PRACTICUM MODULE ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

HIGH VOLTAGE AND ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT LABORATORY ELECTRIC ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT ENGINEERING FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA DEPOK 2012

Electrical Circuit Experiment

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EXPERIMENT I ELECTRICITY BASIC, LINEARITY MESH AND NODE ANALYSIS

I. PURPOSE

1. Practitioner can define electrity, current, and voltage 2. Practitioner can investigate a linear circuit 3. Practitioner can use Mesh and Node analysis in solving electrical circuit problem 4. Practitioner can simplify the solution equation of voltage and current in electrical circuit

II. BASIC THEORY

II.1 Linearity Linear circuit can be formed from independent source, linear independent source and linear element. The value of voltage applied in some linear electrity circuit will be proportional with the value of the the circuits current.

II.2 Mesh Analysis

In using mesh analysis, first we must note some things : 1. The active element being used is voltage source 2. The passive element being used is impedance 3. Using Ohms law and the seccond kirchoffs law 4. Used to determine the value of current in closed loop circuit 5. Making voltage equation

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Electrical Circuit Experiment How to get a Mesh Equation : 1. Determine the value of every element and source 2. Make a mesh current ( clockwise/counter-clokwise ) on every mesh

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3. If the circuit have only voltage source, use kirchoffs voltage law on every mesh 4. If the circuit have current source, for a while, change the circuit with the current source become open circuit. With those determined value of current, use the the second kirchoffs law for every mesh or super mesh in this circuit.

II.3 Node Analysis In using Node analysis, first we must note some things: 1. The active element being used is current source 2. The passive element being used is impedance 3. Using Ohms law and the first kirchoffs law 4. Used to determine the value of voltage in closed loop circuit 5. Making current equation How to get a node equation : 1. Determine the value of every element and source 2. Pick one node as a reference. Write node voltage on every node which the value measured against reference . 3. If the circuit have only current source, use the first kircoffs law on every nonreference node 4. If the circuit have voltage source, for a while change the with the voltage source become short circuit. Using the voltage node to the determied reference node, use the first kirchoffs law on every node or super node in this changed circuit

III. EQUIPMENT 1. DC Current Source 2. DC Voltmeter 3. Amperemeter 4. Resistance o 10 ohms = 1 unit 2 High Voltage and Electrical Measurement Laboratory = 1 unit = 3 units = 2 units

Electrical Circuit Experiment o 12 ohms o 100 ohms o 160 ohms o 880 ohm 5. Connecting wires IV. EXPERIMENTS CIRCUIT = 1 unit = 1 unit = 1 unit = 1 unit

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V. PROCEDURE V.1 Mesh Analysis 1. Make a circuit like the circuit shown above 2. Record the voltage value of V1, V2, V3 and the current value of A1, A2 for the value of every current source V.2 Node Analysis 1. Make a circuit like the circuit shown above 2. Take off the 880 Ohms resistance from the circuit 3. Record the voltage value of V1, V2, V3 and the current value of A1, A2 for the value of every current source

VI. QUESTION AND ASSIGNMENT VI.1 Linearity 1. Plot a chart V(t) vs I(t) based on the experiment using milimeter block

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Electrical Circuit Experiment VI.1 Mesh Analysis 1.

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Determine the value of I1 and I2 using mesh analysis for every change of voltage measured on V1 Find the measurements error for every change of voltage measured on V1 and determine the average error

2.

3.

Plot a chart of V1 against V2, V3, A1, A2, and write down the equation of the chart

VI.2 Node Analysis 1. Determine the value of V1, V2, and V3 using mesh analysis for every change of current sources value 2. Find the measurements error for every change of current sources value and determine the average error 3. Plot a chart of the value of current source against V1, V2, V3, A1, A2, and write down the equation of the chart

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EXPERIMENT II SUPERPOSITION, THEVENIN AND NORTON ANALYSIS I. PURPOSE

1. Determine the value of voltage in an electrical circuit if theres more than one voltage source 2. Verify the Thevenin and Norton Theorem in an electrical circuit 3. Simplify the equation of voltage and current from an electrical circuit

II. BASIC THEORY

II.1 Superposition In every linear circuit which contain some sources, the value of current or voltage passing through every resistance or source can be measured by doing an algebra addition from every voltage or current which is produced from every independent source working on itselves, with every other independent source changed. Short circuit for voltage source and open circuit for current source.

II.2. Thevenin Theorem

i(t)

NA

NB

Image 1

NA : Circuit contain active and passive element NB : Circuit contain only passive element

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Electrical Circuit Experiment Current i(t) flows from NA to NB

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1. Apply a voltage source V(t) which the magnitude will make there will be no current flows from NA to NB

+ V(t) NA

1 1' NB

Image 2 .

2. i(t) = 0 means NA and Nb can be broken of on terminal 1 1 3. The voltage equation on 1 1in open circuit condition : -V1-1 + V(t) = 0 V(t) = V1-1 4. V1-1 is the voltage of the open circuit 5. Measure V(t) = V1-1 6. Reverse the polarity of V(t) and erase every current and volage source on NA 7. Then from NA to NB current i(t) flows as before

II.3. Norton Theorem 1. Apply current source as shown as image 3 which the magnitude ig is the same as i(t) and there wont be current flows to NB
1 NA i(t) ig 1'
Image 3

NB

2. This means i(t) = ig. Circuit is being shorted on port 1-1. NA and NB can be taken off at 11.

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Electrical Circuit Experiment

1 NA i(t) NB 1'

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image 4 3. Measure the short circuits current ig 4. Reverse the polarity of ig and erase every active element on NA 5. Then current i(t) will flow from NA to NB as before
1 NA i(t) ig 1'
image 5

NB

III. EQUIPMENT
1. DC Voltage Source 2. DC Voltmeter 3. Amperemeter 4. Connecting Wires 5. Resistance o 880 ohms o 40 ohms = 3 units = 1 unit = 3 units = 2 units

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IV.

CIRCUIT EXPERIMENT

IV.1. Thevenin Theorem

Image 6

IV.2. Norton Theorem

1 R1 R2 A2 2 R3
S1

A1

RL

Vs 2

Image 7

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V.

PROCEDURE

V.1. Thevenin Theorem

1. Make a circuit as shown as image 6 2. Apply S1 at position 1 then close S2. Record the voltage of Va and the close loop current IL. Repeat for every different voltage source value 3. Drop the voltage source magnitude to 0 4. Open S2 then apply voltmeter as shown as Voc on image 6. Record Voc and repeat for every voltage source value the same as point 2 5. Drop the voltage source magnitude to 0 6. Apply S1 at position then apply voltmeter as shown as VTH on image 6. Record current IL and repeat for every voltage source value the same as point 2

V.2. Norton Theorem

1. Make a circuit as shown as image 7 2. Apply S1 at position 1. record Vs and load current IL (A2) close loop. Repeat for differen value of Vs 3. Close S2. Measure the short circuit current Isc (A1) with Vs the same as point 2. 4. Turn power supply at 0 magnitude. Open S2 and move S1 on position 2. Set the power supply at the current supply. Reverse the polarity of the amperemeter A1 and record the load current IL (A2) for the same current (A1) at point 4.

VI.

QUESTION AND ASSIGNMENT

VI.1. Thevenin Theorem 1. Is the load current at point V.1.2 dan V.1.6 has the same value ? Explain ! 2. In condition still the same circuit, does IL in point V.1.6 can be made two times IL in point V.1.2 ? jelaskan!

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3. Compare the measurement Voc with the real calculation ? determine the percent error! 4. Give your conclusion!

VI.2. Norton Theorem

1. Does the load current IL in V.2.2 dan V.2.4 has the same value ? Explain! 2. Does the load current IL on experiment norton and thevenin has the same value for the same Voltage source ? Explain! 3. Compare the measurement Isc with the real calculation ! 4. Fing RTH from the experiment result and compare it with RTH real calculation result! Count the percent error ! 5. Plot a chart for Voc vs Isc on the same voltage source ! 6. Give your conclusion!

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EXPERIMENT III TWO PORT NETWORK

I. PURPOSE
1. Determine the impedance and admitance parameter from a two port network 2. Using the parameter to simplify and systematize network analysis with two linear node

II. BASIC THEORY

Two port network is generally portrayed as the image below :

+
V1

+
V2

Ia

Ib

Image 3.1

The analysis of a two port network is based on the connection between voltage and current at the networks terminal to get the networks parameter. Two port network parameter distinguished: a. Admitance parameter (Y) b. Impedance parameter (Z) c. Hybrid parameter (h) d. Transmission parameter (ABCD) e. Inverse-Transmission parameter f. Inverse-Hybrid parameter (g)

High Voltage and Electrical Measurement Laboratory

Ic Id

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Electrical Circuit Experiment Admitance parameter obtained by writing the current equation of the network

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I1 Y11V1 Y12V2 I 2 Y21V1 Y22V2 I1 I2 Y11 Y21 Y12 V1 Y22 V2

Impedance parameter obtained by writing the voltage equation of the network

V1 Z11 I1 Z12 I 2 V2 Z 21 I1 Z 22 I 2 V1 V2
III. EQUIPMENT
a. Power Supply b. DC Amperemeter ( 2 units ) c. DC Voltmeter ( 2 units ) d. Resistor e. Connecting wires

Z11 Z21

Z12 I1 Z22 I 2

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IV. EXPERIMENTS CIRCUIT

IV. 1 Admitance parameter

Image 4.2 IV.2 Impedance parameter

Image 4.3

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V. EXPERIMENTS PROCEDURE
V.1 Admitance Parameter 1. Make a circuit as shown on image 4.2 2. connect point B with R, and point S with P 3. Give voltage source on V1 and reverse the polarity of A2. 4. Turn on the Power Supply. Record I1s and I2s current for every inclining value of V1 5. Turn off the power supply 6. Connect point A with R and S with Q 7. Give voltage source on V2 and reverse the polarity of A1 and A2. 8. Turn on the Power Supply. Record I1s and I2s current for every inclining value of V2 9. Turn off the power supply

V.2 Impedance parameter 1. Make a circuit as shown on image 4.3 2. Give voltage source on V1 3. Turn on the Power Supply. 4. Record V1s and V2s voltage for every inclining value of I1 5. Turn off the power supply 6. Give voltage source on V2 7. Turn on the Power Supply. 8. Record V1s and V2s voltage for every inclining value of I1 9. Turn off the power supply

I.

QUESTION AND ASSIGNMENT

1. Define two port network ! 2. Explain why two port analysis is important in electrical circuit analysis ! 3. Make a hybrid, inverse hybrid, transmission, and inverse transmission from the experiment !

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EXPERIMENT IV AC NETWORK
I. PURPOSE
1. Analysing the difference of AC and DC 2. Analysing AC network 3. Analysing the character of active and passive element on AC network 4. Complete the equation of current and voltage from a circuit that has AC source 5. Practitioners can aplly the laplace equation on an electrical circuit with ac source

II.

BASIC THEORY
1. Alternating Current ( AC )

Scientifically, the definition of alternating current is a current that changes its value as time changes. Generally an AC chart is drawn as a sinusoidal graphic :

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Electrical Circuit Experiment 2. Inductor

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An inductor (also choke, coil, or reactor) is a passive two-terminal electrical component that stores energy in its magnetic field. Any conductor has inductance. An inductor is typically made of a wire or other conductor wound into a coil, to increase the magnetic field.When the current flowing through an inductor changes, a time-varying magnetic field is created inside the coil, and a voltage is induced, according to Faradays law of electromagnetic induction, which by Lenz's law opposes the change in current that created it.

3. Capacitor

A capacitor (originally known as condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store energy in an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator); for example, one common construction consists of metal foils separated by a thin layer of insulating film. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices. When there is a potential difference (voltage) across the conductors, a static electric field develops across the dielectric, causing positive charge to collect on one plate and negative charge on the other plate. Energy is stored in the electrostatic field. An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference between them.

III.

EQUIPMENT
1. AC Power Supply 2. Variable Capacitor 3. Variable Inductor 4. Resistor ( 1000 ohms ) = 2 units 5. Connecting Wires 6. AC Voltmeter 16

High Voltage and Electrical Measurement Laboratory

Electrical Circuit Experiment

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IV.

EXPERIMENTS CIRCUIT

V.

PROCEDURE
1. Make a circuit as shown on image above 2. Record the voltage measured on voltmeter 3. Repeat point 2 with different value of voltage source, inductance, and capacitance

VI.

QUESTION AND ASSIGNMENT

1) What happen if capacitor and inductor used in network that uses DC source ? Explain ! ( Theoritically ) 2) Find the function of time from the circuit using the second order analysis!

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EXPERIMENT V THREE PHASE NETWORK

A. Delta Network I. PURPOSE

1. Describe the network that is essential for delta three phase load network 2. Differentiate between symmetric load and asymmetric load. 3. Determine the value of current in assymetric delta three phase load network.

II.

BASIC THEORY

On electrical system, it generally uses three phase network on power transmission and distribution. Three phase network is chosen because the economical value and the electrical system optimization. Three phase network can be a delta network or wye network. In delta network, all three impedance at the load is series connected. The three phase network is connected each one with node between two resistors.
IL L1 IS R3 R1 L2 L3
Image 1

R2

If the value of all three resistance is the same, then it is called the symmetric load.if not, then it is called asymmetric load.

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III.

EXPERIMENTS EQUIPMENT:

1. Universal Power Supply/ Function Generator LM4501 2. Basic Unit SO4201-2C 3. Three Phase Circuits SO4201-6P 4. Connector SO5124-8F 5. Connector SO5126-6T 6. Connector SO5126-2W 7. Connector SO5126-7B

IV.

EXPERIMENTS NETWORK

IMAGE 2

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Electrical Circuit Experiment

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V. EXPERIMENT:

VOLTAGE AND CURRENT MEASUREMENT IN DELTA NETWORK

- Experiment A

Image 3

1. Make a circuit with R1 = R2 = R3 = 402 ohms (symmetric). 2. Measure the line current IL on the three phase network and the phase currrent Iph on the three phase resistor using multimeter 3. Compare the line current with the phase current.

- Experiment B
1. Move the R1 resistor to simulate disturbance. Measure the line current. Then move the R2 resistor and measure the line current 2. Continuing from point 1. Make R1 short circuit and measure the line current.

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- Experiment C

image 4

1. Make the circuit network asymmetric by connecting 680 ohms to R2 and 1200 ohms to R3, both in parallel 2. Measure the line current and phase current

B. WYE NETWORk
I. PURPOSE

1. Assemble and count parameter-parameter on wye network 2. Describe the network that is essential for delta three phase load network 3. Differentiate between symmetric load and asymmetric load. 4. Determine the value of compensation current on neutral-line.

II. BASIC THEORY

In Wye network, the ends of every resistance from each phase is connected in one point where theres a neutral line connected. And the other end of each phase from the load is connected to a line which current flows out or in (L1,L2,L3).

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Image 5

On three phase load, each of every front ends given notations U1, V1, and W1. While the other ends given notations U2, V2, and W2 (standard identification). Therefore, practically, for wye network, the connection can be ilustrated as the picture below :

Image 6

If the value of all three resistance is the same, then it is called the symmetric load.if not, then it is called asymmetric load.

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III. EXPERIMENT:

VOLTAGE AND CURRENT MEASUREMENT IN WYE NETWORK

- Experiment 1
a. Make a circuit like the image below, with R1 = R2 = R3 = 232 ohms (symmetric).

Image 7

b. c. d.

Using multimeter, measure the line current Il on each phase and neutral current, In. Using multimeter, measure the voltage current on each phase and each line. Using oscilloscope, measure the voltage of Ul, U2, and U3 and image it to the diagram

- Experiment 2
a. Make a circuit like the picture below, connect a 1200 ohms resistor to R3 in parallel and 680 ohms resistor to R1 in parallel

Image 8

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Electrical Circuit Experiment b.

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Measure the current of each phase, neutal line current, line voltage, and each phase voltage.

IV. QUESTION AND ASSIGNMENT:

A. Delta Network
1. Explain the connection between line current and phase current, and between line voltage and phase voltage ! ( on symmetric load ) 2. What are the consequences if one phase released from the circuit ? 3. What are the consequences if two phase released from the circuit? 4. What are the consequences if one line released from the circuit?

B. Wye Network 1. Explain the connection between line current and phase current, and between line voltage and phase voltage ! ( on symmetric load ) 2. What happen if on asmmetric load wye network the neutral line is released ? 3. Draw a phase vector diagram when the neutral line is released from the circuit!

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Electrical Circuit Experiment Reference

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- Johnson, David E. Electric Circuit Analysis.1997. Prentice Hall - Ramdhani, Mohammad. RANGKAIAN LISTRIK. 2008. Penerbit Erlangga - and other book

High Voltage and Electrical Measurement Laboratory Electrical Engineering Department Enginggering Faculty University of Indonesia 2012 25 High Voltage and Electrical Measurement Laboratory