Exercise 19 Principal Stresses, Stress Intensity, and von Mises Stress

Exercise 19
Principal Stress, Stress Intensity, and von Mises Stress
19-1 Introduction
We have introduced the denitions of stresses, one of the most important concepts in studying Mechanics of Materials. Why are stresses so important? An obvious reason is that a material may fail at a location when the stress at that location reaches a certain critical stress value.

Ductile versus Brittle Materials

We usually conduct a uniaxial tensile test and plot a stress-strain relation such as 16-3[7] to determine the critical stress value. According to the type of stress-strain relation, we may classify materials into two categories: ductile materials and brittle materials. For a ductile material [1], the material exhibits a large amount of strain before it fractures [2] while, for a brittle material [3], the material's fracture strain is relatively small [4]. Fracture strain is a measure of ductility. There are essential differences between these two types of materials, namely failure points and failure types. [5] Yield point.

y
Stress [1] Ductile material. [2] Fracture point.

f
Stress

[4] Fracture point.

[3] Brittle material. Strain

Strain

Failure Point:Yield Point or Fracture Point?

Mild steel is a typical ductile material. For ductile materials, there often exists an obvious yield point [5], beyond which the deformation would be too large so that the material is no longer reliable or functional; the failure is accompanied by excess deformation. Therefore, for ductile material, we are most concerned about whether the material reaches the yield point. In a uniaxial tensile test, the yield point is characterized by a yield stress y [5]. This is the critical stress we want to compare with. But, with which stress we want to compare? X ? Y ? Z ? XY ? YZ ? ZX ?
Cast iron and ceramics are two examples of brittle materials. For brittle materials, there usually exist no obvious yield point, and we are concerned about the fracture point. In a uniaxial tensile test, the fracture point is characterized by a fracture stress f [4]. This is the critical stress we want to compare with. But, again, with which stress we want to compare? X ? Y ? Z ? XY ? YZ ? ZX ?

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Failure Type: Tensile Failure or Shear Failure?

The fracture of brittle materials is mostly due to tensile failure; the yielding of ductile materials is mostly due to shear failure. The tensile failure of brittle material is easier to understand, because the failure always occurs after cracking, which is due to tensile stresses. Note that in a compressive test of concretes, which is a brittle material, the cracking of concrete is due to tensile stresses, not compressive stresses; compressive stresses seldom cause a material failure. The shear failure of ductile materials can be justied in a standard uniaxial tensile test, in which the failure is accompanied by a necking process and a cone-shape breaking surface. It is important to note that a material may fail due to a mix-up of both mechanisms.

Principal Stresses
In Exercise 18, we've constructed a Mohr's circle for a special case, namely plane stress state (18-3). The concepts can be extended to a general case. In general, it is possible to set up a local coordinate system (X-Y-Z) such that all shear stress components vanish ( XY = YZ = ZX = 0 ), and, among three of the normal stresses ( X , Y , Z ), one of them reaches a maximum and another of them reaches a minimum. These three normal stresses are called the principal stresses of the stress state, and the corresponding three axes are called principal axes. The maximum principal stress is denoted by 1 , the middle principal stresses by 2 , and the minimum principal stresses by 3 . These quantities can be reported from simulation results.

Failure Criterion for Brittle Materials

As mentioned, the failure of brittle materials is due to fracture (rather than yielding) and the fracture is in turn due to an excessive tensile stress. Therefore, we may state a failure criterion for brittle materials as follows. At a certain point of a body, if the maximum principal stress reaches the fracture tensile strength f (which may be obtained from a uniaxial tensile test) of the material, it will fail. In short, a point of material fails if

1 f

(1)

Maximum Shear Criterion for Ductile Materials

Also mentioned, the failure of ductile materials is initiated by a yielding and the yielding is in turn due to an excessive shear stress. Therefore, we may state a failure criterion for ductile materials as follows. At a certain point of a body, if the maximum shear stress reaches the yielding shear stress y of the material, it will fail. In short, a point of material fails if

max y

(2)

The left-hand-side max can be reported from simulation results. The right-hand-side y can be obtained from a uniaxial tensile test. In a uniaxial tensile test, when the yielding occurs, the stress state is as shown [6-8], therefore

y =

y
2

(3)

and Eq. (2) can be written as

max

y
2

(4)

Exercise 19 Principal Stresses, Stress Intensity, and von Mises Stress

[6] Mohr's circle (stress state) in a uniaxial tensile test when the yielding occurs.

[8] The maximum shear stress is called the yielding shear strength.

( y , 0)

(0, 0)

( y , 0)

( y , 0)

[7] The maximum normal stress is called the yield strength.

Tresca Criterion for Ductile Materials

It is easy to show that, for any stress state,

max =

1 3
2

(5)

Substitution of (5) into (4) yields
or

1 3 y
2 2 1 3 y

(6)

The quantity on the left-hand-side (1 3 ) is called the stress intensity, which the Workbench can report for you on your request. The criterion (6) is called the Tresca Criterion, rst proposed by Henri Tresca (1814-1885), a French mechanical engineer, in 1864.

Von Mises Criterion for Ductile Materials

Criteria (4) or (6) are not accurate enough for predicting the yielding of many ductile materials, particularly, metals. A more sophisticated theory, called von Mises criterion, often predicts yielding of metals more accurately than criteria (4) or (6). The von Mises theory is also based on shear failure, but derived from an energy consideration. The von Mises criterion states that a material will begin to yield if its deviatoric strain energy excesses a certain criterion. A detailed account of the theory will be presented after we introduce the notion of strain energy. Here, we simply state the criterion as follows: a point of material yields if 1 2 1 2

) + (
2

) + (
2

2 1 y

(7)

The quantity on the left-hand-side is called von Mises stress and is denoted by e ; In ANSYS it is also referred to as equivalent stress, 1 2 1 2

e =

) + (
2

) + (
2

2 1

(8)

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Which Criterion to Use?

For a brittle material, we usually use the maximum principal stress criterion (1). For a ductile material, the maximum shear stress criterion (4), or equivalently Tresca criterion (6), or von Mises criterion (7) can be used. As a general rule, you should use the one that most accurately predicts the yielding of the material; that usually depends on the material type. Many experiments shows that von Mises criterion (7) is the best among these criteria in predicting the yielding of ductile metals.

Purpose of this Exercise

In this exercise, we'll continue Exercise 18. We'll insert result objects and evaluate the principal stresses, the maximum shear stress, the stress intensity, and the von Mises stress at the origin of <Local Coordinate System>. Note that these stresses are independent of rotation of the coordinate system.
It should be noted that the material used in the C-bar is structural steel; it has a yield strength of 250 MPa and a fracture strength (also called an ultimate tensile strength) of 460 MPa. A structural steel is classied as a ductile material.
The principal stresses, from 18-10[3], are

1 = 37.326 MPa
2 = 0.29805 MPa
3 = 5.1372 MPa

(9) (10) (11)

The maximum shear stress, from 18-10[6], is

max = 21.232 MPa

(12)

The stress intensity is

1 3 = 37.326 ( 5.1372) = 42.463 MPa

(13)

The von Mises stress is

e =


=

1 2 1 2

( (

) + (
2

) + (
2

2 1

2 2 2 1 37.326 + 0.29805 + 0.29805 + 5.1372 + 5.1372 37.326
2 = 40.262 MPa

) (

) (

(14)

Exercise 19 Principal Stresses, Stress Intensity, and von Mises Stress

19-2 Start Up

[2] Open the project "CBar," saved in Exercise 18.

[3] Double-click <Model> to start up <Mechanical>. [1] Launch <Workbench>

19-3 Insert Result Objects

[1] With <Solution> highlighted, insert these six result objects respectively.

[2] The inserted result objects.

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19-4 View the Results

[1] Click <Solve>.

[2] Highlight <Maximum Principal Stress> to view the maximum principal stresses.

[3] Highlight <Maximum Shear Stress> to view the maximum shear stresses.

[4] Highlight <Stress Intensity> to view the stress intensities.

[5] Highlight <Equivalent Stress> to view the von Mises stresses.

Exercise 19 Principal Stresses, Stress Intensity, and von Mises Stress

19-5 Re-scope the Result Objects

[1] Select all six objects and rightclick-select <Clear Generated Data>. This cleans up the results.

[2] After clearing up, the objects turn to yellow thunders.

[3] Select <Path> for <Scoping Method>.

[5] Click <Solve>.

19-6 View the Results

[4] Select <Path-Y>. Note that, without clearing data, Workbench prohibits you to redene the scope.

[1] Highlight <Maximum Principal Stress>. The numerical value is consistent with that in Eq. 19-1(9).

[2] Highlight <Middle Principal Stress>. The numerical value is consistent with that in Eq. 19-1(10).

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[3] Highlight <Minimum Principal Stress>. The numerical value is consistent with that in Eq. 19-1(11).

[4] Highlight <Maximum shear Stress>. The numerical value is consistent with that in Eq. 19-1(12).

[5] Highlight <Stress Intensity>. The numerical value is consistent with that in Eq. 19-1(13).

[6] Highlight <Equivalent Stress>. The numerical value is consistent with that in Eq. 19-1(14).

Wrap Up

Close <Mechanical>, save the project, and exit Workbench.