Chemical For Consumer Form 5

Medicine
Name Class : : Quah Choong Ming 5 Science Puan Imah Binti Muda

Teachers name:

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Tandatangan Pelajar

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Tandatangan Guru

Introduction
Medicine is the applied science or practice of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease. It encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness in human beings.

Contemporary medicine applies health science, biomedical research, and medical technology to diagnose and treat injury and disease, typically through medication or surgery, but also through therapies as diverse as psychotherapy, external splints & traction, prostheses, biologics, ionizing radiation and others.

The word medicine is derived from the Latin ars medicina, meaning the art of healing.

Traditional medicine
Traditional medicine also known as Folk Medicine comprises knowledge systems that developed over generations within various societies before the era of modern medicine. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines traditional medicine as: "the health practices, approaches, knowledge and beliefs incorporating plant, animal and mineral-based medicines, spiritual therapies, manual techniques and exercises, applied singularly or in combination to treat, diagnose and prevent illnesses or maintain well-being."

Traditional medicine that is well-known in Malaysia

Common name
Aloe vera Betel Bitter gourd Clove Coconut Garlic Ginger

Local name
Lidah buaya Sireh Peria Bunga cenkuh Kelapa Bawang putih Halia

Scientific name
Sansevieria trifaciata Piper betle Momordica charantia Eugenua aromatic Cocos nicifen Allum sativum Zingiber officiniate

Uses
Sap used to relieve pain from burns Leaves relives sore eyes Fruit used to cure diabetes Relieves toothache Young coconut water reduces fever Reduce infection and hypertension Reduce inflammation and improves blood circulation and digestion Roots maintain good health Leaves relieve headaches and hair loss Seed used to deworm children Sap used to relieve skin rashes Juice of fruit reduce coughing Cures pimples

Ginseng Hibiscus Papaya Tamarind Turmeric

Ginseng Bunga raya Betik Asam Jawa Kunyit

Panax Hibicus rosa sinesis Carica papaya Tamarindus indicus Curcuma longa

Acupuncture
Acupuncture is a collection of procedures which involves the stimulation of points on the body using a variety of techniques, such as penetrating the skin with needles that are then manipulated manually or by electrical stimulation. It is one of the key components of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), and is among the oldest healing practices in the world. According to the traditional Chinese medicine approach, stimulating specific acupuncture points corrects imbalances in the flow of qi through channels known as meridians. Scientific investigation has not found any histological or physiological correlates for traditional Chinese concepts such as qi, meridians and acupuncture points, and some contemporary practitioners needle the body foregoing the traditional Chinese approach. Current research suggests that traditional forms of acupuncture are more effective than placebos in the relief of certain types of pain and post-operative nausea. Recent systematic reviews found that acupuncture also seems to be a promising treatment option for anxiety, sleep disturbances, and depression, but that further research is needed in these regards. Although minimally invasive, the puncturing of the skin with acupuncture needles poses problems when designing trials that adequately controls for placebo effects. A number of studies comparing traditional acupuncture to sham procedures found that both sham and traditional acupuncture were superior to usual care but were themselves equivalent; findings apparently at odds with traditional Chinese theories regarding acupuncture point specificity. Acupuncture's use for certain conditions has been endorsed by the United States National Institutes of Health, the National Health Service of the United Kingdom, the World Health Organization, and the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Some scientists have criticized these endorsements as being unduly credulous and not including objections to or criticisms of the research used to support acupuncture's effectiveness. There is general agreement that acupuncture is relatively safe when administered by licensed practitioners using sterile needles and carries a very low risk of serious adverse effects.

Acupuncture chart

Acupressure

Acupuncture needle

Modern Medicine
Modern medicines are chemicals that are extracted from plants and animals. They could also be synthetic chemical. They are manufactured from consumers. Only a doctor can prescribe some of them while some can be bought in any pharmacy.

Type of medicine Analgesics Antibiotics Psychotherapeutic medicine Steroid

Function Relieve pain Kill or inhibit growth of infectious bacteria Control symptoms of mental illness protein synthesis, promoting growth of muscles and bones and also relieve pain

Examples Aspirin, paracetamol, codeine Penicillin, streptomycin Stimulant, antidepressants, antipsychotic Anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone Prednisone

Side effect of medicine

Medicines can cause unwanted side effects. All kinds of medicines, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, herbal preparations, vitamins, and natural or herbal medicines can have sideeffects.

Steroid
Side Effects of Steroid Oral and injected corticosteroids (or simply steroids) are medications used to treat inflammation in the body. When taken in oral or injected forms, the route of administration is termed systemic. These medicines are used to treat a wide variety of diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and many other autoimmune diseases. Systemic steroids are also used to treat asthma attacks, and on occasion, severe allergic rhinitis symptoms. Examples include prednisone, methylprednisolone (Medrol dose pack), and injectable triamcinolone (Kenalog).

When people think about the side effects of steroids, they usually mean the side effects of systemic steroids. While systemic steroids are often necessary and lifesaving medicines needed to treat inflammation, they dont come without side effects. Most side effects are from short-term use; however, long-term use can lead to additional side effects. Short-Term Side Effects of Systemic Steroids Most people receive systemic steroids for only a few days at a time, and experience only temporary side effects. These may include an increase in appetite, difficulty sleeping (insomnia), changes in mood and behavior, flushing (redness) of the face, and short-term weight gain due to increased water retention. These side effects usually resolve after a few days once the steroids have been stopped.

People with underlying medical conditions might also notice other side effects. Those with diabetes mellitus may see an increase in their blood sugar readings; those with high blood pressure may see their blood pressure readings rise. People with glaucoma could have an increase of the pressures within their eyes; people with congestive heart failure may retain water and have worsening of this condition. For this reason, a person with any chronic underlying disease should be closely followed by their physician while taking systemic steroids. Long-Term Side Effects of Systemic Steroids When systemic steroids are used for long periods of time, or when steroids are taken on multiple occasions, more serious side effects may occur. It is for these reasons that the dose and duration of systemic steroids should be minimized whenever possible. Some side effects can be decreased by taking systemic steroids every other day instead of daily, even if the total dose is the same. Many of the side effects are reversible if the steroids are stopped, while other side effects may be permanent.

Side effects of long-term steroid use includes: Glaucoma Cataracts High-blood pressure Heart disease Diabetes mellitus Obesity Acid reflux/GERD Osteoporosis Myopathy Increase in certain types of infections Cushing syndrome

People taking long-term systemic steroids should be closely monitored for the above diseases, and should take medicines to prevent osteoporosis. These medicines may include supplemental calcium and vitamin D, along with medicines to prevent bone loss called bisphosphonates. Examples of bisphosphonates include alendronate (Fosamax), risedronate (Actonel) and ibandronate (Boniva). Frequent measuring of bone-mineral density should also be performed in people taking long-term systemic steroids.

Analgesics
Side Effects of Analgesics Simply put, analgesics are a class of drugs used to relieve pain. The pain relief induced by analgesics occurs either by blocking pain signals going to the brain or by interfering with the brain's interpretation of the signals, without producing anesthesia or loss of consciousness. There are basically two kinds of analgesics: nonnarcotics and narcotics.

It should be noted that some references include aspirin and other non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) in the class of analgesics, because they have some analgesic properties. Aspirin and NSAIDS primarily have an anti-inflammatory effect, as opposed to being solely analgesic. Non-Narcotic Analgesics

Acetaminophen is the most commonly used over-the-counter, non-narcotic analgesic. Acetaminophen is a popular pain-reliever because it is both effective for mild to moderate pain relief and relatively inexpensive. It must be emphasized though that the safety of acetaminophen is tied to proper use of the drug (use according to specific prescribing instructions). If acetaminophen is not used according to the directions on the label, serious side effects and possible fatal consequences can occur. For example, taking more than 4,000 mg/day or using it longterm can increase the risk of liver damage. The risk of liver damage with acetaminophen use is also increased by ingesting alcohol. Make sure you discuss with your doctor the maximum allowable dose of acetaminophen and any other guidelines for its use.

Many people do not realize that acetaminophen is found in more than 600 over-thecounter drugs. It can be found in combination with other active ingredients in many cold, sinus, and cough medications. The cumulative effect of acetaminophen must be considered if you are talking multiple drugs which contain acetaminophen.

How can acetaminophen damage the liver? Acetaminophen changes into metabolites which are eliminated from the body. By taking more than the recommended maximum daily dose of acetaminophen, more toxic metabolites are produced than can be eliminated. Narcotic Analgesics

There are two types of narcotic analgesics: the opiates and the opioids (derivatives of opiates). Opiates are the alkaloids found in opium (a white liquid extract of unripe seeds of the poppy plant).

Opioids are any medication which bind to opioid receptors in the central nervous system or gastointestinal tract. According to Wikipedia, there are four broad classes of opioids: Endogenous opioid peptides (produced in the body: endorphins, dynorphins, enkephalins) Opium alkaloids (morphine, codeine, thebaine) Semi-synthetic opioids (heroin, oxycodone, hydrocodone, dihydrocodeine, hydromorphone, oxymorphone, nicomorphine) Fully synthetic opioids (pethidine or Demerol, methadone, fentanyl, propoxyphene, pentazocine, buprenorphine, butorphanol, tramadol, and more)

Opioids are used in medicine as strong analgesics, for relief of severe or chronic pain. Interestingly, there is no upper limit for the dosage of opioids used to achieve pain relief, but the dose must be increased gradually to allow for the development of tolerance to adverse effects (for example, respiratory depression). According to eMedicine, "Some people with intense pain get such high doses that the same dose would be fatal if taken by someone who was not suffering from pain."

There have been debates over the addictive potential of opioids vs. the benefit of their analgesic properties for treating non-malignant chronic pain, such as chronic arthritis. Some experts believe opioids can be taken safely for years with minimal risk of addiction or toxic side effects. The enhanced quality of life which opioids may provide the patient must be considered. Side Effects / Adverse Reactions of Opioids:

Common side effects and adverse reactions: nausea vomiting drowsiness dry mouth miosis (contraction of the pupil) orthostatic hypotension (blood pressure lowers upon sudden standing) urinary retention constipation and/or fecal impaction

Less common side effects and adverse reactions: confusion hallucinations delirium hives itch hypothermia bradycardia (slow heart rate) tachycardia (rapid heart rate)

raised intracranial pressure ureteric or biliary spasm muscle rigidity flushing

Most severe side effects and adverse reactions: respiratory depression fatal overdose More Information on Specific Analgesics Acetaminophen (Tylenol) Codeine (Tylenol #2,3,4) Duragesic (Fentanyl Patch) Hydromorphone (Palladone, Dilaudid) Morphine (MSContin, Oramorph) Oxycodone (OxyContin, Roxicodone) Percocet (Oxycodone/Acetaminophen) Percodan (Oxycodone/Aspirin) Talwin NX (Pentazocine/Naloxone) Ultracet (Tramadol/Acetaminophen) Ultram (Tramadol) Vicodin (Hydrocodone/Acetaminophen)

Antibiotic
Side Effects of Antibiotic

Psychotherapeutic medicine
Side Effects of Psychotherapeutic medicine Risk of arrhythmias are enhanced by imipramine when volatile anesthetics, amiodarone, quinidine, disopyramide, astemizole, terfenadine and pimoxide. Diltiazem and verapamil increases serum levels and toxicity of imipramine. CNS depressants alcohol, sedative hypnotics opioid analgesics causes excessive CNS depression.

With MAO inhibitors hypertensive crisis with convulsions may occur. Thyroxine, sympathomimetics, adrenaline and noradrenaline may cause hypertensive crisis. Neuroleptics, antihistamines and anticholinergics potentiate the antimuscarinic side effects. Imipramine decreases the effects of antiepilieptic drugs. Diuretics enhance the side effects of postural hypotension.

Antimuscarinic effects dry - mouth, constipation occasionally leading to paralytic ileus, urinary retention, blurred vision, disturbances in accommodation, increased intraocular pressure and hyperpyrexia. CNS peripheral neuropathy, ataxia, extrapyramidal symptoms.

CVS orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia, intraventricular conduction defects, painful vasospastic episodes and acrocyanosis. Allergic hypersensitivity skin reactions urticaria, photosensitation, and pigmentation. Weight gain and edema. Endocrine abnormalities.

Opinion traditional medicine

Many people believe that because medicines are herbal (natural) or traditional they are safe (or carry no risk for harm). However, traditional medicines and practices can cause harmful, adverse reactions if the product or therapy is of poor quality, or it is taken inappropriately or in conjunction with other medicines. Increased patient awareness about safe usage is important, as well as more training, collaboration and communication among providers of traditional and other medicines. Some traditional medicine used endangered animal such as sea horse or shark. Such medicine shouldnt be used because it will disrupt the ecosystem.

Needles use must be sterilize before using it

Endangered animal as traditional medicine