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Structure
7.1 Introduction Objectives 7.2 Theoriesofemotion SelfAssessmentQuestions1 7.3 Certainissues SelfAssessmentQuestions2 7.4: Emotionalintelligence SelfAssessmentQuestions3 7.5Summary TerminalQuestions AnswertoSAQsandTQs 7.1 Introduction

Emotions

Ingeneral,thetermemotionisusedtodesignate"astateofconsciousnesshavingtodowiththe arousaloffeelings(WebstersNewWorldDictionary)."Itis"distinguishedfromothermentalstates, fromcognition,volition,andawarenessofphysicalsensation."Feelingrefersto"anyofthesubjective reactions,pleasantorunpleasant"thatonemayexperienceinasituation. Learningobjectives: Thelearningobjectivesofthisunitareasfollows: Theoriesofemotion Emotionalintelligence

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7.2 TheoriesOfEmotion: Therearemanytheoriesofemotion: I.JamesLangeTheory(1890)[citedinTaylor,1999]:Subjectiveemotionalresponsesaretheresult of physiological changes within human bodies. The brain perceives an event and, in turn, sends messagesdownitsneuralcircuitrytootherareasofthebrain.Thisactionultimatelyproducesmotor, autonomicandendocrineresponses.Theseresponseselicitanemotionalresponse,whichinturn,is perceived by the brain. Therefore, it is a cyclical process. This theory argues that physiological behaviorsprecedetheemotion. II. CannonBard theory (1927) [cited in Taylor, 1999]: Emotionprovoking events induce the subjective emotional experiences and physiological arousal simultaneously. Through experiences, individuals begin to acquire certain expectations for every given situation. These expectations provide a filter and every situation is processed through this filter. During this process, brain producestheemotionandcorrespondingphysiologicalbehaviorsatthesametime. III. SchachterSinger theory (1962): Both feedback from peripheral responses and a cognitive appraisal of what caused those responses produce emotions. How one interprets the peripheral response will determine the emotion he / she feels. Individuals label the emotional response depending on what we think is causing the response. For example, when someone interprets a stimulus as dangerous, it leads to physiological arousal. Then, this physiological arousal is interpretedtoaparticularemotion.Itcanbefear,surprise,excitement,andastonishmentdepending onhowthearousalislabeled. IV. Lazarus' appraisal theory (1980): An individual makes an initial and sometimes unconscious cognitiveappraisalofthesituationtodecide,ifthereisathreatcopingactionistakenifnecessary andtheindividualtakesacloserlookandidentifiestheemotionsheorsheisfeeling. V. Weiner'sattribution theory(1986, 1992): Certain attributions produce specificemotions. Once the initial evaluation has been made, the individual looks at what caused the event. These attributionsofcausalitycanmodifytheemotionfelt.Itistheinteractionoftheperceivedinternaland

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externalcauses, controllability and outcomethatwill determine theemotional responses.Whatare thebasic emotions?Ortony and Turner (1990) collateda wide rangeof researchas to what basic emotions are and the basis of including them as basic emotions and proposed a comprehensive descriptionofbasicemotionsandcorrespondingreasonsforinclusion: Acomprehensivedescriptionofbasicemotionsandcorrespondingreasonsforinclusion

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Source:Ortony,A.,&Turner,T.J.(1990).What'sbasicaboutbasicemotions?Psychological Review,97,3,July,315331

BasicEmotions Arnold Ekman,Friesen,and Ellsworth Frijda Gray Izard James McDougall Anger,aversion,courage,dejection,desire, despair,fear,hate,hope,love,sadness Anger,disgust,fear,joy,sadness,surprise Desire,happiness,interest,surprise,wonder, sorrow Rageandterror,anxiety,joy Anger,contempt,disgust,distress,fear,guilt, interest,joy,shame,surprise Fear,grief,love,rage Anger,disgust,elation,fear,subjection,tender emotion,wonder Pain,pleasure

BasisforInclusion Relationtoaction tendencies Universalfacial expressions Formsofactionreadiness Hardwired Hardwired Bodilyinvolvement Relationtoinstincts Unlearnedemotional states Donotrequire propositionalcontent Hardwired Relationtoadaptive biologicalprocesses Densityofneuralfiring Hardwired Attributionindependent

Mowrer OatleyandJohnson Laird Panksepp Plutchik

Anger,disgust,anxiety,happiness,sadness Expectancy,fear,rage,panic Acceptance,anger,anticipation,disgust,joy, fear,sadness,surprise Anger,interest,contempt,disgust,distress,fear, joy,shame,surprise Fear,love,rage

Tomkins Watson

WeinerandGraham Happiness,sadness
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Parrot(2001)hascategorizedemotionsasanotherclassification(Figureno.1.4): Figureno.1.4: Parrotsclassificationofemotions Primary emotion Secondary emotion Affection Love Lust Longing Tertiaryemotions Adoration,affection,love,fondness,liking,attraction, caring,tenderness,compassion,sentimentality Arousal,desire,lust,passion,infatuation Longing Amusement,bliss,cheerfulness,gaiety,glee, Cheerfulness jolliness,joviality,joy,delight,enjoyment,gladness, happiness,jubilation,elation,satisfaction,ecstasy, euphoria Zest Joy Contentment Pride Optimism Enthrallment Relief Surprise Surprise Irritation Exasperation Enthusiasm,zeal,zest,excitement,thrill,exhilaration Contentment,pleasure Pride,triumph Eagerness,hope,optimism Enthrallment,rapture Relief Amazement,surprise,astonishment Aggravation,irritation,agitation,annoyance, grouchiness,grumpiness Exasperation,frustration Anger,rage,outrage,fury,wrath,hostility,ferocity, Anger Rage bitterness,hate,loathing,scorn,spite,vengefulness, dislike,resentment Disgust Envy Torment Sadness Suffering Disgust,revulsion,contempt Envy,jealousy Torment Agony,suffering,hurt,anguish

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Depression,despair,hopelessness,gloom,glumness, Sadness sadness,unhappiness,grief,sorrow,woe,misery, melancholy Disappointment Shame Dismay,disappointment,displeasure Guilt,shame,regret,remorse Alienation,isolation,neglect,loneliness,rejection, Neglect homesickness,defeat,dejection,insecurity, embarrassment,humiliation,insult Sympathy Horror Fear Nervousness Pity,sympathy Alarm,shock,fear,fright,horror,terror,panic, hysteria,mortification Anxiety,nervousness,tenseness,uneasiness, apprehension,worry,distress,dread

Source:Parrott,W.(2001),EmotionsinSocialPsychology,PsychologyPress,Philadelphia Feltvs.DisplayedEmotions(Hochschild,1979,1983)

Felt emotions are an individuals actual emotions. Displayed emotions are those that are organizationally required and considered appropriate in a given job. They are learned. Felt and displayedemotionsmaybedifferent.Thisisparticularlytrueinorganizations,whereroledemands andsituationsoftenrequirepeopletoexhibitemotionalbehaviorsthatmasktheirtruefeelings. SelfAssessmentQuestions1 1. Subjectiveemotionalresponsesaretheresultof__________changeswithinhumanbodies. 2. Both feedback from peripheral responses and a ___________ appraisal of what caused those responsesproduceemotions. 3. _____________emotionsareanindividualsactualemotions.

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7.3 CertainIssues

Cultureandemotion TherearetwoViewsofCultureandEmotion: Universality Emotions are part of human nature and in all cultures universally the same set of basicemotions. Basedonhiscrossculturalresearch,Ekman(1999)hasfoundsixemotionswhich areuniversallyrecognizedandapplicable.Theyare:

1. Anger 2. Fear 3. Sadness 4. Happiness 5. Disgust 6. Surprise.

Culturalspecificity Humanbeingsarelikeatabularasa(cleantablet)onwhichsocietywritesits script. In other words, culture and traditions, normative patterns and valueorientations are responsible for not only our personality development, but also appropriate social and emotional development. This makes us functional entities in society. Each culture has a unique set of emotions and emotional responses the emotions shown in a particular culture reflects the norms, values,practices,andlanguageofthatculture. Alexithymiaemotionaldisorder Somepeoplehavedifficultyinexpressingtheiremotionsandunderstandingtheemotionsofothers. Psychologistscallthisalexithymia.Peoplewhosufferfromalexithymiararelycryandareoftenseen byothersasblandandcold.Theirownfeelingsmakethemuncomfortable,andtheyarenotableto discriminate among their different emotions. People, suffering from alexithymia, may be effective performersinjobswherelittleornoemotionallabor.Alexithymicsymptomsmaybeseeninpeople whoexperience:

1. Posttraumaticstressdisorder 2. Certainbraininjuries

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3. Eatingdisorders(i.e.,bulimia,anorexia,orbingeeatingdisorder) 4. Substanceusedependence 5. Depression 6. Othermentalhealthconditions

Relationshipofgenderwithemotion A number of research findings supports the view that women are more emotional than men (e.g., Broverman,Vogel,Broverman,Clarkson,&Rosenkrantz,1972Widiger&Settle,1987).Womenare assumed to experience more frequent and intense emotions, whereas men are assumed to be emotionally inexpressive and to have less intense emotional experiences. However, researchers haveargued that thestereotype of menasunemotional is more accurateforadult targets thanfor child targets because males learn to control their emotions as they get older (Fabes and Martin, 1991).Likewise,womenandmenmayexperiencehappinessinasimilarway,butwomenhavebeen taughtthattheycanstronglyexpresstheemotionofhappiness,whereasmenhavebeentaughtto control it. The impactof socializationpracticesaccumulateover time, and, thus,thesestereotypes arelikelytoapplymorestronglytoadultpopulations(GeerandShields,1996). SelfAssessmentQuestions2 1. Ekman(1999)hasfound_________emotionswhichareuniversallyrecognizedandapplicable. 2. Peoplewhosufferfrom_________rarelycryandareoftenseenbyothersasblandandcold 7.4 EmotionalIntelligence The importanceofboth emotionand intelligence in making decisionsandachieving success in life waswellacceptedinancientIndia. AconceptofSthithaprajna(emotionalstability),similartothe conceptofemotionalintelligence,canbetracedinthesecondchapterofSrimadBhagavadGita'. BhagavadGitaisaspecificconversationbetweenLordKrishnaandArjuna(thirdPandavaprince)in a specific situation of Kurukshetra battlefield. Pandavas were fighting against the Kauravas, the cousin brothers to restore their kingdom from Kauravas in Kurukshetra. Before the battle started, Arjuna,withdeepsorrowandpity,foundhiscloserelatives,friendsandrespected'gurus'inenemy's side.Towinthebattlehewassupposedtokillthosebelovedones.Hegotconfusedabouthisrightful duty.Duetothishridaydurbalata(heartnonstrength),herefusedtojointhebattle.Inthiscontext,
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LordKrishnawhoplayedtheroleasthedriverofArjuna'schariot,enlightenedhimabouttheeternal truth of life. According to Lord Krishna, as mentioned in Bhagavad Gita, Arjuna suffered from indecisivenessresultingfromconfusionandafalsesenseofinsecurity.LordKrishna advisedArjuna to become 'Sthithaprajna' (the steady minded person). He also told that an individual achieved his/her goal only when the mind became steady, poised and balanced. Evidently, the concept of Sthithaprajna (the steadyminded person) talked about a unique interdependence between emotionandintelligenceforeffectivedecisionmakingwhichwasmostessentialinexcellinginevery sphereoflife. Gita,asawhole,advisesalltobalancebetweenintelligenceandemotion. Similar views on the role of emotional intelligence as a learning process for achieving a balanced personalityindifferentstagesoflifeonanintergenerationalbasishasbeendepictedintheVedas. Inparticular,Dr.Radhakrishnan,inhisbook,TheHinduViewofLife(1927)opinedthattheattitude of the Vedas is one of trust tempered by criticism. Trust, because, whatever the older generation hold,maybetrue,andcriticismbecause,however,plausiblethetestimoniesoftheoldviewsmaybe, itcannotdenythepresentofitsrighttoenquireandsifttheevidence.Thisviewaptlypointsoutthe needforemotionalintelligenceineverydaylifetobecomemoreemotionallybalancedandfunctional individualsinsociety. Emotionalintelligenceisanaggregateofindividualscognitionofownandothers'emotions,feeling, interpretationandactionasperenvironmentaldemandtomanipulatetheconsequencewhichinturn result in superior performance and better human relationship (Bhattacharya, 2003). Emotional intelligence is a measure of the degree to which a person makes use of his/ her reasoning in the process of emotional responses (both positive and negative) in a given situation. So having high emotional intelligencedoesn't mean that the personnever panicsor loseshis/ her temper. It does meanthathe/shebringsownfeelingsundercontrolandchannelsthemintoproductivebehaviors. The ability to bring outofcontrol emotions back into line results in what earlier generations called emotionalmaturity. The most popular and accepted mixed model of emotional intelligence is the one proposed by Goleman (1995). He viewed emotional intelligence as a total ofpersonal and social competences. Personal competence determines how we manage ourselves, whereas social competence determineshowwehandleourinterpersonalrelationships. Personal competence: It comprises of three dimensions of emotional intelligence, such as, self awareness, selfregulationand motivation. Selfawareness is theability of an individual to observe

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him/herselfandtorecognize'afeelingasithappens'(Goleman,1995).Thehallmarksofthisability areselfconfidence,selfassessmentandopennesstopositivecriticism.Selfregulationistheability tocontrolemotionsandtoredirectthoseemotionsthatcanhavenegativeimpact.Trustworthiness, integrity,toleranceofambiguityandattitudetoacceptchangearesomecharacteristicsofthisability. Motivation is the ability to channelize emotion to achieve a goal through selfcontrol and by moderating impulses as per the requirement of the situation. The people who have this ability are optimisticandcommittedtowardsorganizationalaswellasindividualgoals. Socialcompetence:Itcomprisesoftwodimensionsnamely,empathyandsocialskills.Empathyis theabilitytofeelandgetconcernedforothers,taketheirperspectiveandtotreatpeopleaccordingto their emotional reactions. People with this ability are experts in generatingand motivating others. Socialskillsaretheabilitytobuildrapportandtomanagerelationshipswithpeople.Peoplehaving thisskillareveryeffectiveinpersuasivenessandteammanagement.Socialskillistheculmination ofallothercomponentsofemotionalintelligenceassumingthatpeoplecaneffectivelymanagesocial and work relationships only when they can understand and control their own emotion and can emphasizewiththefeelingsofothers. Golemansemotionalintelligencemodel(1995)

Emotionalintelligence

Personalcompetencesocialcompetence

SelfawarenessEmpathy SelfregulationSocialskills Motivation

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SelfAssessmentQuestions3 1. The mostpopular and accepted mixed model of emotional intelligence is the one proposedby ____________. 2. Personalcompetencecomprisesof______________dimensionsofemotionalintelligence. 3. Socialcompetencecomprisesof_____________dimensions 7.5 Summary Emotion is used to designate "a state of consciousness having to do with the arousal of feelings (Websters New World Dictionary)." It is "distinguished from other mental states, from cognition, volition, and awareness of physical sensation." Feeling refers to "any of the subjective reactions, pleasantorunpleasant"thatonemayexperienceinasituation. There are many theories of emotion. JamesLange Theory proposes that subjective emotional responses are the result of physiological changes within human bodies. CannonBard theory proposes that emotionprovoking events induce the subjective emotional experiences and physiological arousal simultaneously. SchachterSinger theory proposes that both feedback from peripheralresponsesandacognitiveappraisalofwhatcausedthoseresponsesproduceemotions. Howoneinterpretstheperipheralresponsewilldeterminetheemotionhe/shefeels.Accordingto Lazarus'appraisaltheory,an individual makes an initialand sometimesunconsciouscognitive appraisalofthesituationtodecide,ifthereisathreatcopingactionistakenifnecessaryandthe individualtakesacloserlookandidentifiestheemotionsheorsheisfeeling.Weiner,inhistheory, proposes that certain attributions produce specific emotions. Once the initial evaluation has been made,theindividuallooksatwhatcausedtheevent.Theseattributionsofcausalitycanmodifythe emotion felt. It is the interaction of the perceived internal and external causes, controllability and outcome that will determine the emotional responses. Felt emotions are an individuals actual emotions. Displayed emotions are those that are organizationally required and considered appropriateinagivenjob.Theyarelearned.Feltanddisplayedemotionsmaybedifferent.Thisis particularlytrueinorganizations,whereroledemandsandsituationsoftenrequirepeopletoexhibit emotionalbehaviors that mask their truefeelings. There are twoViewsof CultureandEmotion. In Universality view, it is believed that emotions are part of human nature and in all cultures universallythesamesetofbasicemotions. Basedonhiscrossculturalresearch,Ekman(1999)has found six emotions which are universally recognized and applicable. They are: Anger, Fear,

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Sadness,Happiness,Disgust,andSurprise.Womenareassumedtoexperiencemorefrequentand intense emotions, whereas men are assumed to be emotionally inexpressive and to have less intense emotional experiences. However, researchers have argued that the stereotype of men as unemotionalismoreaccurateforadulttargetsthanforchildtargetsbecausemaleslearntocontrol their emotions as they get older. Emotional intelligence is anaggregate of individuals cognitionof own and others' emotions, feeling, interpretation and action as per environmental demand to manipulate the consequence, which in turn, result in superior performance and better human relationship. The most popular and accepted mixed model of emotional intelligence is the one proposed by Goleman. He viewed emotional intelligence as a total of personal and social competences. Personal competence determines how we manage ourselves, whereas social competencedetermineshowwehandleourinterpersonalrelationships. TerminalQuestions 1. BrieflyexplainLazarus'appraisaltheoryandWeiner'sattributiontheory. 2. Whatareuniversallyrecognizedemotions? 3. WhatisAlexithymia?Whatarethesymptomsofthisdisease? 4. Whatistherelationshipofgenderwithemotion? 5. ExplainGolemansemotionalintelligencemodel. AnswerstoSelfAssessmentQuestions SelfAssessmentQuestions1 1. Physiological 2. Cognitive 3. Felt SelfAssessmentQuestions2 1. Six 2. Alexithymia

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SelfAssessmentQuestions3 1. Goleman 2. Three 3. Two AnswerstoTerminalQuestions 1. Refersection7.2 2. Refersection7.3 3. Refersection7.3 4. Refersection7.3 5. Refersection7.4

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