CULTURE: The collective manifestation of customs and traditions, faiths and creed, ways of living and the languages

and dresses of any people in their day to day social behavior called the culture of that people. The way of our daily life which goes to distinguish us from others is not only our culture but also our distinctive mark; languages are also an important source of communication. CHARACTERISTICS OF PAKISTANI CULTURE Pakistanis have evolved an often distinct and unique set of culture, traditions and customs in the region. The manners and lifestyles are guided by a blend of traditions as well as the culture. Islamic culture: The population of Pakistan is Muslim, so Islamic culture is in Pakistan every where. Islamic culture generally includes all the practices which have developed around the religion of Islam. Muslims offer five times prayer in Masjids. Quranic education is must for Muslims kids and for this purpose there are many madaris are in Pakistan. In Ramzan Muslim Pakistanis fast, attend mosques with increased frequency, and recite Quran. Literature- Poetry: Literature is an important thing of our cultural life. Most of our poets reflects Islamic trend in their poetry. The poets of the regional languages have a several common features and their literature bears the same eternal message for the mankind. They gave the message of love and brotherhood. Pakistani literature originates from when Pakistan gained its nationhood as a sovereign state in 1947. The common and shared tradition is Urdu literature. Poetry is a highly respected art and profession in Pakistan. Games & Sports: The developing activities all over Pakistan are common. The games like wrestling, hockey, foot ball, cricket, squash, kabbadi etc are popular in every part of Pakistan. These games reflect our national identity. The official national sport of Pakistan is field hockey but cricket, tennis and squash are the most popular sports. Radio & Television: The radio and television also influence the cultural programs which present our special values in an effective style. Traditionally, the governmentowned Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV). There are several private TV channels showing news and entertainment. There are many FM radio channels too. Languages and National Language: Many languages are spoken in Pakistan but Urdu has been adopted as the national language. This language is the base of cultural integration and national solidarity. Urdu has all the potentialities of a rich, modern, living and powerful language. Dresses: Dress also expresses the culture of our country. All over Pakistani people generally wear shalwar kameez. School & collage students also wear this dress but it is now limited up to rural areas. Our official wear sherwani and they also wear turban or cap. (Jinnah cap). The style of turbans of all provinces is different. The Pathans of Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa wear different type of turban. Similarly the people of Baluchistan, Sindh and Punjab wear the turban of their own style. The women of all provinces generally wear shalwar kameez but their embroidery & colours are different from each other. Calligraphy & Architecture: The calligraphy & architecture of Pakistan is of the Muslim period of South Asia. The Mughals specially built different buildings, parks, monuments, places, Masjids & forts. Their service in the field of art and architecture is a bright example of Islamic art & culture. Pakistani arts in metal work, tiles, furniture, rugs, designs/paintings, literature, calligraphy, and much more are diverse and renowned internationally. Pakistani architecture is unique with its infusion of Islamic, Persian, Turkish and Indigenous styles. Festivals: Festivals are an important part of our culture. The customs, traditions & festivals of our country are almost same throughout the country. The two Eids, Eid ul-Fitr and Eid ulAdha are the great festivals of Muslims of Pakistan. Several important religious festivals are

also celebrated by Pakistani Muslims during the year; the celebration days depend on the lunar Islamic calendar Independence Day: On August 14, the people of Pakistan celebrate the day Pakistan gained its independence and formed an independent state for Muslims. There are many celebrations all over the country, with people singing and dancing in the streets. Concerts are held with many pop and classical singers. Many people decorate their houses and fly the flag of Pakistan. At night, fireworks are used in many cities. Many people pray for the country and reflect on their pride in the country of Pakistan.

Public Holidays: There are many special days celebrated annually in Pakistan, some of which, including Pakistan Day (23 March), Independence Day (14 August), Defence of Pakistan Day (6 September), Pakistan Air Force Day (7 September), the anniversaries of the birth (25 December, a national holiday) and death (11 September) of Quaid-e-Azam, birth of Allama Iqbal (9 November) etc. Cuisine: Culinary art in Pakistan reflects the countrys history as well as the variation of cooking practices from across the surrounding regions. Urban centers of the country offer an amalgamation of recipes from all parts of the country, while food with specific local ingredients and tastes is available in rural areas and villages. Besides the main dishes of salan, with or without meat and cooked with vegetables or lentils, there are a number of provincial specialties such as karhahi, biryani and tikka, in various forms and flavors, eaten alongside a variety of breads such as Nan, chapatti, and roti. There are also local forms of grilled meat or kebabs, desserts, and a variety of hot and cold drinks.

Characteristics of Management Information System ------------------------------------------------------------------------Management-oriented: The basic objective of MIS is to provide information support to the management in the organization for decision making. So an effective MIS should start its journey from appraisal of management needs, mission and goal of the business organization. It may be individual or collective goals of an organization. The MIS is such that it serves all the levels of management in an organization i.e. top, middle and lower level. Management directed: When MIS is management-oriented, it should be directed by the management because it is the management who tells their needs and requirements more effectively than anybody else. Manager should guide the MIS professionals not only at the stage of planning but also on development, review and implementation stages so that effective system should be the end product of the whole exercise in making an effective MIS. Integrated: It means a comprehensive or complete view of all the sub systems in the organization of a company. Development of information must be integrated so that all the operational and functional information sub systems should be worked together as a single entity. This integration is necessary because it leads to retrieval of more meaningful and useful information. Common data flows: The integration of different sub systems will lead to a common data flow which will further help in avoiding duplicacy and redundancy in data collection, storage and processing. For example, the customer orders are the basis for many activities in an organization viz. billing, sales for cashing, etc. Data is collected by a system analyst from its original source only one time. Then he utilizes the data with minimum number of processing procedures and uses the information for production output documents and reports in small numbers and eliminates the undesirable data. This will lead to elimination of duplication that simplify the operations and produce an efficient information system. Heavy planning-element: The preparation of MIS is not a one or two day exercise. It usually takes 3 to 5 years and sometimes a much longer period. So the system expert has to keep 2 things in mind one is that he has to keep future objectives as well as the firm is information well in advance and also he has to keep in mind that his MIS will not be obsolete before it gets into action. Sub System concept: When a problem is seen in 2 sub parts, then the better solution to the problem is possible. Although MIS is viewed as a single entity but for its effective use, it should be broken down in small parts or subsystems so that more attention and insight is paid to each sub system. Priorities will be set and phase of implementation will be made easy. While making or breaking down the whole MIS into subsystems, it should be kept in mind that the subsystems should be easily manageable.

Common database: This is the basic feature of MIS to achieve the objective of using MIS in business organizations. It avoids duplication of files and storage which leads to reduction in costs. Common database means a s Super file or Master file s which consolidates and integrates data records formerly stored in many separate data files. The organization of the database allows it to be accessed by each subsystem and thus, eliminates the necessity of duplication in data storage, updating, deletion and protection. Computerized: MIS can be used without a computer. But the use of computers increases the effectiveness and the efficiency of the system. The queries can be handled more quickly and efficiently with the computerized MIS. The other benefits are accuracy, storage capacity and timely information. User friendly/Flexibility: An MIS should be flexible i.e. there should be room for further modification because the MIS takes much time in preparation and our environment is dynamic in nature.MIS should be such that it should be used independently by the end user so that they do not depend on the experts. Information as a resource: Information is the major ingredient of any MIS. So, an MIS should be treated as a resource and managed properly Structure of MIS.