese). Chicken is the most popular poultry species utilised for both meat and egg production.
Definitions
Broiler is an American word used to describe a meat chicken. Chick refers to a baby bird. Chicken can be used when referring to young birds, the entire fowl species or the meat that is eaten by humans. Chook is an Australian & New Zealand slang for a hen, or a cooked chicken. Cockerel, cock or rooster are names given to a male chicken. Hen is the name given to the adult female chicken. Pullet is the term used for the immature female layer. A spent hen is one that has finished its productive life.
Egg Producers
Layers
Chickens that are raised to produce eggs Some can lay over 300 eggs/hen/year
Meat Producers
Chickens used for meat production are called Broilers Emphasis placed on the ratio of feed to meat produced Butchered at a young age Birds used for meat production are usually commercial crosses
Example: White Plymouth Rock females mated to Cornish (English class) males
Good stockpersonship
Harmonious interaction between the stock and the person responsible for their daily care Positive attitude and knowledge of the needs and behaviour of the stock to keep stress to a minimum
Use of records
Two types of records that need be kept on a poultry enterprise:
Those for financial management Those for technical management
Records must be complete, current and accurate, be analysed and then used in the decision making process
Brooding
Male and female chicks are usually reared separately until about 4-5 weeks of age. They are then reared so that they can work out who is boss (adjust the peck order). They are then less likely to fight with one another later on
Growing
The growing period for layer breeders is from 5 to 20 weeks of age, about four weeks less than for meat breeders. Feed is restricted to prevent feed wastage and to improve egg production Restricted feeding begins at about six weeks of age and continues until birds have commenced laying
Housing
Usually raised on litter floors Transferred to specially designed breeder sheds, also with litter floors, when about 18-22 weeks. Sheds usually divided into small sections to minimize fighting. Nests placed so that the hens are attracted to the dark areas of the nest to lay their eggs.
Mating
Cockerels will mate with a number of hens (about 10%) Cockerels can be fed a cheaper diet than hens and it s a common practice to have additional cockerel feeders in a shed placed at a greater height than those containing hen feed.
Egg collection
Fertile eggs are collected after laying ASAP. Eggs can be cleaned when collected by wiping with a dry cloth or steel wool. Fumigation by formaldehyde gas is carried out ASAP after collection, usually at the farm or sometimes at the hatchery
Chick sexing
Layer strain chicks are always sexed, as the females are kept while the males are killed. Breeders are usually sexed, as only one sex of each breeder strain is kept. Meat chickens are normally left unsexed, as both sexes are usually reared together
Separation of male and females chicks can be done by: Visual examination, (called vent sexing) either by checking the structures in the chicks vent with the naked eye or by inspecting the internal sexual organs with a special lamp. Most breeds can now be sexed by checking the feather colour or the degree of growth of wing feathers.
Growing (6 to 20 weeks)
Feed contains less protein and energy Beak trimming Vaccinations Restriction to feed supply Pullets are usually moved into their laying quarters, at 16-18 weeks of age
Layer Cages
Hatchery to farm
Chicks are transported from the hatchery to broiler farms, usually in ventilated chick boxes. Chicks need to receive warmth, feed and water within a reasonable time of hatching.
Brooding or starting
On arrival at the broiler farm, day-old chicks are placed onto the floor of the shed They are initially confined to an area of -1/3 of the total shed area (the brooding area) and given supplementary heating for about three weeks. The air temperature should be about 35oC at first and should be reduced by 1-2oC per day until it reaches 23oC at about three weeks of age. High protein (22%) starter rations are fed to young meat chickens and may be continued for 18-24 days
Growing or finishing
A lower level of protein (19%) is fed from about three weeks of age to slaughter (42-56 days of age). Some meat chickens go through a separate rearing stage, with a special rearing ration being fed to them before they are placed on a finisher feed, but most go straight from starter to finisher feed.
Catching
Getting finished meat chickens from the farm to the factory is a delicate business. Most catching is done at night Harvesting may be done up to four times: The first harvest might occur as early as 30-35 days and the last at 55-60 days .
Shed cleanout
When all the birds have been removed from the shed (after about 60 days), it is cleaned and prepared for the next batch of day old chickens. The next batch generally arrives in five days to two weeks, giving time to clean the shed and prepare for the next batch.
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