Systems Design Data

Pub. No.
7239193 Version C
+400 C
+700 F
+350 C
+600 F +300 C
Systems Design Des Data
+500 F +250 C
+400 F +200 C
+150 C +300 F
+100 C +200 F
+50 C +100 F
0 C 0 F
-50 C
-100 F
SYSTEMS DESIGN DATA
NOTICE: Although the information and recommendations set forth herein (hereinafter Information) are presented in good faith and believed to be correct as of the date hereof, Solutia Inc. makes no representations or warranties as to the completeness or accuracy thereof. Information is supplied upon the condition that the persons receiving same will make their own determination as to its suitability for their purposes prior to use. In no event will Solutia Inc. be responsible for damages of any nature whatsoever resulting from the use of or reliance upon Information or the product to which Information refers. Nothing contained herein is to be construed as a recommendation to use any product, process, equipment or formulation in conflict with any patent, and Solutia Inc. makes no representation or warranty, express or implied, that the use thereof will not infringe any patent. NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR OF ANY OTHER NATURE ARE MADE HEREUNDER WITH RESPECT TO INFORMATION OR THE PRODUCT TO WHICH INFORMATION REFERS.
Registered Trademark of Solutia Inc.
Contents
Section 1 1.1 Piping System Specifications 1.1 Selection 1.5 Copper System for use from -325 F to 350 F 1.7 Class 150 Stainless Steel System for use from -325 F to 350 F 1.9 Class 150 Low Alloy Steel System for use from -150 F to 350 F 1.11 Class 150 Carbon Steel System for use from -50 F to 350 F 1.13 Class 150 Carbon Steel System for use from -20 F to 350 F 1.15 Class 300 Stainless Steel System for use from -325 F to 750 F 1.17 Class 300 Low Alloy Steel System for use from -150 F to 750 F 1.19 Class 300 Carbon Steel System for use from -50 F to 750 F 1.21 Class 300 Carbon Steel System for use from -20 F to 750 F Section 2 2.1 Valve Types and Service Specifications 2.1 Valve Stem Seals 2.1 Gate Valves 2.5 Globe Valves 2.9 Check Valves 2.13 Ball Valves 2.16 High Pressure Butterfly Valves 2.20 Proprietary Valves Section 3 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.4 Bolted Joints Minimizing Leaks Bolting Flanges Gaskets Gasket Manufacturers
Section 4 4.1 Pumps and Seals 4.1 Pump Selection 4.2 Pump Manufacturers 4.3 Mechanical Seals 4.6 Mechanical Seal Manufacturers Section 5 5.1 Insulation Designs to Reduce Fire Hazard Section 6 6.1 Fuel Fired Heater, Electric Heater and Chiller Manufacturers Section 7 7.1 System Designers
Piping System Specifications

Selection
There are several things to consider when selecting components for piping systems, many of which are listed below. The recommended application ranges for the piping system specifications on pages 1.5 through 1.29 are based on these considerations. See the selection logic diagram on page 1.4.
Material Degradation
A wide range of materials are suitable for use with Therminol fluids. Carbon, low alloy and stainless steels, copper and copper alloys, and aluminum alloys are all suitable. Flexible graphite is most commonly used for static sealing applications. Fluoro-elastomers have proven to be suitable in the form of O-rings.
Operating Temperatures
Materials are limited to use at certain temperatures either because their properties are not suitable or because the material degrades outside the specified temperature range. Metals are limited to use at lower temperatures because of their tendency to become brittle. Metals are limited to use at higher temperatures because of low strength, as is the case for copper, or because of material degradation, as is the case for carbon steel. Suitable temperature ranges: Fluoro-elastomers: Flexible Graphite: Copper: Carbon Steel: Low Alloy Steel: Stainless Steel:
1
10F ( 25C) to 400F (200C)1 325F (200C) to 800F (425C)3 325F (200C) to 350F (175C) 20F ( 30C) to 800F (425C)2 150F (100C) to 800F (425C)3 325F (200C) to 800F (425C)3
Certain Fluoro-elastomers are suitable for use at temperatures outside of the range shown. Consult the manufacturer. 2 Some carbon steel materials are suitable for use down to 50F (45C). Under certain conditions, some codes permit the use of ordinary carbon steels down to 50F (45C). 3 These materials are suitable for use at higher temperatures.
Pressure Class
Pressure Classes apply to series of flanges for operation at certain pressure-temperature ratings as defined in ASME B16.5. While Class 150 flanges meet the pressure-temperature requirements for almost all Therminol applications, the use of Class 300 flanges is recommended when the operating temperature exceeds 350F (175C) and when the operating temperature range exceeds a differential of 300F (170C). The recommended temperature is somewhat arbitrary, but it is based on experience with the leak tightness of the Class 150 flanged systems in Therminol service. Factors affecting the leak performance of the flanges include the ability of the flange bolting to effectively seat the gasket and the ability of the flange to withstand external moments in the piping system.
Solutia Inc. does not endorse or recommend the use of any particular company or specific brand or product. The final decision on use of a particular company or a specific brand or product should be made only after investigation and/or careful testing.
TM
This data does not constitute an express or implied warranty. See NOTICE at the front of this Guide.
1.1
Fire Resistance
Fire resistance addresses the ability of the piping system to remain free of damaging leaks when exposed to external fire. A piping component is considered to be Fire resistant when it is able to withstand exposure to 1200F for 30 minutes. See API STD 607. For liquid phase Therminol operating above its flash point and vapor phase Therminol operating above its boiling point, fire resistant piping systems are recommended. For other operating conditions, the user should judge whether or not fire resistance is required based on such factors as the volume of combustible material involved, the presence of flammable materials, the fire protection provided, and how close the unit under consideration is to other operating units. Materials considered to be fire resistant: High melting point metals: carbon & stainless steel, nickel alloys Flexible graphite packing and gaskets Asbestos packing and gaskets Materials not considered to be fire resistant: Low melting point metals: aluminum, copper Elastomers PTFE gaskets and packing Non-asbestos fiber reinforced rubber bound gaskets
Blow-out Resistance
Blow-out resistance is the ability of a gasket to resist being torn out of a flanged joint when subjected to over pressure. Blow-out resistance is more subjective than fire resistance because there are no universally recognized test methods. The following table is presented to subjectively compare types of gaskets:
More Blow-out Resistant

Thinner sheet materials Fiber reinforced gaskets Metal reinforced gaskets Metal gaskets
Less Blow-out Resistant

Thicker sheet materials Unreinforced gaskets Fiber reinforced gaskets Non-metallic gaskets
Using metal or metal reinforced gaskets is recommended for use in Therminol service. For Class 150 systems, metal inserted flexible graphite gaskets are recommended. Flexible graphite filled spiral wound gaskets can be used for Class 150 systems, but it will be more difficult to consistently get a good seal. Getting a good seal is a function of the gaskets being supplied, the skills and habits of the mechanics tightening the bolts, the lubrication used for the bolting, the precision to which the flanges are aligned before tightening, and the flexibility of the piping system near the flanged joint. For Class 300 systems, flexible graphite filled spiral wound gaskets are recommended.
TM
1.2
Cost/Delivery for Cold Services

The low alloy steel components are frequently difficult to find. Considering the difficulty in procuring the materials, and the additional testing requirements for welding procedure and welder qualification, using a stainless steel piping system may be the more economical choice for small systems and for modification and repair of existing systems. Similarly, carbon steel components for use down to 50F are frequently difficult to find. Considering the difficulty in procuring the materials, and the additional weld metal impact testing requirements, using a stainless steel piping system may be the more economical choice for small systems and for modification and repair to existing systems. Another option for systems operating down to 50F is the use of ordinary carbon steel materials with some stipulations. ASME B31.3 permits the use of ordinary carbon steels down to 50F if: (1) the maximum operating pressure of the manufactured components will not exceed 25% of the maximum allowable design pressure, and (2) the combined longitudinal stress due to pressure, dead weight, and displacement strain does not exceed 6 ksi (41 MPa). This provision does not apply to bolting materials, so bolting suitable for use at the lower temperatures would have to be used.
TM
1.3
Copper 325F to 350F
TM
No
Class 150 Stainless Steel 325F to 350F
Fire Resistance Required?
Yes No No
Lowest Operating Temperature Greater than 20F (30C)
Consider using the stainless steel PSS for small systems or modifications because of delivery problems. Otherwise, use the low alloy steel PSS.
Yes Yes Yes
Yes
Class 150 Low Alloy Steel 150F to 350F
Operating Temperature Less Than 350F (175C)
No
Operating Temperature Range Less Than 300F (150C)
Class 150 Impact Tested CS 50F to 350F
No
Consider using the stainless steel PSS for small systems or modifications because of delivery problems. Otherwise, use the impact tested carbon steel PSS.
Solutia Inc. does not endorse or recommend the use of any particular company or specific brand or product. The final decision on use of a particular company or a specific brand or product should be made only after investigation and/or careful testing. Lowest Operating Temperature Greater than 20F (30C)
Class 150 Carbon Steel 20F to 350F
No
Consider using the stainless steel PSS for small systems or modifications because of delivery No problems. Otherwise, use the low alloy steel PSS. Yes Yes
Class 300 Stainless Steel 325F to 750F
Class 300 Low Alloy Steel 150F to 750F
Consider using the stainless steel PSS for small systems or modifications because of delivery problems. Otherwise, use the impact tested carbon steel PSS.
Class 300 Impact Tested CS 50F to 750F
Guide for Selecting Piping System Specifications (PSS)
1.4
Class 300 Carbon Steel 20F to 750F
Copper Piping System Specification for Use with Therminol Heat Transfer Fluids from 325F to 350F
Application Construction Size Range 1/2 - 4 Specifications Braze Joint Copper Note: Use ASTM B260 Class BAG-1 strip or wire (Brazing temperature approximately 1150 F to 1400 F) Seamless hard drawn copper water tube, ASTM B88 Type L Wrought copper and bronze fittings, ASME B16.22, solder joint Bronze flanges, ASME B16.24, Class 150 threaded, flat face Full face gasket, ANSI B16.21, Class 125 1/16 inch thick metal inserted flexible graphite, UCAR CARBON COMPANY Grade GHE Stainless steel heavy hex head bolt, ASTM A193 Gr B8, with heavy hex nut, ASTM A194 Gr 8 for Class 150 joint
Tube Fittings Flanged Joint Gaskets
1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2
4 4 4 4
Bolts
1/2 -
TM
1.5
Piping System Specifications/Temperature Ranges
Copper Piping System Specification for Use with Therminol Heat Transfer Fluids from -325F to 350F
Figure 1 Pressure/Temperature Limits for Components
Temperature, C
40 60 80 100 120 140 160
15 200
Class 150 Flanged Joint

Maximum Internal Gage Pressure, bar Branch Size
150
Maximum Internal Pressure, psig
10
100 5 50
0 -325 to 100
0 150 200 250 300 350
Temperature, F
Corrosion Allowance 0.000 Inches
Table 1 Branch Construction

ST ST ST ST ST ST ST
1 2
ST
ST
ST
112
ST ST with Reducer
ST
3 4
ST
3 4
1 2
112
Header Size
ST Solder Joint Tee
TM
1.6
Class 150 Stainless Steel Piping System Specification for Use with Therminol Heat Transfer Fluids from 325F to 350F
Application Construction Size Range 1/2 1 1.1/2 3 4 - 12 1/2 - 12 1/2 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 - 3/4 - 12 1 1 1 12 12 Specifications Socketweld, raised face (RF) welding neck flanges Buttweld, raised face (RF) welding neck flanges Buttweld, type A stub ends 316 SS may be substituted for the 304 SS pipe and fittings when the 304 SS material is not available. 304 SS fusion welded pipe, ASTM A312 Gr Tp304, Schedule 40S 304 SS fusion welded pipe, ASTM A312 Gr Tp304, Schedule 10S 304 SS seamless nipple, ASTM A312 Gr Tp304, Schedule 40S Forged 304 SS fittings, ASME B16.11, ASTM A182 Gr F304, Class 3000 socketweld Forged 304 SS integral seat union, ASTM A182 Gr F304, Class 3000 socketweld 304 SS or 304L SS fittings, ASTM A403 Class WP-W 304, WP-W 304L, WP-S 304, or WP-S 304L ASME B16.9, Sch 10S buttweld Forged 304 SS fittings, ATSM A182 Gr F304, Class 3000 socketweld welding outlet For branch NPS 1/2 thru 1 per Table I Forged 304 SS fittings, ATSM A182 Gr F304, buttweld welding outlet, for Sch 10S header and Sch 10S branch For branch NPS 1.1/2 thru 3 per Table I 304 SS reinforcing pad made from ASTM A312 Gr Tp304 pipe, Sch 10S For branch NPS 4 thru 10 per Table I Forged 304 SS flanges, ASTM A182 Gr F304 ASME B16.5, Class 150 welding neck, raised face, with Sch 40S bore Forged 304 SS flanges, ASTM A182 Gr F304 ASME B16.5, Class 150 welding neck, raised face, with Sch 10S bore 304 SS or 304L SS fittings, ASTM A403 Class WP-W 304, WP-W 304L, WP-S 304, or WP-S 304L ASME B16.9, Sch 10S buttweld type A short stub end Forged 304 SS flanges, ASTM A182 Gr F304, ASME B16.5, Class 150 lap joint Corrugated stainless steel inserted flexible graphite gasket, MARINE & PETROLEUM GRAPHONIC for Class 150 flanges Stainless steel heavy hex head bolt, ASTM A193 Gr B8, with heavy hex nut, ASTM A194 Gr 8 for Class 150 joint
Pipe Nipples Fittings
1.1/2 1.1/2 -
12
12
Flanged Joint
1/2 1 4
- 3/4 3 12
4 Gaskets Bolts 1/2 1/2
12 12 12
TM
1.7
Class 150 Stainless Steel Piping System Specification for Use with Therminol Heat Transfer Fluids from -325F to 350F
Temperature, C
40 250 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260
Class 1 50 Flanged Joint

15
200
150
NPS and 8 larger pipe and fittings

10
100 5 50
0 -325 to 100
0 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Temperature, F

ET ET ET ET ET ET ET ET ET SW Welding Outlet Socketweld Tee
1 2 3 4
12 10 8 6 4 3 2 112
Reinforced Stub-in
ET BW Welding Outlet
ET
ET
3 4
1 2
112
10
12
Header Size
ET - Buttweld Tee
TM
1.8
Branch Size
Maximum Internal Gage Pressure, bar
Class 150 Low Alloy Steel Piping System Specification for Use with Therminol Transfer Fluids from 150F to 350F
Application Construction Pipe Size Range 1/2 - 1.1/2 2 24 1/2 - 1.1/2 2 Fittings 24 Specifications Socketweld, raised face (RF) flanges Buttweld, raised face (RF) flanges Seamless 3-1/2 nickel alloy steel pipe, ASTM A333 Gr 3, Extra Strong Wall Thickness Seamless 3-1/2 nickel alloy steel pipe, ASTM A333 Gr 3, Standard Wall Thickness Forged 3-1/2 nickel alloy steel fittings, ASTM A350 Gr LF3, ASME B16.11, Class 3000 socketweld Wrought 3-1/2 nickel alloy steel fittings, ASTM A420 Gr WPL3, ASME B16.9, Std WT buttweld Forged 3-1/2 nickel alloy steel fittings, ASTM A350 Gr LF3, Class 3000 socketweld welding outlet For branch NPS 1/2 thru 1.1/2 per Table I Forged 3-1/2 nickel alloy steel fittings, ASTM A350 Gr LF3, buttweld welding outlet, for Std Wt header and Std WT branch For branch NPS 2 thru 6 per Table I Forged 3-1/2 nickel alloy steel flanges, ASTM A350 Gr LF3, ASME B16.5, Class 150 welding neck, raised face, with XS WT bore Forged 3-1/2 nickel alloy steel flanges, ASTM A350 Gr LF3, ASME B16.5, Class 150 welding neck, raised face, with Std WT bore Corrugated stainless steel inserted flexible graphite gasket, MARINE & PETROLEUM GRAPHONIC for Class 150 flanges Stainless steel heavy hex head bolt, ASTM A320 Gr L7, with heavy hex nut, ASTM A194 Gr 4 for Class 150 joint
1/2 - 1.1/2 2 2 24 24
24
Flanged Joint
1/2 - 1.1/2
24
Gaskets Bolts
1/2 1/2 -
24 24
TM
1.9
Class 150 Low Alloy Steel Piping System Specification for Use with Therminol Transfer Fluids from -150F to 350F
Temperature, C
40 300 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260
20
250

200
150
10
100 5 50
0 -150 to 100
0 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Temperature, F

ET ET
24 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4
ET ET ET
ET ET
ET ET
ET
ET ET
ET ET
ET ET
ET ET
ET ET
ET ET ET Reinforced Stub-in
BW Welding Outlet
3 2
SW Welding Outlet Socketweld Tee

1 2 3 4
3 4 1 2
112
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
Header Size
ET - Buttweld Tee
TM
Branch Size
112
15
1.10
Class 150 Carbon Steel Piping System Specification for Use with Therminol Heat Transfer Fluids from 50F to 350F
Application Construction Pipe Size Range 1/2 - 1.1/2 2 24 1/2 2 3 Fittings 24 Specifications Socketweld, raised face (RF) flanges Buttweld, raised face (RF) flanges Seamless carbon steel pipe, ASTM A106 Gr B, Extra Strong Wall Thickness Seamless impact tested carbon steel pipe, ASTM A333 Gr 1 or Gr 6, Standard Wall Thickness Forged impact tested carbon steel fittings, ASTM A350 Gr LF2, ASME B16.11, Class 3000 socketweld Carbon steel fittings, ASME B16.9, ASTM A234 Gr WPB, XS WT buttweld Impact tested carbon steel fittings, ASTM A420 Gr WPL-6, ASME B16.9, Std WT buttweld Impact tested carbon steel fittings, ASTM A350 Gr LF2, Class 3000 socketweld welding outlet For branch NPS 1/2 thru 1.1/2 per Table I Impact tested carbon steel fittings, ASTM A350 Gr LF2, buttweld welding outlet, for Std WT header and Std WT branch For branch NPS 2 thru 6 per Table I Forged impact tested carbon steel flanges, ASTM A350 Gr LF2, ASME B16.5, Class 150 welding neck, raised face, with XS WT bore Forged impact tested carbon steel flanges, ASTM A350 Gr LF2, ASME B16.5, Class 150 welding neck, raised face, with Std WT bore Corrugated stainless steel inserted flexible graphite gasket, MARINE & PETROLEUM GRAPHONIC for Class 150 flanges Alloy continuous threaded stud, ASTM A193 Gr B7M, with heavy hex nuts, ASTM A194 Gr 2HM, for Class 150 joint
1/2 - 1.1/2 2 3 2 24 24
24
Flanged Joint
1/2 -
24
Gaskets Bolts
1/2 1/2 -
24 24
TM
1.11
Class 150 Carbon Steel Piping System Specification for Use with Therminol Heat Transfer Fluids from -50F to 350F
Temperature, C
40 300 60 80 100 120 140 160 20
250

200
15
150
10
100 5 50
0 -50 to 100
0 150 200 250 300 350
Temperature, F

ET ET
24 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4
ET ET ET ET ET ET
ET ET
ET ET
ET
ET ET
ET ET
ET ET
ET ET
ET ET
Reinforced Stub-in
BW Welding Outlet
3 2

1 2 3 4
3 4 1 2
112
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
Header Size
ET - Buttweld Tee
TM
Branch Size
112
1.12
Class 150 Carbon Steel Piping System Specification for Use with Therminol Transfer Fluids from 20F to 350F
Application Construction Pipe Size Range 1/2 - 1.1/2 2 24 1/2 - 1.1/2 2 Fittings 24 Specifications Socketweld, raised face (RF) flanges Buttweld, raised face (RF) flanges Seamless carbon steel pipe, ASTM A106 Gr B, Extra Strong Wall Thickness Seamless carbon steel pipe, ASTM A53 Tp S Gr B, Standard Wall Thickness Forged carbon steel fittings, ASME B16.11, ASTM A105, Class 3000 socketweld Forged carbon steel integral seat union, MSS SP-83, ASTM A105, Class 3000 socketweld Carbon steel fittings, ASME B16.9, ASTM A234 Gr WPB, Std WT buttweld Carbon steel, ASTM A105, Class 3000 socketweld welding outlet For branch NPS 1/2 thru 1.1/2 per Table I Carbon steel, ASTM A105, buttweld welding outlet, for Std WT header and Std WT branch For branch NPS 2 thru 6 per Table I Forged carbon steel flanges, ASTM A105, ASME B16.5, Class 150 welding neck, raised face, with XS WT bore Forged carbon steel flanges, ASTM A105, ASME B16.5, Class 150 welding neck, raised face, with Std WT bore Corrugated stainless steel inserted flexible graphite gasket, MARINE & PETROLEUM GRAPHONIC for Class 150 flanges Alloy continuous threaded stud, ASTM A193 Gr B7, with heavy hex nuts, ASTM A194 Gr 2H, for Class 150 joint
1/2 - 1.1/2 1/2 - 1.1/2 2 2 4 24 24 24
Flanged Joint
1/2 - 1.1/2 2 24 24 24
Gaskets Bolts
1/2 1/2 -
TM
1.13
Class 1 50 Piping Systems

Figure 1.1 Pressure/Temperature Limits for Components
Temperature, C
40 300 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 20

250

15
200
150
10
100 5 50
Legend
0 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
0 -20 to 100
Temperature, F
Table 1.1 Branch Construction

ET ET ET ET ET ET
24 20 18 16 14 12
ET ET ET ET ET ET
ET
ET ET
ET ET
ET ET
ET ET
ET ET
Reinforced Stub-in
10 8 6 4
BW Welding Outlet
3 2

1 2 3 4
3 4 1 2
112
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
Header Size
TM
ET - Buttweld Tee
Branch Size
112
1.14
Class 300 Stainless Steel Piping System Specification for Use with Therminol Heat Transfer Fluids from 325F to 750F
Application Construction Size Range 1/2 1 2 12 1/2 4 1/2 12 1/2 1 6 Nipples Fittings 3/4 4 12 1 1 4 12 12 Specifications Socketweld, raised face (RF) welding neck flanges Buttweld, raised face (RF) welding neck flanges Short radius fittings are not permitted 316 SS may be substituted for the 304 SS pipe and fittings when the 304 SS material is not available. 304 SS fusion welded pipe, ASTM A312 Gr Tp304, Schedule 40S 304 SS fusion welded pipe, ASTM A312 Gr Tp304, Schedule 10S 304 SS fusion welded pipe, ASTM A312 Gr Tp304, Schedule 40S 304 SS seamless nipple, ASTM A312 Gr Tp304, Schedule 40S Forged 304 SS fittings, ASME B16.11, ASTM A182 Gr F304, Class 3000 socketweld 304 SS or 304L SS fittings, ASTM A403 Class WP-W 304, WP-W 304L, WP-S 304, or WP-S 304L ASME B16.9, Sch 10S buttweld 304 SS or 304L SS fittings, ASTM A403 Class WP-W 304, WP-W 304L, WP-S 304, or WP-S 304L ASME B16.9, Sch 40S buttweld Forged 304 SS fittings, ATSM A182 Gr F304, Class 3000 socketweld welding outlet For branch NPS 1/2 thru 1 per Table I Forged 304 SS fittings, ATSM A182 Gr F304, buttweld welding outlet, for Sch 10S header and Sch 10S branch For branch NPS 1.1/2 thru 2 per Table I Forged 304 SS fittings, ATSM A182 Gr F304, buttweld welding outlet, for Sch 40S header and Sch 10S branch For branch NPS 1.1/2 thru 3 per Table I 304 SS reinforcing pad made from ASTM A312 Gr Tp304 pipe, Sch 40S For branch NPS 4 thru 10 per Table I Forged 304 SS flanges, ASTM A182 Gr F304 ASME B16.5, Class 300 welding neck, raised face, with Sch 40S bore Forged 304 SS flanges, ASTM A182 Gr F304 ASME B16.5, Class 300 welding neck, raised face, with Sch 10S bore Forged 304 SS flanges, ASTM A182 Gr F304 ASME B16.5, Class 300 welding neck, raised face, with Sch 40S bore Stainless alloy spiral wound gasket, API 601, Class 300 0.175 inch thick 304 SS/flexible graphite with stainless steel centering ring Strain hardened stainless steel continuous threaded stud, ASTM A193 Gr B8 Class 2, with heavy hex nuts, ASTM A194 Gr 8-S1, for Class 300 joint
Pipe
1/2 1/2 1.1/26 -
1.1/2-
12
12
Flanged Joint
1/2 1 6 -
3/4 4 12 12
Gaskets
1/2 -
Bolts
1/2 -
12
TM
1.15
Class 300 Stainless Steel Piping System Specification for Use with Therminol Heat Transfer Fluids from -325F to 750F
Temperature, C
40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 45 40 35 30 400
600
500
25 20 15
300
200 10 100 5
0 -325 to 100 150
0 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750
Temperature, F
ET ET ET ET ET ET ET ET ET SW Welding Outlet Socketweld Tee

1 2 3 4
12 10 8 6 4 3 2 112
Reinforced Stub-in
ET BW Welding Outlet
ET
ET
3 4
1 2
112
10
12
Header Size
ET - Buttweld Tee
TM
Branch Size
1.16
Class 300 Low Alloy Steel Piping System Specification for Use with Therminol Transfer Fluids from 150F to 750F
Application Construction Size Range 1/2 - 1.1/2 2 24 14 24 1/2 - 1.1/2 2 16 24 Specifications Socketweld, raised face (RF) flanges Buttweld, raised face (RF) flanges Short radius fittings are not permitted Seamless 3-1/2 nickel alloy steel pipe, ASTM A333 Gr 3, Extra Strong Wall Thickness Seamless 3-1/2 nickel alloy steel pipe, ASTM A333 Gr 3, Standard Wall Thickness Seamless 3-1/2 nickel alloy steel pipe, ASTM A333 Gr 3, Extra Strong Wall Thickness Forged 3-1/2 nickel alloy steel fittings, ASTM A350 Gr LF3, ASME B16.11, Class 3000 socketweld Wrought 3-1/2 nickel alloy steel fittings, ASTM A420 Gr WPL3, ASME B16.9, Std WT buttweld Wrought 3-1/2 nickel alloy steel fittings, ASTM A420 Gr WPL3, ASME B16.9, XS WT buttweld Forged 3-1/2 nickel alloy steel fittings, ASTM A350 Gr LF3, Class 3000 socketweld welding outlet For branch NPS 1/2 thru 1.1/2 per Table I Forged 3-1/2 nickel alloy steel fittings, ASTM A350 Gr LF3, buttweld welding outlet, for Std WT header and Std WT branch For branch NPS 2 thru 6 per Table I Forged 3-1/2 nickel alloy steel fittings, ASTM A350 Gr LF3, buttweld welding outlet, for XS WT header and Std WT branch For branch NPS 2 thru 6 per Table I Forged 3-1/2 nickel alloy steel flanges, ASTM A350 Gr LF3, ASME B16.5, Class 300 welding neck, raised face, with XS WT bore Forged 3-1/2 nickel alloy steel flanges, ASTM A350 Gr LF3, ASME B16.5, Class 300 welding neck, raised face, with Std WT bore Forged 3-1/2 nickel alloy steel flanges, ASTM A350 Gr LF3, ASME B16.5, Class 300 welding neck, raised face, with XS WT bore Stainless alloy spiral wound gasket, API 601, Class 300 0.175 inch thick 304 SS/flexible graphite with stainless steel centering ring Alloy continuous threaded stud, ASTM A320 Gr L7 with heavy hex nuts, ASTM A194 Gr 4, for Class joint
Pipe
18 Fittings
1/2 - 1.1/2 2 16 24 24
18 2 -
16
18 -
24
Flanged Joint
1/2 - 1.1/2
16
18 -
24
Gaskets
1/2 -
12
Bolts
1/2 -
12
TM
1.17
Class 300 Low Alloy Steel Piping System Specification for Use with Therminol Transfer Fluids from -1 50F to 750F
Temperature, C
40 800 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 55 50 45 600 40 35 30 400 25 300 20 15 10 100 5 0 -150 to 100 150 0 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750
700
500
200
Temperature, F
Table 1. Branch Construction

ET ET ET ET 603 684 573 727 695 RS 723 609 582 630 606
24 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4
ET ET ET RS ET ET RS RS ET 633 686 659
ET ET RS RS RS RS
ET
ET ET
ET ET
ET ET
ET ET
ET ET
BW Welding Outlet
3 2

1 2 3 4
3 4 1 2
112
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
Header Size
ET - Buttweld Tee RS - Reinforced Stub-in
TM
Branch Size
112
NPS 112 and larger pipe fittings

1.18
Class 300 Carbon Steel Piping System Specification for Use with Therminol Heat Transfer Fluids from 50F to 750F
Application Construction Size Range 1/2 - 1.1/2 2 24 14 24 1/2 2 3 16 24 Specifications Socketweld, raised face (RF) flanges Buttweld, raised face (RF) flanges Short radius fittings are not permitted Seamless carbon steel pipe, ASTM A106 Gr B, Extra Strong Wall Thickness Seamless impact tested carbon steel pipe, ASTM A333 Gr 1 or Gr 6, Standard Wall Thickness Seamless impact tested carbon steel pipe, ASTM A333 Gr 1 or Gr 6, Extra Strong Wall Thickness Forged impact tested carbon steel fittings, ASTM A350 Gr LF2, ASME B16.11, Class 3000 socketweld Carbon steel fittings, ASME B16.9, ASTM A234 Gr WPB, XS WT buttweld Impact tested carbon steel fittings, ASTM A420 Gr WPL-6, ASME B16.9, Std WT buttweld Impact tested carbon steel fittings, ASTM A420 Gr WPL-6, ASME B16.9, XS WT buttweld Impact tested carbon steel fittings, ASTM A350 Gr LF2, Class 3000 socketweld welding outlet For branch NPS 1/2 thru 2 per Table I Impact tested carbon steel fittings, ASTM A350 Gr LF2, buttweld welding outlet, for Std WT header and Std WT branch For branch NPS 3 thru 6 per Table I Impact tested carbon steel fittings, ASTM A350 Gr LF2, buttweld welding outlet, for XS WT header and Std WT branch For branch NPS 3 thru 6 per Table I Forged impact tested carbon steel flanges, ASTM A350 Gr LF2, ASME B16.5, Class 300 welding neck, raised face, with XS WT bore Forged impact tested carbon steel flanges, ASTM A350 Gr LF2, ASME B16.5, Class 300 welding neck, raised face, with Std WT bore Forged impact tested carbon steel flanges, ASTM A350 Gr LF2, ASME B16.5, Class 300 welding neck, raised face, with XS WT bore Stainless alloy spiral wound gasket, API 601, Class 300 0.175 inch thick 304 SS/flexible graphite Alloy continuous threaded stud, ASTM A193 Gr B7M with heavy hex nuts, ASTM A194 Gr 2HM, for Class 300 joint
Pipe
18 Fittings
1/2 - 1.1/2 2 3 16 24 24
18 3 -
16
18 -
24
Flanged Joint
1/2 -
16
18 -
24
Gaskets Bolts
1/2 1/2 -
24 24
TM
1.19
Class 300 Carbon Steel Piping System Specification for Use with Therminol Heat Transfer Fluids from -50F to 750F
Temperature, C
40 800 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 55

700 50 45 600 40 35
500
400
NPS 1 12 and larger pipe fittings
30 25
300
20 15 10
200
100 5 0 -50 to 100 0 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750
Temperature, F

ET ET ET ET 509 577 483 613 586 634 610 514 491 531 511
24 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4
ET ET ET ET ET 534 ET 659 579 692 632 555
ET ET 679 648 702 675
ET
ET ET
ET ET
ET ET
ET ET
ET ET
BW Welding Outlet
3 2

1 2 3 4
3 4 1 2
112
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
Header Size
ET - Buttweld Tee
TM
Branch Size
112
1.20
Class 300 Carbon Steel Piping System Specification for Use with Therminol Transfer Fluids from 20F to 750F
Application Construction Size Range 1/2 - 1.1/2 2 24 14 24 1/2 - 1.1/2 2 16 24 Specifications Socketweld, raised face (RF) flanges Buttweld, raised face (RF) flanges Short radius fittings are not permitted Seamless carbon steel pipe, ASTM A106 Gr B, Extra Strong Wall Thickness Seamless carbon steel pipe, ASTM A53 Tp S Gr B, Standard Wall Thickness Seamless carbon steel pipe, ASTM A53 Tp S Gr B, Extra Strong Wall Thickness Forged carbon steel fittings, ASME B16.11, ASTM A105, Class 3000 socketweld Carbon steel fittings, ASME B16.9, ASTM A234 Gr WPB, Std WT buttweld Carbon steel fittings, ASME B16.9, ASTM A234 Gr WPB, XS WT buttweld Carbon steel, ASTM A105, Class 3000 socketweld welding outlet For branch NPS 1/2 thru 1.1/2 per Table I Carbon steel, ASTM A105, buttweld welding outlet, for Std WT header and Std WT branch For branch NPS 2 thru 6 per Table I Carbon steel, ASTM A105, buttweld welding outlet, for XS WT header and Std WT branch For branch NPS 2 thru 6 per Table I Forged carbon steel flanges, ASTM A105, ASME B16.5, Class 300 welding neck, raised face, with XS WT bore Forged carbon steel flanges, ASTM A105, ASME B16.5, Class 300 welding neck, raised face, with Std WT bore Forged carbon steel flanges, ASTM A105, ASME B16.5, Class 300 welding neck, raised face, with XS WT bore Stainless alloy spiral wound gasket, API 601, Class 300 0.175 inch thick 304 SS/flexible graphite Alloy continuous threaded stud, ASTM A193 Gr B7 with heavy hex nuts, ASTM A194 Gr 2H, for Class 300 joint
Pipe
18 Fittings
1/2 - 1.1/2 2 16 24 24 16
18 2 4 -
18 -
24
Flanged Joint
1/2 - 1.1/2 2 16 24 24 24
18 Gaskets Bolts 1/2 1/2 -
TM
1.21
Class 300 Piping Systems

Figure 1.2 Pressure/Temperature Limits for Components
Temperature, C
40 800 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 55 50
700
45
600
40
500
30
400 25 20 15
300
200
Legend
Class 150 Flanged Joint NPS 16 and larger Pipe
10 5 0
100
and/or Fittings
0 -20 to 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750
Temperature, F
Table 1.2 Branch Construction

ET ET ET ET 556 630 528
24 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4
ET ET ET RS ET ET
ET ET
112

3 4
1
3 4
112
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
Header Size
TM
ET - Buttweld Tee RS - Reinforced Stub-in
Branch Size
ET
ET ET
ET ET
ET ET
ET ET
ET ET
ET RS 670 562 583 709 640 537 720 632 RS 693 580 691 607 738 666 559
BW Welding Outlet
3 2
35
1.22
Valve Types and Service Specifications
Valve Stem Seals
Various types of stem seals are used to seal valve stems on Therminol systems.
Flexible graphite packing, with inner and outer anti-extrusion rings of braided graphite fiber, gives the best results for elevated temperature systems. It is important that flexible graphite ring dimensions conform closely to the valve stem and stuffing box. Cup and cone shaped ring sets such as those offered by Garlock are less sensitive to dimensional miss-matches. Flexible graphite packed stuffing boxes are generally considered to be fire resistant. PTFE packing works in systems operating up to 400F (200C). PTFE packed stuffing boxes are not generally considered to be fire resistant. Metal bellows sealed valves are frequently used with excellent results, but these valves are relatively expensive, especially in larger sizes. Bellows sealed are generally considered to be fire resistant. Fiber packing materials have given poor performance in Therminol service, and are not recommended. Packed valves should be surveyed occasionally, and valve stem packing should be adjusted to minimize leakage. The more frequently operated valves should be surveyed more often. The use of spring loaded packing followers will improve the performance of the packing and lower the frequency at which the packing needs to be tightened.
Packing Manufacturers
Anchor Chesterton Crane Durametallic Garlock Klinger Parker UCAR Carbon Company, Inc. (formally Union Carbide)
Gate Valves
These valves are considered suitable for service up to 800F (425C). Carbon steel valves can be used down to 20F (30C), and stainless steel valves can be used down to 150F (100C). Impact tested carbon steel and low alloy steel valves can also be used for services below 20F (30C), but the expense of the handling of these special materials by the valve manufacturers frequently results in valves more expensive than stainless steel valves. Valves which are intended for continuous operation below 0F (20C) should be ordered with extended bonnets so the valves can be completely insulated and the packing gland can be kept warm enough to prevent ice balls from forming on the packing gland. Ice balls prevent packing adjustments and can prevent operation of the valve. Known suppliers of specific valves are given. A list showing the full name and location of the valve manufacturers is provided at our website, www.therminol.com.
TM
2.1
Gate Valves
Forged carbon steel, bolted bonnet, OS&Y or bolted cap valve. 13 Cr stem, 13 Cr or Stellited disc, Stellited seat(s). Flexible graphite packing: spiral-wound 304 SS/flexible graphite, soft iron, confined graphite, metal-inserted flexible graphite, or nonasbestos-filled jacketed gasket. NPS 1/2 to 2.
(Continued)
Carbon steel valve, Class 800 socketweld gate

Anvil Products Bonney Valve DSI Smith Vogt Walworth Company
Carbon steel welded bonnet valve, Class 800 socketweld gate

Carbon steel, welded bonnet, OS&Y or welded cap valve. 13 Cr stem and disc, Stellited seat(s). Flexible graphite packing. NPS 1/2 to 2. Anvil Products Bonney Valve Smith Vogt Walworth Company
Carbon steel bellows sealed valve, Class 600 socketweld gate

Carbon steel bellows sealed OS&Y valve. 13 Cr stem and disc, Stellited seat(s). Flexible graphite back-up packing. NPS 1/2 to 2. Armour EG&G Sealol Eagle Hattersley-Heaton Kerotest
Carbon steel valve, Class 150 flanged RF gate

Forged carbon steel, bolted bonnet, OS&Y or bolted cap valve. 13 Cr stem, 13 Cr or Stellited disc, Stellited seat(s). Flexible graphite packing: spiral-wound 304 SS/flexible graphite, soft iron, confined graphite, metal-inserted flexible graphite, or nonasbestos-filled jacketed gasket. NPS 1/2 to 3. Anvil Products Bonney Valve DSI Smith Vogt Walworth Company
TM
2.2
Gate Valves
Carbon steel, bolted bonnet, OS&Y or bolted cap valve. 13 Cr stem, 13 Cr or Stellited disc and seat(s). Flexible graphite packing: spiral-wound 304 SS/ flexible graphite, soft iron, confined graphite, metalinserted flexible graphite or non-asbestos-filled jacketed gasket. NPS 2 to 24.
(Continued)

Crane Hitachi Metals Kitz Lunkenheimer Nibco Pacific Powell Stockham Walworth Company

Forged carbon steel, bolted bonnet, OS&Y or bolted cap valve. 13 Cr stem, 13 Cr or Stellited disc, Stellited seat(s). Flexible graphite packing: spiral-wound 304 SS/flexible graphite, soft iron, confined graphite, metal-inserted flexible graphite or non-asbestos-filled jacketed gasket. NPS 1/2 to 3. Anvil Products Bonney Valve DSI Smith Vogt Walworth Company

Carbon steel bolted bonnet, OS&Y or bolted cap valve. 13 Cr stem, 13 Cr or Stellited disc and seat(s). Flexible graphite packing: spiral-wound 304 SS/ flexible graphite, soft iron, confined graphite, metalinserted flexible graphite or non-asbestos filled jacketed gasket. NPS 2 to 24. Crane Hitachi Metals Kitz Lunkenheimer Nibco Pacific Powell Stockham Walworth Company
Carbon steel bellows sealed valve, Class 300 flanged RF gate

Carbon steel bellows sealed OS&Y valve. 13 Cr stem and disc, Stellited seat(s). Flexible graphite back-up packing. NPS 1/2 to 2. Armour EG&G Sealol Eagle
TM
2.3
Gate Valves
316 SS bolted bonnet OS&Y valve. 316 SS stem, disc, and integral seat(s). Flexible graphite packing. Spiral wound 316 SS/flexible graphite, soft 316 SS, confined graphite, metal inserted flexible graphite, or nonasbestos filled 316 SS jacketed gasket. Valve bolting and other trim suitable for operation down to 150F (100C).
(Continued)
316 SS Class 300 socketweld gate valve

Bonney Valve Cooper Crane Kitz Ladish OIC Powell Smith Vogt
316 SS Class 150 flanged RF gate valve

316 SS bolted bonnet OS&Y valve. 316 SS stem, disc, and integral seat(s). Flexible graphite packing. Spiral wound 316 SS/flexible graphite, soft 316 SS, confined graphite, metal inserted flexible graphite, or nonasbestos filled 316 SS jacketed gasket. Valve bolting and other trim suitable for operation down to 150F (100C). Bonney Valve Cooper Crane Kitz Ladish OIC Powell Tong Yung Williams
316 SS Class 300 flanged RF gate valve

316 SS bolted bonnet OS&Y valve. 316 SS stem, disc, and integral seat(s). Flexible graphite packing. Spiral wound 316 SS/flexible graphite, soft 316 SS, confined graphite, metal inserted flexible graphite, or nonasbestos filled 316 SS jacketed gasket. Valve bolting and other trim suitable for operation down to 150F (100C). Bonney Valve Cooper Crane Kitz Ladish Lunkenheimer OIC Powell Tong Yung Williams
TM
2.4
Globe Valves
These valves are considered suitable for service up to 800F (425C). Carbon steel valves can be used down to 20F (30C), and stainless steel valves can be used down to 150F (100C). Impact tested carbon steel and low alloy steel valves can also be used for services below 20F (30C), but the expense of the handling of these special materials by the valve manufacturers frequently results in valves more expensive than stainless steel valves. Valves which are intended for continuous operation below 0F (20C) should be ordered with extended bonnets so the valves can be completely insulated and the packing gland can be kept warm enough to prevent ice balls from forming on the packing gland. Ice balls prevent packing adjustments and can prevent operation of the valve. Globe valves generally seal better through the seat in vapor phase service than gate valves after being in operation for a period of time. Known suppliers of specific valves are given. A list showing the full name and location of the valve manufacturers is provided at our website, www.therminol.com.
Carbon steel valve, Class 800 socketweld globe

Forged carbon steel, bolted bonnet, OS&Y or bolted cap valve. 13 Cr stem, 13 Cr or Stellited disc, Stellited seat(s). Flexible graphite packing: spiral-wound 304 SS/flexible graphite, soft iron, confined graphite, metal-inserted flexible graphite, or nonasbestos-filled jacketed gasket. NPS 1/2 to 2. Anvil Products Bonney Valve DSI Edward Smith Vogt Walworth Company
Carbon steel valve, Class 800 socketweld globe

Carbon steel, welded bonnet, OS&Y or welded cap valve. 13 Cr stem and disc, Stellited seat(s). Flexible graphite packing. NPS 1/2 to 2. Anvil Products Bonney Valve Smith Vogt Walworth Company
Carbon steel bellows sealed valve, Class 600 socketweld globe

Carbon steel bellows sealed OS&Y valve. 13 Cr stem and disc, Stellited seat(s). Flexible graphite back-up packing. NPS 1/2 to 2. Armour EG&G Sealol Eagle Hattersley-Heaton Kerotest Vogt
TM
2.5
Globe Valves
Forged carbon steel, bolted bonnet, OS&Y or bolted cap valve. 13 Cr stem, 13 Cr or Stellited disc, Stellited seat(s). Flexible graphite packing: spiral-wound 304 SS/flexible graphite, soft iron, confined graphite, metal-inserted flexible graphite or nonasbestos-filled jacketed gasket. NPS 1/2 to 2.
(Continued)
Carbon steel valve, Class 150 flanged RF globe

Bonney Valve DSI Vogt Walworth Company

Carbon steel, bolted bonnet, OS&Y or bolted cap valve. 13 Cr stem, 13 Cr or Stellited disc and seat(s). Flexible graphite packing: spiral-wound 304 SS/ flexible graphite, soft iron, confined graphite, metalinserted flexible graphite or non-asbestos-filled jacketed gasket. NPS 2 to 14. Crane Hitachi Metals Kitz Lunkenheimer Nibco Pacific Powell Stockham Walworth Company

Forged carbon steel, bolted bonnet, OS&Y or bolted cap valve. 13 Cr stem, 13 Cr or Stellited disc, Stellited seat(s). Flexible graphite packing: spiral-wound 304 SS/flexible graphite, soft iron, confined graphite, metal-inserted flexible graphite or nonasbestos-filled jacketed gasket. NPS 1/2 to 2. Anvil Products Bonney Valve DSI Smith Vogt Walworth Company
TM
2.6
Globe Valves
Carbon steel, bolted bonnet, OS&Y or bolted cap valve. 13 Cr stem, 13 Cr or Stellited disc and seats(s). Flexible graphite packing: sprial-wound 304 SS/ flexible graphite, soft iron, confined graphite, metalinserted flexible graphite or non-asbestos-filled jacketed gasket. NPS 2 to 14.
(Continued)

Crane Edward Hitachi Metals Kitz Lunkenheimer Nibco Pacific Powell Stockham Walworth Company
Carbon steel bellows sealed valve, Class 300 flanged RF globe

Carbon steel bellows sealed OS&Y valve. 13 Cr stem and disc, Stellited seat(s). Flexible graphite back-up packing. NPS 1/2 to 8. Armour EG&G Sealol Eagle Hattersley-Heaton Kerotest
316 stainless steel Class 300 socketweld globe valve

316 SS bolted bonnet OS&Y valve. 316 SS stem, disc, and integral seat(s). Flexible graphite packing. Spiralwound 316 SS/flexible graphite, soft 316 SS, confined graphite, metal-inserted flexible graphite, or nonasbestos-filled 316 SS jacketed gasket. Valve bolting and other trim suitable for operation down to 150F (100C). Bonney Valve Cooper Crane Kitz Ladish OIC Powell Smith Vogt
TM
2.7
Globe Valves
316 SS bolted bonnet OS&Y valve. 316 SS stem, disc, and integral seat(s). Flexible graphite packing. Spiralwound 316 SS/flexible graphite, soft 316 SS, confined graphite, metal-inserted flexible graphite, or nonasbestos-filled 316 SS jacketed gasket. Valve bolting and other trim suitable for operation down to 150F (100C).
(Continued)
316 SS Class 150 flanged RF globe valve

Bonney Valve Cooper Crane Kitz Ladish Lunkenheimer OIC Powell Tong Yung Williams
316 SS Class 300 flanged RF globe valve

316 SS bolted bonnet OS&Y valve. 316 SS stem, disc, and integral seat(s). Flexible graphite packing. Spiralwound 316 SS/flexible graphite, soft 316 SS, confined graphite, metal-inserted flexible graphite, or nonasbestos-filled 316 SS jacketed gasket. Valve bolting and other trim suitable for operation down to 150F (100C). Bonney Valve Cooper Crane Edward Kitz Ladish OIC Powell Tong Yung Williams
TM
2.8
Check Valves
These valves are considered suitable for service up to 800F (425C). Carbon steel valves can be used down to 20F (30C), and stainless steel valves can be used down to 150F (100C). Impact tested carbon steel and low alloy steel valves can also be used for services below 20F (30C), but the expense of the handling of these special materials by the valve manufacturers frequently results in valves more expensive than stainless steel valves. Known suppliers of specific valves are given. A list showing the full name and location of the valve manufacturers is provided at our website, www.therminol.com.
Carbon steel valve, Class 800 socketweld lift check

Forged carbon steel, bolted bonnet, OS&Y or bolted cap valve. 13 Cr stem, 13 Cr or Stellited disc, Stellited seat(s). Flexible graphite packing: spiral-wound 304 SS/flexible graphite, soft iron, confined graphite, metal-inserted flexible graphite, or nonasbestos-filled jacketed gasket. NPS 1/2 to 2. Anvil Products Bonney Valve DSI Edward Smith Vogt Walworth Company
Carbon steel valve, Class 800 socketweld swing check

Carbon steel, welded bonnet, OS&Y or welded cap valve. 13 Cr stem and disc, Stellited seat(s). Flexible graphite packing. NPS 1/2 to 2. Anvil Products Bonney Valve Vogt
Carbon steel valve, Class 150 flanged RF lift check

Forged carbon steel, bolted bonnet, OS&Y or bolted cap valve. 13 Cr stem, 13 Cr or Stellited disc, Stellited seat(s). Flexible graphite packing: spiral-wound 304 SS/flexible graphite, soft iron, confined graphite, metal-inserted flexible graphite or nonasbestos-filled jacketed gasket. NPS 1/2 to 2. Crane Hitachi Metals Kitz Lunkenheimer Nibco Pacific Powell Stockham Walworth Company
TM
2.9
Check Valves
Cast carbon steel, bolted bonnet, OS&Y or bolted cap valve. Carbon steel seats and discs (304 SS acceptable alternate), Inconel springs. NPS 2 to 24.
(Continued)
Carbon steel wafer valve, Class 150 wafer check

APCO Gulf Valve Company Marlin Valve Company Keystone
Carbon steel valve, Class 300 flanged RF lift check

Forged carbon steel, bolted bonnet, OS&Y or bolted cap valve. 13 Cr stem, 13 Cr or Stellited disc, Stellited seat(s). Flexible graphite packing: spiral-wound 304 SS/flexible graphite, soft iron, confined graphite, metal-inserted flexible graphite or nonasbestos-filled jacketed gasket. NPS 1/2 to 2. Anvil Products Bonney Valve DSI Smith Vogt Walworth Company
Carbon steel valve, Class 300 flanged RF swing check

Carbon steel, bolted bonnet, OS&Y or bolted cap valve. 13 Cr stem, 13 Cr or Stellited disc and seat(s). Flexible graphite packing: spiral-wound 304 SS/flexible graphite, soft iron, confined graphite, metalinserted flexible graphite or non-asbestos-filled jacketed gasket. NPS 2 to 24. Crane Hitachi Metals Kitz Lunkenheimer Nibco Pacific Powell Stockham Walworth Company
Carbon steel wafer valve, Class 300 wafer check

Cast carbon steel, bolted bonnet, OS&Y or bolted cap valve. Carbon steel seats and discs (304 SS acceptable alternate), Inconel springs. NPS 2 to 24. APCO Gulf Valve Company Marlin Valve Company Keystone
TM
2.10
Check Valves
316 SS bolted valve. 316 SS stem, disc, and integral seat(s). Flexible graphite packing. Spiral-wound 316 SS/ flexible graphite, soft 316 SS, confined graphite, metalinserted flexible graphite, or non-asbestos-filled 316 SS jacketed gasket. Valve bolting and other trim suitable for operation down to 150F (100C).
(Continued)
316 SS Class 300 socketweld swing check valve

Bonney Valve Cooper Crane Kitz Ladish OIC Powell
316 SS Class 300 socketweld lift check valve

316 SS bolted cap valve. 316 SS stem, disc, and integral seat(s). Flexible graphite packing. Spiral-wound 316 SS/ flexible graphite, soft 316 SS, confined graphite, metalinserted flexible graphite, or non-asbestos-filled 316 SS jacketed gasket. Valve bolting and other trim suitable for operation down to 150F (100C). Bonney Valve Crane Ladish OIC Powell Smith Vogel
316 SS Class 150 flanged RF swing check valve

316 SS bolted cap valve. 316 SS stem, disc, and integral seat(s). Flexible graphite packing. Spiral-wound 316 SS/ flexible graphite, soft 316 SS, confined graphite, metalinserted flexible graphite, or non-asbestos-filled 316 SS jacketed gasket. Valve bolting and other trim suitable for operation down to 150F (100C). Bonney Valve Cooper Crane Kitz Ladish Lunkenheimer OIC Powell Tong Yung Marlin Valve Company Williams
TM
2.11
Check Valves
316 SS wafer valve. 316 SS hinge pins, discs, and integral seats. Inconel springs. Valve bolting and other trim suitable for operation down to 150F (100C).
(Continued)
316 SS wafer valve, Class 150 wafer check valve

APCO Eagle Gulf Valve Company Marlin Valve Company Keystone
316 SS Class 300 flanged RF swing check valve

316 SS bolted cap valve. 316 SS stem, disc, and integral seat(s). Flexible graphite packing. Spiral-wound 316 SS/ flexible graphite, soft 316 SS, confined graphite, metalinserted flexible graphite, or non-asbestos-filled 316 SS jacketed gasket. Valve bolting and other trim suitable for operation down to 150F (100C). Bonney Valve Cooper Crane Kitz Ladish OIC Powell Tong Yung Marlin Valve Company Williams
316 SS wafer valve, Class 300 wafer check valve

316 SS wafer valve. 316 SS hinge pins, discs, and integral seats. Inconel springs. Valve bolting and other trim suitable for operation down to 150F (100C). APCO Eagle Gulf Valve Company Marlin Valve Company
TM
2.12
Ball Valves
These valves are considered suitable for service up to 350F (175C). Carbon steel valves can be used down to 20F (30C), and stainless steel valves can be used down to 150F (100C). Impact tested carbon steel and low alloy steel valves can also be used for services below 20F (30C), but the expense of the handling of these special materials by the valve manufacturers frequently results in valves more expensive than stainless steel valves. Valves which are intended for continuous operation below 20F (10C) should be ordered with extended bonnets so the valves can be completely insulated and the packing gland can be kept warm enough to prevent ice balls from forming on the packing gland. Ice balls prevent packing adjustments and can prevent operation of the valve. Known suppliers of specific valves are given. A list showing the full name and location of the valve manufacturers is provided at our website, www.therminol.com.
Carbon steel valve, Class 300 socketweld swing out ball

Carbon steel ball valve. Electroless nickel or hard chrome-plated carbon steel, ductile iron, or stainless steel ball and stem. Seats: PTFE or reinforced PTFE. Seals: PTFE or Viton. Apollo Contromatics Cooper DynaQuip Gemini Jamesbury MarPac W-K-M Watts Worcester
Carbon steel valve, Class 150 flanged RF ball

Carbon steel ball valve. Electroless nickel or hard chrome-plated carbon steel, ductile iron, or stainless steel ball and stem. Seats: PTFE or reinforced PTFE. Seals: PTFE or Viton. Apollo Cameron Contromatics Cooper ITT Valves Jacoby-Tarbox Jamesbury MarPac McCanna PMB Smith W-K-M Watts
TM
2.13
Ball Valves
(Continued)
Carbon steel valve, Class 300 flanged RF ball

Carbon steel ball valve. Electroless nickel or hard chrome-plated carbon steel, ductile iron, or stainless steel ball and stem. Seats: PTFE or reinforced PTFE. Seals: PTFE or Viton. NPS 1/2 to 12. Cameron Contromatics Cooper ITT Valves Jamesbury MarPac McCanna Smith W-K-M Worcester
316 SS Class 300 socketweld swing out ball valve

316 SS or 316L SS ball valve. 316 SS or 316L SS ball and secondary seat. Seats: PTFE or PFA, with metal-to-metal secondary seat(s). Flexible graphite packing and contained seals, or metal seals. Fire resistant trim. Valve bolting and other trim suitable for operation down to 150F (100C). Apollo Contromatics Cooper Mark Controls MCF TBV, Inc. Whitey Worcester
316 SS Class 150 flanged RF ball valve

316 SS or 316L SS ball valve. 316 SS or 316L SS ball and secondary seat. Seats: PTFE or PFA, with metal-to-metal secondary seat(s). Flexible graphite packing and contained seals, or metal seals. Fire resistant trim. Valve bolting and other trim suitable for operation down to 150F (100C). Apollo Argus Contromatics Cooper Crane ITT Valves Jamesbury Kitz KTM Mark Controls MCF McCanna Quartrol Smith TBV, Inc. Velan Watts Worcester
TM
2.14
Ball Valves
(Continued)
316 SS ball valve, Class 300 flanged RF top entry

316 SS or 316L SS ball valve. 316 SS or 316L SS ball and secondary seat. Seats: PTFE or PFA, with metal-to-metal secondary seat(s). Flexible graphite packing and contained seals, or metal seals. Fire resistant trim. Valve bolting and other trim suitable for operation down to 150F (100C). ITT Valves McCanna Velan
TM
2.15
High Pressure Butterfly Valves

These valves are considered suitable for service up to 350F (175C). Carbon steel valves can be used down to 20F (30C), and stainless steel valves can be used down to 150F (100C). Impact tested carbon steel and low alloy steel valves can also be used for services below 20F (30C), but the expense of the handling of these special materials by the valve manufacturers frequently results in valves more expensive than stainless steel valves. Valves which are intended for continuous operation below 20F (10C) should be ordered with extended bonnets so the valves can be completely insulated and the packing gland can be kept warm enough to prevent ice balls from forming on the packing gland. Ice balls prevent packing adjustments and can prevent operation of the valve. Do not use these values with spiral wound gaskets without verifying that the gasket seating area will not be compromised by the seat retaining bolting. Known suppliers of specific valves are given. A list showing the full name and location of the valve manufacturers is provided at our website, www.therminol.com.
Carbon steel valve, Class 150 wafer high pressure butterfly

Carbon high pressure butterfly valve. Electroless nickel or hard chrome-plated carbon steel, ductile iron, or stainless steel disc. 17-4 PH stem. Seats and seals: PTFE or PFA. 316 SS, Inconel, Viton or fiberglass elastic member in seat (if required). NPS 3 to 24. Contromatics DeZurik Durco Mark Controls McCanna Jamesbury Keystone Norris Posi-Seal Tufline W-K-M
Carbon steel valve, Class 150 lug high pressure butterfly

Carbon high pressure butterfly valve. Electroless nickel or hard chrome-plated carbon steel, ductile iron, or stainless steel disc. 17-4 PH stem. Seats and seals: PTFE or PFA. 316 SS, Inconel, Viton or fiberglass elastic member in seat (if required). NPS 3 to 24. Contromatics DeZurik Durco Mark Controls McCanna Jamesbury Keystone Norris Posi-Seal W-K-M
TM
2.16

Carbon high pressure butterfly valve. Electroless nickel or hard chrome-plated carbon steel, ductile iron or stainless steel disc. 17-4 PH stem. Seats and seals: PTFE or PFA. 316 SS, Inconel, Viton or fiberglass elastic member in seat (if required). NPS 3 to 24. Contromatics DeZurik Durco Jamesbury Keystone McCanna Posi-Seal
(Continued)
Carbon steel valve, Class 300 wafer high pressure butterfly
Carbon steel valve, Class 300 lug high pressure butterfly

Carbon high pressure butterfly valve. Electroless nickel or hard chrome-plated carbon steel, ductile iron or stainless steel disc. 17-4 PH stem. Seats and seals: PTFE or PFA. 316 SS, Inconel, Viton or fiberglass elastic member in seat (if required). NPS 3 to 24. Contromatics DeZurik Durco Jamesbury Keystone McCanna Posi-Seal
316 stainless steel high pressure butterfly valve, Class 150 wafer
316 SS or 316L SS high pressure butterfly valve. 316 SS or 316L SS disc, stem and secondary seat. 316 SS, Armco Nitronic 50, or Inconel X750 shaft. Seats: PTFE or PFA, with metal-to-metal secondary seat(s). Flexible graphite packing and contained seals, or metal seals. Inconel garter spring (if required). Fire resistant trim. Valve bolting and other trim suitable for operation down to 150F (100C). Contromatics Jamesbury Keystone McCanna Posi-Seal Tufline
TM
2.17

316 SS high pressure butterfly valve, Class 150 lug
(Continued)
316 SS high pressure butterfly valve, Class 300 wafer

TM
2.18

316 SS high pressure butterfly valve, Class 300 lug
(Continued)
TM
2.19
Proprietary Valves
These valves are valve types offered by a single manufacturer and are suitable for use up to 800F (425C).
Carbon steel Class 150 and 300 piston valves

Carbon steel, bolted bonnet, OS&Y piston valve. 13 Cr piston and flexible graphite/ metal laminate seal rings. Klinger
Carbon steel Class 150 and 300 rising stem ball valves
Carbon steel, bolted bonnet, OS&Y rising stem ball valve. Stainless steel seat and flexible graphite packing. Orbit
TM
2.20
Bolted Joints
Minimizing Leaks
Minimizing leaks from bolted joints requires the proper marriage of the flanges, gaskets, bolting, and, for the case of piping, appropriate level of external loading on the joint. Softer gaskets can be used with lighter flanges successfully as long as external moments do not distort the joint enough to cause leakage. Harder gaskets require heavier flanges and strong bolting, and the heavier flanges can usually resist higher external moments. For the range of applications for Therminol, Class 150 flanges are lighter flanges, and Class 300 flanges are heavier flanges. Using appropriate procedures for assembling the joints and tightening the bolts is essential to minimize leaks. Suggested steps are: Gasket A new gasket should almost always be used. The only exception is that the metal inserted flexible graphite gaskets can be reused if the graphite is intact on both sides of the gasket. Flange Faces Flange faces should be finished with a spiral or concentric grooved pattern as specified in ASME B16.5. Flange faces should also be clean and free of grooves or gouges running radially across the surface. Bolting Bolting must be clean and free of rust and burrs. Threads should be lubricated to reduce difficulty in seating the gasket. Threads and the nut face in contact with the flange should be lubricated with antiseize compound. Bolt Tightening Tighten bolts in small increments and in a crossing sequence until the joint is tightened completely. The bolts should be tightened again after waiting 1/2 hour or longer in order to compensate for gasket relaxation.
Bolting
Using bolting at least as strong as those listed by ASME B16.5 as having intermediate strength such as strain hardened stainless steel and ASTM A193 Gr B7M is recommended for any Therminol service. Using high strength bolting such as ASTM A193 Gr B7 is recommended when the high strength bolting will meet corrosion and operating temperature requirements. High strength bolting is especially valuable for use with hard gaskets such as spiral wound and ring joint.
Flanges
For custom designed flanges, such as those in pump casings and body flanges for heat exchangers and pressure vessels, using recognized rules for design such as those shown in Appendix 2, Section VIII, Division 1 of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel (BPV) Code is recommended. For ASME B16.5 flanges, recommendations are based on expected operating conditions. For operating temperatures above 350F (175C), and for systems which have an operating temperature range of 300F (170C), Class 300 flanges are recommended. For other systems, Class 150 flanges are recommended. The recommended temperatures are somewhat arbitrary, but they are based on experience with the leak tightness of these flanges in Therminol service. Factors affecting the leak performance of the lighter Class 150 flanges include the ability of the lighter bolting to effectively seal the gaskets and the ability of the flange to withstand external moments in the piping system.
TM
3.1
Bolted Joints
Gaskets
Flexible graphite reinforced in a number of different ways is recommended for use as gaskets in Therminol service. Some fiber reinforced rubber bound gaskets, especially compressed asbestos gaskets, have proven to perform satisfactorily, but are not recommended because the flexible graphite materials have been shown to perform much better. Gaskets for Custom Designed Flanges These joints can be designed to handle virtually any of the gaskets. For non-circular gaskets such as for pump casings and some valve bonnet gaskets, foil inserted flexible graphite is probably the best choice. This gasket can be cut in the field and has seating requirements similar to other sheet gaskets. For circular gaskets, including heat exchanger gaskets with pass partitions, any of the following gaskets can be used: Foil Inserted Flexible Graphite UCAR CARBON Grade GHR, flat 0.002 in. (0.05 mm) thick 316 stainless steel insert with flexible graphite adhesively bonded on each side. Can be cut in the field. Flimsy and hard to handle when larger than 20 in. (500 mm). Tang Metal Inserted Flexible Graphite UCAR CARBON Grade GHE, perforated tang 0.004 in. (0.10 mm) thick 316 stainless steel insert with flexible graphite mechanically bonded to each side. Cannot be cut in the field. Flimsy and hard to handle when larger than 30 in. (750 mm). Corrugated Metal Inserted Flexible Graphite MARINE & PETROLEUM MFG. INC. Graphonic, corrugated 0.026 in. (0.66 mm) thick carbon steel or stainless steel insert with flexible graphite adhesively bonded to each side. Custom fabricated. Easier to handle in the larger diameters. Requires the lowest seating stress. Flexible Graphite Filled Spiral Wound Manufactured to API Standard 601 or ASME B16.20 by a number of manufacturers, alternate windings of metal and flexible graphite. Custom fabricated. Easier to handle in the larger diameters, but may unwind when handling sizes larger than 40 in. (1 m). Spring action of metal windings makes joint able to withstand small joint movements without leaks. Requires higher seating stresses.
TM
3.2
Bolted Joints
Gaskets (Continued)
Double Jacketed with Flexible Graphite Tape Applied to Seating Surfaces Manufactured to API Standard 601 or ASME B16.20 by a number of manufacturers, a non-metallic filling encased in metal. Graphite tape is applied to improve sealing. Easier to handle in the larger sizes. Requires the highest seating stress. Gaskets for Class 150 Flanges The metal inserted flexible graphite gaskets are recommended. These gaskets have lower seating stresses, and a proper seal can be obtained with the more lightly bolted Class 150 flanges. Gaskets for Class 300 Flanges The flexible graphite filled spiral wound gaskets are recommended. These gaskets require the bolts to be tightened more in order to properly seat the gasket, but the tighter bolts, along with the spring action of the gasket, make the joint more resistant to leakage when it is subjected to external moments. Ring joint gaskets will also perform well with Class 150 flanges, but the gaskets and flanges with ring grooves result in a more expensive joint. Spiral wound gaskets should be tightened until the raised face portion of the flange comes in contact with the centering ring on the gasket. The joint tightness can be checked visually, with the aid of a feeler gage when necessary. When the visual method of judging joint tightness is not satisfactory, tightness can be judged by bolt tension. Bolting should be tightened until the bolts reach about 30,000 psi (200 MPa). Bolt tension can be judged, with a significant error in accuracy, by the use of bolt torque measurements on well lubricated nuts as shown in the table below: Stud Size (inch) 1/2 5/8 3/4 7/8 1 1-1/8 1-1/4 1-3/8 1-1/2 Minimum Torque (ft-lb) 30 60 100 160 245 355 500 680 800
TM
3.3
Bolted Joints
Gasket Manufacturers
A partial list showing the full name and location of gasket manufacturers is provided at our website, www.therminol.com.
TM
3.4
Pumps and Seals

Pump Selection
The conventional high temperature pump is a horizontal frame, centerline supported centrifugal with a mechanical seal. Some fluid leakage at the seal is common. For those applications where the small leakage is undesirable, consider the use of a double mechanical seal or using canned pumps. Small flow rates (100 gpm or less) are frequently handled using positive displacement pumps. Therminol services can be handled with properly applied sealless pumps. Either canned motor or magnet drive type can be used and the considerations for the application are essentially the same. Other than hydraulics, sealless pump application must consider heat and temperature, pressures and operations in more detail than for a mechanically sealed pump. Since the fluid being pumped in both designs is used to cool and lubricate the pump sleeve bearings (carbon and/or silicon carbide materials are generally used) and remove heat generated by motor stator magnetic drive inefficiency losses, the impact of that added heat needs to be assessed relative to the vapor pressure of the pumped fluid. The pump manufacturer should be consulted as to the amount of heat added for the specific range of operating conditions. The temperature at which the fluid is pumped will impact the need for cooling for both designs, the stator insulation class and stator fill material for canned motor designs, and the magnet material type and power rating for magnet drive designs. Either design can be furnished for a wide range of pressures. For sealless pumps consideration needs to be given to the need for pressure containment outside the containment can should the can rupture. Because the pump bearings are lubricated by the pumped fluid, special operating attention and instrumentation is needed to assure a reliable application of sealless pumps. Potential to run the pump dry, at too low a flow to remove the heat, variations in fluid properties such as vapor pressure and viscosity over the range of operation, solid materials in the system, etc. all need to be addressed. Start-up and shutdown in particular require consideration. Sealless pumps have been successfully applied in Therminol services at temperatures over 600F. To assure a good application and installation it is essential to involve the end use (operations considerations), Therminol sales and technical service (fluid properties), and the pump manufacturer (heat generation and removal) at the design stage.
TM
4.1
Pump Selection and Pump Manufacturers
Pump Manufacturers
A partial list showing the full name and location of pump manufacturers is provided at our website, www.therminol.com.
TM
4.2
Mechanical Seals
Mechanical seals in high temperature heating systems are universally preferred for rotary equipment. Even though the state-of-the-art of mechanical seal application has progressed greatly in recent years, seal failure still occurs. Certain conditions within a high temperature heating system will increase the incidence of seal failure. The most critical conditions are heat, pressure, corrosion, cavitation and product characteristics. Therminol heat transfer fluids can affect, or be affected by, these conditions. Other conditions, such as particle debris, shaft deflection, bearing wear, vibration and poor installation, also can affect the life of a seal. These problems, however, are usually minimized by proper pump selection for the intended service, careful installation and proper maintenance.
Heat
Excessive temperature at the mechanical seal face usually leads to premature failure. The seal environment should not normally exceed 300F for most heat transfer fluid applications, including the Therminol fluids. Common seal face materials, such as carbon, Stellite, tungsten carbide and silicon carbide require some fluid film lubrication. High temperatures decrease lubricity, and the resulting friction and heat build-up can promote abnormal face wear. Therminol heat transfer fluids generally provide adequate lubricating characteristics below 300F. Excessive temperatures also vaporize fluid at the seal face resulting in no lubrication and/or mechanical damage to face materials, such as carbon. Therminol heat transfer fluids are low vapor pressure, high boiling compounds that normally do not vaporize over their use range. Some thermal decomposition products of Therminol head transfer fluids, however, are lower boiling components and could cause vaporization conditions at the seal face. Dead-ended stuffing boxes provide little chance for fluid circulation. They frequently collect abrasive or corrosive system dirt, as well as heat, that can damage the seal faces. In addition to stuffing box and seal gland cooling to control seal temperatures, many pump suppliers offer a seal flush system that provides a cooled, filtered supply of the pumped fluid. Flush systems minimize mechanical seal face wear and particle debris accumulation on flex metal bellows in many high temperature applications. Flush systems should be considered where Therminol heat transfer fluids are used. A secondary seal with a vent and drain gland fixture outside the primary seal generally is effective in collecting leakage that may occur, offers a gland for inert gas blanketing, and provides seal protection in case of primary seal failure. Inert gas blanketing of a steam quench helps in preventing carburized material from forming on the outside of the seal faces resulting in longer seal life.
Pressure
Hydraulic seal face loading depends on the stuffing box pressure and the type of seal used. Generally, a single, inside, unbalanced or partially balanced seal is used in high temperature Therminol heat transfer fluid applications. Excessive face pressure, either hydraulic or installation imposed, can reduce face lubrication, increase frictional heat build-up, and cause face distortion resulting in reduced seal face life. Pressure surges and hydraulic shock created by automatic valving within the system also can reduce seal life. While this is not a common problem, proper valve selection and system hydraulics operation generally decreases this type of overload on the seal faces.
TM
4.3
Mechanical Seals
Corrosion
Some heat transfer fluids may create through decomposition or contamination a corrosive environment at the mechanical seal. Therminol heat transfer fluids normally do not create corrosive conditions within the heating system. And, even though most heating fluids are miscible when combined, certain chemical incompatibilities can result in a corrosive environment. Acidic conditions can form acidic metal salts. These can be abrasive to seal faces in the latent environment of a dead-ended pump stuffing box. The seal flush mentioned above also can be effective in minimizing excessive seal wear by removing harmful corrosive deposits. The seal flush has prevented particulates from centrifuging in the seal face area and avoided seal lift off and resulting leakage.
Cavitation
Cavitation the formation and collapse of vapor pockets from fluid near its vapor point or from low boiling components in the fluid normally does not have a direct impact on mechanical seals. Frequent or continuous cavitation at the pump can cause pressure variation (discussed above), shaft deflection, vibration or mechanical shock that will damage seal components. An effect similar to cavitation entrained gases or rapid liquid to vapor phase change can produce chattering on the seal, causing face damage and leakage. System design, with attention to Net Positive Suction Head requirements, usually corrects cavitation problems. Many heat transfer fluids form lower boiling components on thermal or oxidative decomposition that can result in cavitation conditions. Therminol heat transfer fluids can form low boilers from thermal damage. Venting a slip stream of pumped fluid to a nitrogen or CO2 inert, vented expansion tank generally will relieve low boilers from the fluid. Any vented material should be collected for proper, non-polluting disposal. Inerting usually prevents oxidation damage to the fluid during venting operation. The seal flush system continuously vents the stuffing box and cools the seal area with filtered fluid.
TM
4.4
Mechanical Seals
Product Characteristics
Mechanical seal performance can be affected by certain characteristics of the heat transfer fluid, such as system dirt pick-up, decomposition products, chemical compatibility, sludge formation, oxidation resistance, vapor pressure and lubricity. Abrasive particles are a major contributing factor to seal failure, particularly particles under 200 mesh size. These particles include: thermal decomposition products, such as salts, oxides and tars; carbonaceous oxidation products from certain types of fluids; dirt from the environment external to the seal; or combinations of these. Rust and scale usually found in the pipework are loosened frequently by heat transfer fluids and circulated throughout the system. Filtration through a glass string-wound filter in a side stream operation usually effectively removes the particles. Decomposition products from some fluids can create conditions detrimental to seal performance. For example, highly acidic decomposition products not only catalyze further fluid decomposition, but also establish the corrosive seal environment discussed earlier. Oxidation products from many fluids develop into abrasive carbonaceous deposits that can seriously affect seal face wear. Air contact should be minimized with those fluids with oxidative instability. Cold or inerted (nitrogen) expansion tanks generally reduce oxidation problems and potential seal problems from oxidation residues. Some fluids may be chemically incompatible with one another in heating applications. Certainly, any change of heating fluid or top up with another fluid should be evaluated thoroughly to preclude seal and other system problems. Most heat transfer fluids can form high boilers and tars on thermal decomposition. These tars are sludge-like and abrasive to the seal faces. This sludge-like deposit has been observed as an uneven coating on mating seal faces which prevents sealing of the surfaces and results in leakage. Most Therminol heat transfer fluids are low vapor pressure, high boiling compounds. Vaporization of the fluid is not expected under conditions of proper pump selection and operation. Low boilers of Therminol heat transfer fluids occasionally develop from over-heating or excessive oxidation. Venting the system, as discussed under Cavitation, generally resolves this problem. Attention should be given to operating conditions that might bring about low boiler formation, such as air contact, over-heating and process leakage contamination. Lubricity of clean Therminol heat transfer fluids usually is adequate for seal faces, even at seal environment temperatures above 300F. Some work on uncooled seal applications using improved face materials shows reasonable lubricity at pumped fluid temperatures approaching the fluid boiling point within 75F fluctuation. Seal environment temperatures, however, should be maintained below 300F for long-term service. Virtually all heat transfer fluid systems generate dirt or debris that can affect seal performance. The mechanical seal or pump supplier should be contacted to determine how seal failures can be minimized. In summary, a clean and cool mechanical seal environment is a prerequisite to satisfactory seal service in high temperature heating systems. As a heat transfer fluid supplier, we welcome the opportunity to work with you and your seal or pump supplier on application of the Therminol heat transfer fluids.
TM
4.5
Mechanical Seals
Mechanical Seal Manufacturers

A partial list showing the full name and location of mechanical seal manufacturers is provided at our website, www.therminol.com.
TM
4.6
Insulation Designs to Reduce Fire Hazard

Insulation systems can be designed to minimize fire problems in the event of fluid leakage. Fires have occurred in insulation materials that have been soaked with heating fluids at apparent temperatures of 500-600F, which is well below the auto-ignition temperature of most commercial heating fluids. Tests indicate that magnesia, calcium silicate and silicate-bonded asbestos insulations are subject to this problem. While the exact mechanism by which such fires occur is not fully understood, the most probable explanation is that a slow exothermal oxidation reaction between hydrocarbon-type heating fluids and air inside the voids of the insulation starts at about 500F. Such a reaction is believed to occur for these reasons: The combination of the large heating fluid surface exposed on the insulation fibers Poor heat dissipation conditions The formation of low flash point oxidation products Temperature build-up in the saturated insulation mass, causing material ignition when exposed to air Fires such as these have been reported from time to time in heat transfer systems. Calcium silicate, asbestos and magnesium oxide insulation can absorb almost their original weight of leaking fluid. This saturation, when spread over the large surface area within the insulation at high temperature, can cause fluid oxidation and the formation of lower boiling, more combustible, decomposition products. Then the fluid within the insulation system can ignite. An alternate insulation, cellular glass, resists saturation by the heat transfer fluid and, therefore, may be a safer insulation to use. Cellular glass normally is more costly for most applications because of its higher installation cost and its tendency to crack when thermally shocked. The use of cellular glass insulation does not ensure that insulation fires will not develop, but the amount of fluid that can be absorbed by the insulation system and be oxidized is reduced greatly. The following suggestions may help minimize the fire hazard potential in insulation systems: Install and maintain a leakfree piping system when combustible heat transfer fluids are being used. Reduce the number of flanges in initial system design. Use suggested piping specifications. If a leak develops, remove the insulation, contain and control the fluid until the leak can be repaired. On horizontal runs of pipe with welded joints and proper flange fittings, use the standard high temperature insulation, such as calcium silicate, magnesium oxide, etc. On vertical runs of lines where occasional leak sources can develop at flanges and valves, install protective, tightfitting caps below flanges and valves to divert any fluid leakage to the outside of the insulation. Install valve stems horizontally so that any stem leakage does not enter the insulation. On those sections of lines where control valves and instrument fittings are attached and where leaks are a potential problem, install cellular glass insulation or metal shielded insulation to minimize or eliminate any fluid saturation of the insulation system. Consult your insulation supplier and insurance company for suggestions on reducing fire hazards.
TM
5.1
Fuel Fired Heater, Electric Heater, and Chiller Manufacturers

A partial list showing the full name and location of fuel fired heater, electric heater and chiller manufacturers is provided at our website, www.therminol.com.
TM
6.1
System Designers
A partial list showing the full name and location of system designers manufacturers is provided at our website, www.therminol.com.
TM
7.1

Systems Design Data

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Systems Design Des Data

SYSTEMS DESIGN DATA

Piping System Specifications

Piping System Specifications

More Blow-out Resistant

Less Blow-out Resistant

Piping System Specifications

Cost/Delivery for Cold Services

Copper 325F to 350F

Class 150 Stainless Steel 325F to 350F

Fire Resistance Required?

Lowest Operating Temperature Greater than 20F (30C)

Lowest Operating Temperature Greater than 50F (45C)

Yes Yes Yes

Class 150 Low Alloy Steel 150F to 350F

Operating Temperature Less Than 350F (175C)

Operating Temperature Range Less Than 300F (150C)

Class 150 Impact Tested CS 50F to 350F

Class 150 Carbon Steel 20F to 350F

Lowest Operating Temperature Greater than 50F (45C)

Class 300 Stainless Steel 325F to 750F

Class 300 Low Alloy Steel 150F to 750F

Class 300 Impact Tested CS 50F to 750F

Guide for Selecting Piping System Specifications (PSS)

Class 300 Carbon Steel 20F to 750F

Piping System Specifications

Tube Fittings Flanged Joint Gaskets

1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2

Piping System Specifications/Temperature Ranges

Class 150 Flanged Joint

Maximum Internal Pressure, psig

0 150 200 250 300 350

Corrosion Allowance 0.000 Inches

Table 1 Branch Construction

ST Solder Joint Tee

Piping System Specifications

Pipe Nipples Fittings

4 Gaskets Bolts 1/2 1/2

Piping System Specifications/Temperature Ranges

Class 1 50 Flanged Joint

Maximum Internal Pressure, psig

NPS and 8 larger pipe and fittings

0 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

Corrosion Allowance 0.060 Inches

Table 1 Branch Construction

Maximum Internal Gage Pressure, bar

Piping System Specifications

Piping System Specifications/Temperature Ranges

Class 150 Flanged Joint

0 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

Corrosion Allowance 0.060 Inches

Table 1 Branch Construction

SW Welding Outlet Socketweld Tee

Maximum Internal Gage Pressure, bar

Maximum Internal Pressure, psig

Piping System Specifications

Piping System Specifications/Temperature Ranges

Class 150 Flanged Joint

0 150 200 250 300 350

Corrosion Allowance 0.060 Inches

Table 1 Branch Construction

SW Welding Outlet Socketweld Tee