AN OVERVIEW OF MINERAL POTENTIAL OF PAKISTAN

NATURAL RESOURCES WING MINISTRY OF PETROLEUM & NATURAL RESOURCES GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN

Contents
Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources Overview of Mineral Potential of Pakistan Major Mineral Resources of Pakistan Quality and Coal Resources of Pakistan

PETROLEUM AND NATURAL RESOURCES

MINISTRY OF

FUNCTIONS OF THE MINISTRY OF PETROLEUM AND NATURAL RESOURCES The Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources (MPNR) is responsible for dealing with all matters relating to petroleum, gas and minerals. Its detailed functions as per Rules of Business are as under: 1. All matters relating to oil, gas and minerals at the national and international levels, including: i) ii) iii) iv) Policy, legislation, planning regarding exploration, development and production; Import, export, refining, distribution, marketing, transportation and pricing of all kind of petroleum and petroleum products; Matters bearing on international aspects; and Controlling and coordinating with the federal agencies and institutions for promotion of special studies and development programs.

2. Geological Surveys: i) ii) iii) Geological mapping and geophysical surveys; Basic and applied research in earth sciences; and Scientific investigations for geological resources and their prudent management.

3. Administration of Regulation of Mines and Oil-fields and Mineral Development (Government Control) Act, 1948, and rules made thereunder, in so far as the same relate to exploration and production of petroleum, transmission, distribution of natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas, refining and marketing of oil; 4. Petroleum concessions agreements for land, off-shore and deep sea areas; 5. Administration of Marketing of Petroleum Products (Federal Control) Act, 1974 and the rules made thereunder; and 6. Matters relating to Federal investments and undertakings wholly or partly owned by the Government in the field of oil, gas and minerals excepting those assigned to the Industries and Production Division. ORGANIZATION OF THE MINISTRY To perform its functions, the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources has been organized into four wings i.e. Natural Resources, Petroleum, Investment & Joint Venture and Administration & Corporate Affairs. The Ministry has one attached department, one autonomous body and eleven companies. The Secretary is assisted by two Additional Secretaries, two Joint Secretaries, and five Director Generals. Organizational chart and other information may be seen at the Ministrys website www.mpnr.gov.pk. CONSTITUTIONAL POSITION ON MINERALS Minerals other than nuclear minerals and those occurring in special areas [Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT) and International Offshore Water Territory (IOWT)] are a provincial subject under the Constitution. Provincial Governments/federating units 2

are responsible for regulation, detailed exploration, mineral development and safety concerns in these operations, whereas geological/geophysical survey and mapping, national and international coordination and formulation of national polices and plans are federal responsibilities. NATIONAL MINERAL POLICY The Government of Pakistan has recently announced National Mineral Policy (NMP-2013) replacing the earlier Policy of 1995. Implementation of the first National Mineral Policy (NMP-1995) paved the way for an expansion of mining sector activity in Pakistan, as well as the improvement of the sectors investment attractiveness. Although the mining sector currently contributes less than 1% to Pakistans GDP, recent discoveries have provided strong evidence of significant mineral deposits and a great potential for the sector to contribute much more to our economy. Pakistan has a large base of industrial minerals and the growing interest from international mining companies carries great potential for the rapid development of the sector. As Pakistan plans to enhance the contribution of the sector to Pakistans economic development, it becomes even more imperative for the Policy to reflect developments in the global mining sector since 1995, including legal, fiscal and environmental developments. In view of these developments, a review of the NMP-1995 became necessary in order to ensure its alignment with contemporary practice and enhance the international competitiveness of Pakistans mining sector. The main challenges the new NMP-2013 seeks to address revolve around the following five broad themes: Increasing the economic contribution of mining sector to Pakistans economy through more private investment; Being competitive for scarce and mobile international capital for investment in the mining sector through a stable and enabling environment; Ensuring smooth operational and effective coordination between Federal and Provincial institutions in the implementation of the regulatory and legislative regime for the mining sector; Ensuring that exploration, development and production of Pakistans mineral resources are environmentally sustainable; and Encouraging small scale mining and local private participation in the development of the sector. This new policy serves as a clear and detailed representation of countrys objective of improving the international competitiveness of our mineral sector. NMP-2013 seeks to provide the basis for addressing these and other challenges, as well as responding to important government priorities and commitments. For example, policy provisions to cater for research development enhancement, human resource development, promotion and marketing etc. This Policy is a culmination of extensive consultation with all stakeholders. It represents a vital source of guidance to decisions on minerals in the context of Pakistans sustainable development. In changing times, the conversion of challenges to opportunities is very important. The Islamic Republic of Pakistan remains committed to the development of a prosperous Pakistani minerals industry. The NMP-2013 provides the Government with the direction and decision-making tools that will help to guarantee that the industry grows from strength to strength.

OVERVIEW OF MINERAL POTENTIAL OF PAKISTAN

AN

At the time of independence only six mineral commodities including chromite, coal, sulphur, gypsum, limestone and salt were being mined in an appreciable quantities in Pakistan. Now, large to medium scale production of over sixty mineral commodities has started. Geological environments suitable for the localization of important metallic minerals such as antimony, gold, lithium, silver and platinum group elements have been identified in different parts of the country. In addition to its traditional usage, minerals are now finding new applications in the fields of electronics, optics, advanced metallurgy & materials and environmental sustainability, in Pakistan. The data on geology and exploration of minerals; after carrying out all integrated steps like geochemical sampling, geophysical surveys, drill exploration, reserve estimation, is generated and maintained by the Geological Survey of Pakistan (GSP). The research work carried out by the GSP is published in form of monographs research papers of various formats and geological, tectonic, seismo-tectonic, geo-hazard zonation and other specialized maps in a variety of formats. The statistical data on mining and production of solid minerals is essentially generated by the provincial Directorate Generals of Mines and Mineral Development (DGMMD), as they are the respective custodians of each provinces mineral wealth. The Federal Bureau of Statistics publishes this data in an abridged form and supplements it with import and export figures for different metals, alloys, minerals and mineral-based products. The GSP acts as the apex body for collecting the relevant data and then undertakes its compilation and dissemination from time to time. Vast resources of coal (186 billion tonnes), Copper (6000 million tonnes), gold (1656 million tonnes), silver (618 million tonnes), lead-zinc (23.72 million tonnes), manganese (.597 million tonnes), chromite (2.527 million tonnes), iron ore (1400 million tonnes) and precious and semiprecious stones have been identified in different parts of the country. Inexhaustible resources of gypsum, fire clay china clay, fullers earth, rock salt, basalt, bentonite, building stone and construction materials are available in all the provinces and are being utilized in large quantities. Summarized data on major minerals deposits of Pakistan is shown in the accompanying table and location of important mineral deposit of Pakistan are shown in the mineral map on the last page. During the recent past production of iron ore, coal, barytes, bentonite, various types of industrial clays, fire clay, gypsum, limestone, onyx & ordinary marble, magnesite, ochre, silica sand, dolomite, ebrystone, fullers earth, rock phosphate, rock salt, and soapstone has increased appreciably. Starting of production of copper-gold ore at Saindak and discovery / detailed exploration of copper-gold at Reko Diq in Chagai district of Balochistan province has brought Pakistan amongst the metal producing countries of the world. Some important new mineral discoveries have also been made recently such as coal deposits of Thar in Sindh and iron ore deposits of Dilband, Kalat (Balochistan) and Nizampur (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa). Gemstones and industrial minerals such as nepheline syenite, abrasives, mica, graphite, trona, lithium, rare earth metals and platinum group elements hold bright prospects in near future. Some of the important minerals explored and being mined in the country are summarised below: Antimony Vein type deposits of antimony ore mineral - stibnite are known from the vicinity of Qila Abdullah, Panjgure, Kharan and Turbat districts in Balochistan province and hosted mostly in Khojak and, Hushab Shale. In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 6

antimony occurs in the Lutkho and Partisan areas near Krinj village, Chitral district. Stibnite (Sb2S3) is found as veins, lenses and irregular masses along shear zones in Chitral slates. Present estimate of available ore, in the country, is 86,000 tonnes but detailed investigations may prove more tonnage. The reported average annual production has been over 200 metric tonnes but now-a-days due to various tribal issues its production is almost negligible. Chromite At present chromite is being produced from Muslimbagh, Wad and Sonaro areas of Balochistan Province and Malakand and Kohistan areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. The entire chromite produced in the country is exported. Generally, Pakistani chromite containing over 46% Cr2O3, 10 to 15% Al2O3, less than 10% SiO2 and with Cr, Fe ratio over 2.8. Present estimate of available ore in the country, is over 2.527 million tonnes. The reported average annual production is 30,366 metric tonnes. Copper Balochistan Province has vast resources of copper ore. Porphyry type copper ore bodies have been discovered by the Geological Survey of Pakistan at Saindak, Dasht-e-Kain, Kabul Koh, Koh-i-Dalil, Missi and Ziarat Pir Sultan (Ahmad 1986). All these deposits occur in Chagai District of Balochistan province. Similar deposits may be found in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) and the Federally Administered Northern Areas (FANA) while massive sulphide type copper deposits may be found in Chagai, Lasbela and Khuzdar districts of Balochistan, Wazirstan Agency, FANA and other Tribal Areas. Data on Saindak copper gold deposit is as follows: Production of blister copper started, from the 412 million tonnes Saindak copper gold deposit, during 1995 and stopped due to certain reasons after making the trial production of 1,500 tonnes of blister copper which was successfully marketed in the International Market. The production resumed in 2002 through a contract with a Chinese firm M/S Metal Construction Company (MCC) which later on reformed as Resource Development Company Limited (MRDL). The project is producing 15,672 tonnes of copper blister, 51852 Oz of gold (1.47 metric tonnes) and 97356 Oz of silver (2.76 metric tonnes) annually. Reko Diq Copper Gold deposit is a very promising deposit, discovered by GSP in 1978-79. M/S Tethian Copper Company (TCC) has invested over 500 million US $ for exploration of the deposit which is expected to start production within next few years. Later on the ownership of TCC was sold jointly to M/S Barrik Gold of Australia and Antofagasta of Chile, both holding 37.5% share each while the Government of Balochistan is holding 25 % share. Current status of this world class deposit is that the Government of Balochistan has declined to convert the Prospecting Lease of the area to Mining Lease and the matter is sub-judicious. Basic facts about the deposit are given below: Reserves Copper Content Gold > 5 Billion tonnes = 0.54 % = 0.24 g/t 7

Gold / Silver It has been established that there are indications that Pakistan has a significant potential of gold, particularly in the folded belt regions (Northern Mountain belt, Island Arc system), its association with volcanogenic sequences, porphyry copper and in shear zones. In the Northern Areas, spread of gold anomalies is concentrated along the Main Karakorum Thrust (MKT) within each geologic unit. The distribution of gold anomalies, obtained through geochemical sampling, vary between 2 ppm to 330 ppm in this area. Gold panning was in practice at several places in the northern areas now constituting Pakistan along the course of Indus River and its tributes before partition. Locally some gold is still produced in these areas. Precambiran shield rocks exposed in Chiniot area of Punjab and Tharparkar area of Sindh are also favourable for localization of gold deposits. Large scale production of gold and silver along with copper has started from Saindak porphyry copper deposits in Chagai district of Balochistan (The production figures are given under copper above). Iron Many small and large deposits of iron ore have been found in different parts of the country. Important among these are the Dammel Nissar and Langrial deposits of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Chichali and Kalabagh deposits of Punjab province and Chilghazi, Chigendik and Pachin Koh deposits of Balochistan province (Asrarullah 1976). The iron ore deposits recently discovered by the GSP at Dilband in Kalat district, Uthal in Lasbela district of Balochistan and Nizampur area in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province are of great economic significance. Inventory of iron ore deposits in the country is given in the Table-1. Present estimate of available ore in the country is over 1,400 million tonnes. The reported average annual production is 341,651 metric tonnes (2010-2011). It must be noted that the production of iron ore has registered a tremendous increase (about 1300%) during the last 3-4 years as compared to the average production. During the last 10 years the average production was 24,322 metric tonnes. Lead and Zinc The Geological Survey of Pakistan has discovered several deposits of lead and zinc ore in Lasbela-Khuzdar region of Balochistan Province. These deposits are associated with carbonate rocks of Windar Group and Shirinab Formation. Three of these deposits namely Gunga, Surmai and Duddar have been investigated in some details by GSP with the help of UNDP and JICA. The result of these investigations were found very encouraging (Ahsan et. al. 1994). PMDC with the technical and financial assistance of UNDP undertook the preliminary evaluation of lead-zinc deposits at Duddar and evaluated 6.86 million tonnes of proved reserves and 3.43 million tonnes of inferred reserves with 11.34% zinc and 2.01% lead (Jones and Shah 1994). These deposits have been jointly evaluated for development by Pakistan Mineral Development Corporation (PMDC) and Balochistan Development Authority (BDA) and the earlier estimates of reserves have almost been doubled. 8

Table-1: Location, Reserves and Grade of Iron Ores in Pakistan

Reserves (million tonnes) 250 85 Quality Chemical 35-45% Fe 20-60% Fe Mineralogical Sedimentry ore with predominent hematite (Fe2O3) Magnetite (Fe3O4) & hematite (Fe2O3).

Area/Locality 1. Dilband, Kalat District, Balochistan 2. Chigendik, 3. Pachin Koh, 4. Amir Chah, 5. Chilghazi, Chagai District, Balochistan 6. Uthal, Lasbela District, Balochistan 7. Nizampur, Nowshehra District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 8. Langrial, Hazara District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Not estimated 168

Up to 45% Fe 25-35% Fe

Magnetite (Fe3O4) & hematite (Fe2O3). Sedimentary ore with predominent hematite (Fe2O3)

30

30-40% Fe

Primarily a silicate oolitic ore which has been oxidized to form laterite; a reddish mixture of clayey iron and aluminum oxides and hydroxides formed by the weathering of primary ore under humid, tropical conditions. Magnetite (Fe3 O4) & hematite (Fe2 O3).

9. Dammel Nissar, Chitral District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 10. Pezu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 11. Besham, Abbottabad, Galdanian, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 12. Kalabagh/Chichali Makarwal area, Mianwali District, Punjab 13. Kirana, Sargodha District, Punjab 14. Chiniot, Jhang District, Punjab 15. Rakhi Munh, Dera Ghazi Khan District, Punjab.

6.5

Up to 60% Fe 30-34 % Fe 34-42 % Fe

66 65.91

Limonite Fe O(OH)n H2O, hematite (Fe2 O3) & goethite Fe O(OH). Hematite (Fe2 O3) & goethite Fe O(OH).

350

25-35% Fe

Silicate-carbonate ores; containing siderite FeCO3, glauconite (Fe+3,Al,Fe+2,Mg)4 (Si7-7.6Al10.4O20) (OH)4 7nH20, limonite Fe O(OH)n H2O, hematite (Fe2 O3) and goethite Fe O(OH). Hematite (Fe2 O3). Magnetite (Fe3 O4) & hematite (Fe2 O3). Sedimentary ore with predominant limonite FeO (OH)n H2O, goethite Fe O(OH), chamosite [(Mg, Fe, Al)6 (Si, Al)4 O14], clay minerals with oolitic texture. Sedimentary ore with predominant hematite (Fe2 O3).

110

Up to 66% Fe oxides Fe2 O3 41.5% to 77.5%. 37.5% Fe

27.46 268.3

16. Noori-Abad, Dadu District, Sindh TOTAL:

Not estimated 1427.17

40% Fe

The preliminary investigations by the GSP have indicated the availability of over 10 million tonnes of lead-zinc ore along with baryte at Gunga near Khuzdar, Balochistan with about 8 percent total metal value (Ahsan et.al.1994). At Surmai, exploration work carried out by GSP and JICA proved the presence of 2.93 million tonnes of ore with average metal content of 6.5 percent (Ahsan et.al. 1994). Further exploration may reveal additional reserves in the area as only a very small part of the deposit was investigated during the project period. Present estimate of available ore, in the country, is over 23 million tonnes. Production of lead-zinc commenced during 2010-2011 with total metal production of 12692 metric tonnes (Lead + Zinc). Manganese Manganese ores are found at many localities in Lasbela, Kharan, Chagai and Zhob districts in Balochistan. The host rock of almost all the manganese deposits in the Lasbela district is the volcanic assemblage of olivine basalt and pillow lava belonging to Bela Volcanic Group. The manganese minerals are mainly psilomelane, and pyrolusite which occur in the jasperoid layer above pillow lava and below shale sedimentary rocks. The manganese occurrences in Chagai district are found as veins cutting limestone beds and basalts of Cretaceous age. These occurrences are reported from Ras Koh (Charkohan area) Siah Koh and Sotkinoh in Chagai district of Balochistan. The manganese deposits reported from Zhob district occur in altered siliceous limestone associated with pillow lava of Cretaceous age. The manganese localities in Zhob district of Balochistan are at Naweoba and Warsak Killi area. Present estimate of available ore, in the country, is over 600,000 metric tonnes and the average annual production is 2,712 metric tonnes. Current production of manganese has shown an increase over the past few years, as earlier it was about 1,500 metric tonnes per annum.

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SOLID FUEL
Coal The recent work by GSP has proved that Sindh Province has very large reserves of coal. The coal resource base of this province alone exceeds 185 billion tonnes out of the total coal resources of the country exceeding 186 billion tonnes. Sindh province, especially huge lignitic resources at Thar make the future hope of Pakistan for production of thermal /electrical energy based on coal fired power stations. The coal resources base of the Punjab Province is over 235 million tonnes. Balochistan Province has a coal resource base of over 217 million tonnes but due to thin and steeply dipping coal seams, obtaining large production is not possible. Small power plants based on local coal may however, be planned for Chamalang, Mach, Sor Range - Daghari, Pir Ismail Ziarat, Khost - Shahrig - Harnai and Duki areas. Coal also occurs in Kotli district of Azad Jammu and Kashmir and in Cherat and Hangu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Orakzai Agency in FATA. Almost the entire production of indigenous coal is being used for firing brick kilns and some industrial units. Two coal fired power plants with 7.5 MW capacity each were operational since 1964 near Quetta but have since been closed. Three coal fired power plants of 50 MW capacities each based on fluidized bed technology have been set up at Khanot near Hyderabad. Present estimate of available coal resources in the country is over 186 billion tonnes. The reported average annual production is 3.3 million metric tonnes. Underground Coal Gasification at Thar The GSP had discovered over 175 billion tons of lignite coal in Thar desert in 1992. The project, Creation of New Processing Facilities for handling and purification of Coal Gas (HPCG) produced by underground coal gasification was approved in the CDWP meeting. The aim of the project was to create new processing facility for handling and purification of coal gas produced by underground coal gasification located in Tharparkar. Geological Survey of Pakistan carried out drilling for Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) at Thar, Sindh. As a result of GSPs efforts, under this project, the pilot test bore holes have successfully yielded pure methane gas at the site. As per agreement, GSP has deployed two of its riqs alongwith drilling engineers and trained staff for the Project. All costs involved for the execution of the project was met through PSDP funding. As per the agreement total 20 bore holes have been drilled. Thar Lignite Coal reserves, spread over 9,600 square-kilometres possess the power generation potential of 100,000 MW consuming 536 million tonnes coal a year. Underground Coal gasification, in fact, may be one of the best ways to produce clean-burning methane for tomorrows automobiles and power-generation. Once successfully experimented, the scope of the project could be broadened to cover coal deposits in the Punjab, KPK, Balochistan, FATA, NAs and AJK.

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Gems and Precious Stones Some of the important gemstones, which have given Pakistan a recognized position amongst supplier of precious and semi-precious stones in the international market, include emeralds, rubies, topaz (golden and white), tourmaline, garnet, beryl, zircon, rutile, quartz, rutile quartz, morganite, apatite, spinel, pargasite, sphene, agate, zoisite, epidote, emerald-colour tourmaline, diopside, amethyst, scheelite, moon stone, aquamarine and fluorite. Mainly these deposits have been found in Gilgit-Baltistan, FATA and Azad Jammu & Kashmir.

RUBY

BERYL

QUARTZ

TOPAZ

EMERALD

ZIRCON

AQUAMARINE

FLUORITE

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CERAMIC MINERALS
Barytes The barytes deposits of Balochistan province were discovered by the Geological Survey of Pakistan (Ahmad and Klinger, 1967). These deposits are located in the area between Uthal and Khuzdar. The production from indigenous deposits meets the total requirement of barytes for oil well drilling and barium based chemical plants of the country. The barytes deposits of the country are sufficient and suitably located for large scale production to meet local demand and as well as export. Total reserve of barytes in Pakistan has been estimated at 13.71 million tonnes and it is believed that more huge resources are available in the country. The reported average annual production is 33,312 metric tonnes. China Clay China clay deposits are found at Shah Dheri, Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and in Nagar Parkar, Sindh. Some smaller deposits have also been found in Dir, Hazara and Gilgit. The Geological Survey of Pakistan discovered both the Shah Dheri and Nagar Parkar deposits (Moosvi 1975; Kazmi et. al. 1973) and investigated these deposits in detail with the help of detailed geological mapping, channel sampling and physical and chemical tests. The Shah Dheri deposits have been evaluated to contain 29.8 million tonnes (Moosvi 1975) of raw china clay. Plagioclase rich leuco-quartz diorite is the parent rock from which kaolin has been formed as a result of alteration of feldspars. Kaolin zones occur as patches, pods and streaks in unaltered rock. Typical analysis of Swat china clay is as follows:Overall estimation for the country has not been worked out but it is believed that huge resources are available in the country. The reported average annual production is 22,790 metric tonnes, registering about 50% decrease over the past few years. Feldspar Large deposits of both sodic and potassic feldspars with over 6 billion tonnes of reserves have been found near Mingora and Bunair in Swat district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Badshah 1994). Feldspar is widespread in pegmatites in Chitral, Gilgit and Skardu. Deposits of orthoclase feldspar are also present in Nagar Parkar area of Sindh. Overall estimation for the country has not been worked out but it is believed that large resources of feldspar are available in the country. The reported average annual production is 150,487 metric tonnes. Production of feldspar has shown tremendous, about 500% increase, over the past few years.

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Fullers Earth Punjab and Sindh provinces have very large resources of Fullers earth. In Sindh these deposits occur at Thano Bulla Khan (District Dadu), Shadi Shahid (District Khairpur) while in Punjab the main deposits are found in D.G. Khan. Fullers earth is formed along the flood plains of ancient river channels. The Paleocene-Eocene rivers which deposited coal in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab, Balochistan and Sindh also deposited Fullers earth in the adjoining areas. The present production is being utilised in oil refining and other industries in the country. It is also being used by insecticide, foundries vegetable oil, ghee and steel industries. Thus a sharp rise in the demand of Fullers earth is expected in future. Overall estimation for the country has not been worked out but it is believed that huge resources are available in the country. The reported average annual production is 6,774 metric tonnes, showing notable decline in production over the past few years as earlier it was about three times of this figure. Fire Clay Sizable deposits of fire clay are found in the province of Punjab, which is also the main consumer of this commodity. Large deposits occur in Mianwali, Sargodha and Attock districts. Fire clay is also found in Thatta and Dadu districts of Sindh and D.I. Khan district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. These are residual sedimentary deposits generally found at the base of Patala Formation of Paleocene age in the Punjab and at the base of Sonhari beds of Paleocene age in Sindh. The bulk of the present production is obtained from Mianwali and Sargodha deposits which could be classed as heavy duty refractory clay. It is used mainly for furnace lining in cement and other industries. Total reserve of fire clay in Pakistan are over 100 million tonnes and reported average annual production is 289,573 metric tonnes. Silica sand/Glass sand Datta Formation of Jurassic age and its equivalent formations contain thick beds of silica sand in Khisor and Marwat Ranges, between Paniala and Pezu, over a length of 16 km with an estimated reserves of 20 million tonnes (Raza and Iqbal 1997). In Salt Range and Surghar Range glass sand beds occur in Datta Formation and Patala Formation (Late Paleocene). Near Mallakhel, glass sand beds with over 99% Si O2 occurs in Lumshival Formation of Lower Cretaceous age (Ahmad 1959, Shah 1980). In Hazara high grade silica sand occurs as thick layers within a 150 m thick sequence of metamorphosed calcareous sandstone at Mand Kachcha (Raza and Iqbal 1977). Large deposits of glass sand are found in Dadu District of Sindh province in Eocene and Oligocene sediments. Large lenticular bodies of silica sand occur in meta sediments in Mohmand Agency with reserves of over 537 million tonnes. Total reserves of silica sand in Pakistan are estimated to be 557 million tonnes and reported average annual production is 317,225 metric tonnes. The production of silica sand has also shown an upward trend and it has increased about 20% over the past few years. 14

FERTILIZER AND INDUSTRIAL MINERALS

Gypsum and Anhydrite Pakistan has very large reserves of gypsum/anhydrite found in all the provinces of the country. Major deposits are those of Daud Khel, Khewra and D.G. Khan Punjab, Kohat Region in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. and Spintangi and Chamalang in Balochistan. Smaller deposits occur in Dadu district of Sindh and Lasbela district of Balochistan. Present estimate of available gypsum resources in the country is over 4,850 million tonnes. The reported average annual production is 1,041,972 metric tonnes, registering an increase of about 100% over the past few years. Magnesite Magnesite is found at Wad and Muslim Bagh in Balochistan and Malakand & Hazara in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa along fractures, joints and faults in ultramafic rocks. The Kumhar magnesite deposit of Hazara Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has been estimated to contain 8.75 million tonnes of total reserve. The magnesite from this deposit has been found suitable for production of refractory bricks and fused magnesium phosphate (Hirayama et. al. 1995). The magnesite resources in Pakistan have been estimated at 12 million tonnes whereas the average annual production is 9,844 metric tonnes, registering an increase of about 200% over the past few years. Rock Salt Huge deposits of rock salt are located in the Salt Range in Punjab province and in Kohat district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Salt mining has been traditionally carried out by the government since annexation of Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa during the British rule, but recently some private parties have also started salt mining. In the late fifties, the mining engineers working in Khewra salt mines had reached a conclusion that the salt deposits of the area were nearing exhaustion and that the mining operations would be closed down within a short period. Consequently GSP was requested to evaluate the salt deposits of Khewra. Detailed exploration and evaluation of these deposits by GSP proved the existence of inexhaustible reserves of rock salt in the Salt Range (Asrarullah 1962). The rock salt resources of Pakistan stands at 800 million tonnes and the reported average annual production is 2,021,008 metric tonnes, showing an increase of about 30% over the past few years. About 40% of the total output is consumed by soda ash, caustic soda and leather industries and rest is marketed for domestic / human consumption. A certain amount of rock salt is also exported to a number of countries.

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Soapstone and Talc Soapstone deposits occur in Parachinar area, Kurram Agency; Jamrud, Khyber Agency; Dargai, Swat district; Sherwan, Abbottabad district; Muslim Bagh & Wadh-Uthal areas in Balochistan. The Sherwan deposit is the major producer of soapstone in the country but other deposits of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and FATA/ FANA have also started producing and are expected to increase the production as the demand rises. Soapstone deposits of Kurram Agency have been estimated to contain 1.6 million tonnes of reserves (Badshah 1994). Overall estimation of soapstone has not been worked out but it is believed that huge resources are available in the country. The reported average annual production is 147,250 metric tonnes, showing about 337% increase over the past few years. Table-2 Reserves and Production of Cement, Fertilizer, Ceramic, Glass and Chemical Raw Material Reserves (in million tonnes) Extensive Extensive 4,850 Extensive 557 7 800 Large Annual Production 2010-2011 (in metric tonnes) 34,585,693 3,964,080 1,041,972 364,008 317,225 91,350 2,021,008 22,790

S. No. 1. 2. 3. 5. 6 7. 8. 9.

Variety of Building Stone Limestone Shale Gypsum Dolomite Glass (Silica) Sand Phosphate Rock Salt China Clay

BUILDING AND DECORATIVE Stones

Pakistan is blessed with a variety of exquisite building and decorative stones throughout the country. The most commonly used and mined in large quantities are marble, onyx marble, various types of limestone and igneous rocks, mainly granite, diorite and gabbro. Large reserves of re-crystallized limestone and marble occur widely in the Gilgit and Skardu region, in Chitral, Khyber Agency, Swat and Mardan districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Bajaur and Khyber Agencies of FATA, in Azad Jammu and Kashmir (Asrarullah and Hussain 1985). Onyx marble of high quality is found in Chagai District of Balochistan Province (Ahmed, 1965). Other forms of building stones like slate, sandstone, boulders and gravels etc are abundantly available throughout the country. Attractive and good quality granitic, dioritic and gabbroic rocks occur in Gilgit, Chitral, Swat, Raskoh, Chagai, Lasbela and Nagarparkar areas.

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Reserves and average annual production of some varieties of building stones are given in the following table. Table-3 Reserves and Production of Some Varieties of Building Stones S. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Variety of Building Stone Onyx Marble Aragonite Marble Granite Sandstone Slate Stone Miscellaneous Building Stones (diorite, gabbro, gneiss, rhyolite & basalt) Serpentine Annual Production Reserves (in million 2010-2011 (in metric tonnes) tonnes) 2 158 4,140 Extensive Very Large Very Large Very Large 78,612 1,369,315 15,877 440 103,101 477 2,542

DESCRIPTION OF ACCOMPANYING DATA TABLE

In the following table data on almost all major mineral commodities has been compiled including 8 metallic, 49 non metallic and 3 Energy Fuel commodities. Reserves of the commodities in the country have been worked out where ever possible, otherwise, size is described in terms of small, Large, Very Large and Extensive, as the case may be. Average quality is shown to reflect the representation of quality on broader terms instead of depicting individual deposits. In the next column production of the commodity for the year 2010-2011 is given and next column describes the average production worked on the basis of the production of the last l0 years, to show the variation or trend of increase or decrease in the production of that commodity over the past few years. Under the column with the title Life of Mine, is to show for how long that particular commodity has been in production in the country. In the last column, resources already exploited have been worked out on the basis of the average rate of production and the life of production for each commodity in the country. This data has been compiled with aim that the reader can get a fair idea, on the basis of reserves, production, number of producing years, resources already exploited; the actual position of a particular commodity and then analyse the overall picture of the potential of the mineral sector of Pakistan.

17

MAJOR

MINERAL RESOURCES

OF PAKISTAN

19

METALLIC

20
SIZE (in million tonnes) QUALITY RESERVES IN PAKISTAN (in million tonnes) ANNUAL RESOURCES AVERAGE LIFE OF MINE / PRODUCTION ALREADY PRODUCTION PRODUCTION (in metric tonnes) EXPLOITED (in metric tonnes) (in Years) 2010-2011 (in metric tonnes) 0.06 0.06 0.086 Low to medium grade 2 79 30 2,370 Total 0.05 0.6 0.65 2.527 Low to medium grade 115,931 30,366 30 910,980 0.026 0.026 0.547 1.3 0.03 1.877

COMMODITY

NAME OF DEPOSITS

Antimony

KPK/FATA Zaimukht Hill, Kurram Valley Krinj Partson, Chitral Total PUNJAB Karangali Hill Salt Range

BALOCHISTAN Shekran, Khuzdar Qila Abdullah

Chromite

KPK Harichand, Dargai Boya, N.Waziristan Jijal, Bisham Chilas

Total BALOCHISTAN Naweoba, Zhob Muslim Bagh, Qila Saifullah Sonaro, Khuzdar Raskoh, Chagai Total

Average production of all mineral commodities has been based on the average of annual production of last 10 years, provided by provincial DGMMD's, for calculating present in-situ value of the commodity in the country.

Utilized Life of Mine / period of production has been assumed considering the non availability of actual data

COMMODITY QUALITY

NAME OF DEPOSITS

SIZE (in million tonnes)

RESERVES IN PAKISTAN (in million tonnes)

ANNUAL RESOURCES AVERAGE LIFE OF MINE / PRODUCTION ALREADY PRODUCTION PRODUCTION (in metric tonnes) EXPLOITED (in metric tonnes) (in Years) 2010-2011 (in metric tonnes)

Copper Total 6082.532 15,672 15,672 30.41266 Low to high grade 12 120 0.5 120.5

KPK Shinkai, Boya, Waziristan Bulashgah, Gilgit

BALOCHISTAN

188,064

METALLIC

Saindak, Chagai Sasht-e-Kain, Chagai Ziarat Pir Sultan, Chagai Kabul Koh, Chagai Missi, Chagai Bandegan, Chagai Reko Diq, Chagai Total 206 1450 618 618 Low grade 2.76 2.76 1 656 1,656 Low grade 1 47 1.47 5962.032 1 47 1.47

412 200 200 50 100 0.032 5000

Gold

BALOCHISTAN 12 12 17 64 17.64 33

Saindak

(0.5 (0 5 grams/ton)

Reko Diq (0.29 grams/ton)

Silver

Saindak

(1.5 grams/ton)

Average production of all mineral commodities has been based on the average of annual production of last 10 years, provided by provincial DGMMD's, for calculating present in-situ value of the commodity in the country.

Production figure for copper shows blister copper, which has been assumed as the average production for the total period of production for the last 12 years. For convenience the reserves have been calculated at an average value of 0.5 % copper for all copper deposits.

Reserve of Gold in the country = 1656 metric tons (58,413,680 Ounces) and that of Silver = 618 metric tons (21,799,308 Ounces)

21

M METALLIC

22
SIZE (in million tonnes) QUALITY 1427.2 Low to high 341,651 24,322 10 RESERVES IN PAKISTAN (in million tonnes) 243,220 ANNUAL RESOURCES AVERAGE LIFE OF MINE / PRODUCTION ALREADY PRODUCTION PRODUCTION (in metric tonnes) EXPLOITED (in metric tonnes) (in Years) 2010-2011 (in metric tonnes) Total: 6.8 2.6 60 30 66 0.5 6.5 168 340.4 Total: 350 110 27.46 268.3 755.76 Total: 250 10 0.43 1.125 1.125 23 0.05 0.13 45 0.18 331.04

COMMODITY

NAME OF DEPOSITS

Iron Ore

KPK Besham Abbottabad Galdanian Langrial Pezu Mazar Tang, Kohat Dammer Nisar Nizampur

PUNJAB Kalabagh Kirana Sargodha Chiniot Rakhi Munh, DG Khan

BALOCHISTAN Dilband, Kalat Shekran, Khuzdar Mashkichah Durban Chah Amir Chah Chilghazi Chapar Kundi Baluchap Pachin Koh Bandagan

Average production of all mineral commodities has been based on the average of annual production of last 10 years, provided by provincial DGMMD's, for calculating present in-situ value of the commodity in the country.

For iron average rate of production has been assumed as 300,000 metric tone per year for calculating resources already exploited and present in-situ value of iron ore in the country.

Utilized Life of Mine / period of production has been assumed considering the non availability of actual data

COMMODITY QUALITY

NAME OF DEPOSITS

SIZE (in million tonnes) 2 25,384

RESERVES IN PAKISTAN (in million tonnes)

ANNUAL RESOURCES AVERAGE LIFE OF MINE / PRODUCTION ALREADY PRODUCTION PRODUCTION (in metric tonnes) EXPLOITED (in metric tonnes) (in Years) 2010-2011 (in metric tonnes)

Lead Zinc Total: 23.72 Low to medium grade 0.5 0.5 1,569 11,123 12,692 1,569 11,123 12,692

KPK - Besham

BALOCHISTAN - Gunga, Khuzdar - Surmai, Khuzdar - Duddar Total: Total: Low to medium grade 2,753 0.18 0.18 0.597 1,255 10 2.93 10.29 23.22

METALLIC

Manganese

KPK - Chur Gali, Abbottabad

BALOCHISTAN - Lasbela - Khuzdar Large 158 High grade High grade 1,369,315

15

18,825

346 636,815 40 25,472,600

0.188 0.229 Total: 0.417 Balochistan Agglomerate Many deposits in KPK & A number of deposits in Aragonite marble Balochistan

NON METALLIC

Building stone (diorite, A number of deposits all over gabbro, Pakistan gneiss, rhyolite & basalt) Very Large Deposits Medium to high grade -doMedium

477

477

BUILDING & DIMENSION STONES S

Conglomerat -doe

138 -

260 238

Ebry stone

-do-

Medium to high grade Medium to high grade

Average production of all mineral commodities has been based on the average of annual production of last 10 years, provided by provincial DGMMD's, for calculating present in-situ value of the commodity in the country.

Considering minor difference of rates of Lead & Zinc both the metals have been treated as one for calculating present in-situ value of the deposits.

Utilized Life of Mine / period of production has been assumed considering the non availability of actual data

23

NON METALLIC

BUILDING & DIMENSION STONES

CLAYS

24
SIZE (in million tonnes) QUALITY 4,140 Very Large Deposits High grade Medium to high grade 78,612 6,630 217,179 440 2,542 103 101 103,101 168 37,802 22,790 4,483,908 150,000 1,834 3,390 1 834 1,834 1,560 47,229 47,993 1,942,049 3,991 44,492 2,809 40 1,779,680 265200 8687160 17600 101,680 4124040 6720 1512080 911600 179356320 37,604 26,612 20 Small 2 Medium to high grade 15,877 8,000 20 RESERVES IN PAKISTAN (in million tonnes) 160,000 752080 ANNUAL RESOURCES AVERAGE LIFE OF MINE / PRODUCTION ALREADY PRODUCTION PRODUCTION (in metric tonnes) EXPLOITED (in metric tonnes) (in Years) 2010-2011 (in metric tonnes) Very Large Deposits -do-do-do-doSmall -do Medium Deposits Large Medium to high grade Medium to high grade High grade Medium grade Low to high grade High grade High grade Medium to high grade Medium to high grade

COMMODITY

NAME OF DEPOSITS

Granite

A number of deposits in SINDH, KPK & Balochistan

Gravel

Extensively Available All Over Pakistan

Millstone

A number of deposits in KPK, Sindh & Balochistan

Onyx marble/ A number of deposits in KPK & Balochistan Travertine

Extensively Available All Over Pakistan

Ordinary stone Sand / Bajri Sand stone

-DO-DO-

Serpentine

A number of deposits in KPK & Balochistan

Slate stone

A number of deposits in KPK

Ball clay

A few deposits in Punjab

Bentonite

A few deposits in Punjab

China clay

A number of deposits in Sindh & KPK

Clays

Extensively Available All Over Pakistan

Average production of all mineral commodities has been based on the average of annual production of last 10 years, provided by provincial DGMMD's, for calculating present in-situ value of the commodity in the country.

Utilized Life of Mine / period of production has been assumed considering the non availability of actual data

COMMODITY QUALITY

NAME OF DEPOSITS

SIZE (in million tonnes) 100 Fairly Large Deposits 6,774 3,964,080 1,500,000 17283 -DoSmall 0.012 0.002 0.014 1.4 12.28 Small 9,033 42 622 42,622 250 460 1,599 364,008 150,487 0 High grade High grade High grade High grade High grade High grade Medium to high grade High grade 13.708 33,312 36873 High grade 289,573 198,465 30

RESERVES IN PAKISTAN (in million tonnes) 5,953,950

ANNUAL RESOURCES AVERAGE LIFE OF MINE / PRODUCTION ALREADY PRODUCTION PRODUCTION (in metric tonnes) EXPLOITED (in metric tonnes) (in Years) 2010-2011 (in metric tonnes)

Fire clay

A number of deposits in Punjab & KPK

Fullers earth A number of deposits in Punjab & KPK

Medium to high grade Medium to high grade

Shale

A large number of deposits all over Pakistan

Asbestos

A few deposits in Balochistan & KPK

Barite

Naka Pabni

Bankhari Kundi Gunga Moner Talar

Medium to high grade Medium to high grade

30

1,106,190

NON METALLIC

Bauxite

A few deposits in Punjab & KPK

18,486 53 196 53,196 1,225 1,117 6,984 263,521 23,871 0

Brine

A few deposits in Punjab & KPK

Calcite

Celestite Chalk Dolomite

CHEMICAL, FERT TILIZER & INDUSTRIAL

Feldspar

Flint stone

Medium Small to A number of deposits in Balochistan, Punjab & Medium A few deposits in Sindh and PUNJAB Small A few deposits in KPK & Punjab -doA number of deposits in all four provinces Large Very Large A number of deposits in Balochistan & KPK Deposits A number of deposits in KPK -do-

Average production of all mineral commodities has been based on the average of annual production of last 10 years, provided by provincial DGMMD's, for calculating present in-situ value of the commodity in the country.

Utilized Life of Mine / period of production has been assumed considering the non availability of actual data

25

NON METALLIC

ICAL, FERTILIZER & INDUSTRIAL CHEMI

26
SIZE (in million tonnes) QUALITY 1 198 1,041,972 293,085 154,033 34,585,693 9,844 37 680 37,680 91,350 2,186 25 54,650 27 470 27,470 20 549400 14,496,811 3,287 25 82,175 62,655 48,029 485,513 30 964 25 4,850 Small -doLarge 12 Small 100 Small 7 High grade Low to medium grade High grade Medium to high grade Low to medium grade 24,100 14,565,390 RESERVES IN PAKISTAN (in million tonnes) ANNUAL RESOURCES AVERAGE LIFE OF MINE / PRODUCTION ALREADY PRODUCTION PRODUCTION (in metric tonnes) EXPLOITED (in metric tonnes) (in Years) 2010-2011 (in metric tonnes) Medium to high grade Low to medium grade Low to medium grade Low to medium grade Low to medium grade

COMMODITY

NAME OF DEPOSITS

Fluorite

A few deposits in Balochistan

Gypsum

A number of deposits in all four provinces

Lake salt

Being produced in Sindh & Balochistan

Laterite

A few deposits in Balochistan & KPK

Limestone

Extensively available all over Pakistan

Magnesite

A number of deposits in Balochistan & KPK

Nephline A few deposits in KPK Synite Ochres / Red A number b of f d it i l hi t & KPK deposits in B Balochistan oxides

Orpiment

A few deposits in KPK

Phosphate

A number of deposits in Balochistan & KPK

Average production of all mineral commodities has been based on the average of annual production of last 10 years, provided by provincial DGMMD's, for calculating present in-situ value of the commodity in the country.

Utilized Life of Mine / period of production has been assumed considering the non availability of actual data

COMMODITY QUALITY

SIZE (in million tonnes) Low to high grade 4,036 2,160 207 2,021,008 1,478,529 2,189 50 446 2,716 High grade Medium to high grade High grade

ANNUAL RESOURCES AVERAGE LIFE OF MINE / PRODUCTION ALREADY PRODUCTION PRODUCTION (in metric tonnes) EXPLOITED (in metric tonnes) (in Years) (in metric tonnes) 2010-2011

Pumice -doSmall to medium 800 557

RESERVES IN PAKISTAN NAME OF DEPOSITS (in million tonnes) Medium to A number of deposits in Balochistan & KPK Large

Quartz

A number of deposits in Balochistan, Punjab & KPK

Quartzite

A number of deposits in Balochistan & KPK

Rock salt

A number of deposits in Punjab & KPK

73926450

NON METALLIC

Medium to high 317,225 268,478 30 8,054,340 grade Medium to high A number of deposits in Balochistan & KPK Medium to large 147,250 33686 Soap stone grade Low to medium 0 398 30 11,940 A number of deposits in Balochistan & KPK 0.8 Sulphur grade Low to medium p 472 2,560 , A number of deposits in Sindh -doTrona grade d * Average production of all mineral commodities has been based on the average of annual production of last 10 years, provided by provincial DGMMD's, for calculating present in-situ value of the commodity in the country. * Utilized Life of mine / period of production has been assumed considering the non availability of actual data

CHEMICAL, FERTILIZER & INDUSTRIAL C

Silica sand

A number of deposits in all the four provinces

27

SOLID

ENERGY/ FUEL

LIQUID

* *

GAS

28
SIZE (in million tonnes) QUALITY 186,008 3,305,758 3,335,179 50 Low grade (ligA to bit-c) RESERVES IN PAKISTAN (in million tonnes) ANNUAL RESOURCES AVERAGE LIFE OF MINE / PRODUCTION ALREADY PRODUCTION PRODUCTION (in metric tonnes) EXPLOITED (in metric tonnes) (in Years) 2010-2011 (in metric tonnes) 166,758,950 264.011 (Million Barrels) Good Quality 24041156 (Barrels) 27.50048 (TCF) Good Quality 1,471,591 (million CFT)

COMMODITY

NAME OF DEPOSITS

Coal

A number of deposits in all the four provinces (List of deposits attached)

Crude Oil

Natural Gas

NB Average production of all mineral commodities has been based on the average of annual production of last 10 years, provided by provincial DGMMD's, for calculating present in-situ value of the commodity in the country.

Figures given for crude oil and gas indicate balance recoverable reserves, reserves Source: Energy Year Book, Book 2011 Inexhaustible cement raw material (Lst + Shale), rock salt (Other than PMDC mines), building & dimension stones, various types of clays, chemicals like brine, lake salt, aggregate resources, fertilizer & industrial minerals, fairly large but un-explored deposits of Platinum Group Elements (PGE) and Rare Earth Elements/metals (REE) and large deposits of gemstones and crude oil & gas are excluded from the resources'

Utilized Life of Mine / period of production has been assumed considering the non availability of actual data TOE= Tonnes of Oil Equivalent, TCF= Trillion Cubic Feet, CFT= Cubic Feet

Quality AND Coal Resources OF PAKISTAN

Table-4 Summary of Quality and Coal Resources of Pakistan

Reserves Indicated Sindh 9.7-38.1 22.6-48.0 }9.0-39.5 20.0-44.2 25.2-34.0 23.1-36.6 14.2-34.0 2.9-11.5 24.1-32.2 8.2-16.8 15.0-58.8 5.0-39.0 26.6-36.6 29.6-55.5 629 511 810 77 170 43 9,395 11,635 Balochistan 11 2 13 Punjab 16 8 24 NWFP 114,298 Developed AJK 0.2-6.0 Developed 0.1-7.1 Developed 0.2-2.5 16.2-33.4 14.0-31.2 5.1-32.0 21.8-49.8 37.0-76.9 26.3-69.5 5.3-43.3 6.1-39.0 3.3-50.0 1.5-9.5 SubA to hvAb 1.1-3.5 SibC to hvAb 0.3-4.8 ligA to hvCB 10,500-14,149 9,388-14,171 7,336-12,338 Tons of Oil Equivalent (TOE) 242,969 242,969 4,123,907 1,845,036 4.5 4.5 1 1 11677.5 56,582 7 7 8 84 76 9 11 145 Developed 2.8-6.0 31.5-48.1 2 145 Developed 3.2-10.8 21.5-38.8 25.7-44.8 34.9-44.9 12.3-44.2 6.4-30.8 2.6-10.7 SubC to hvAb 2.8-6.3 SubA to hvAb 9,472-15,801 10,688-14,029 553,453 553,453 19 25 14 8 5 134 16 16 Developed Developed Developed Developed Developed 3.9-18.9 3.5-11.5 7.1-12.0 6.3-13.2 1.1-2.9 20.7-37.5 32.0-50.0 34.2-43.0 34.6-41.0 24.9-43.5 41.0-50.8 28.0-42.0 32.4-41.5 19.3-42.5 19.4-478.1 4.9-17.2 5.0-38.0 9.6-20.3 10.3-37.5 9.1-36.5 63 Developed 1.7-11.2 9.3-45.3 25.5-43.8 9.3-34.0 3.5-9.55 SubB to hvAb 0.6-5.5 4.0-6.0 3.2-7.4 4.0-5.5 3.0-8.5 SubA to hvBb SubB to hvAb SubA to hvCb SubA to hvVb hvCb to hvAb 9,637-15,499 11,245-13,900 10,131-14,164 11,110-12,937 10,786-11,996 12,500-14,357 278,920 281,371 564,944 305,037 318,116 520,185 2,268,623 455 2197 907 217 1556 108 200 50,706 56,346 932 500 112705 114,137 Developed Non-Developed Non-Developed Non-Developed Non-Developed Developed Non-Developed Non-Developed 18.3-38.6 16.1-36.9 9.8-38.2 8.9-31.6 4.3-49 2.7-52.0 1.2-14.8 ligB to SubC 0.2-15.0 SubC to hvBb SubC to hvCb LigB to SubA 0.4-7.7 LigA to SubC 2.9-5.1 LigA to SubC SubA to hvCb 0.4-2.9 LigB to SubA 5,503-9,158 8,878-13,555 8,800-12,846 5,219-11,172 7,782-8,660 7,734-8,612 11,415-11,521 6,244-11,054 Inferred Hypothetical Status Moisture Volatile Matter Fixed Carbon Ash Total Sulphur Rank ASTM Classifi-cation Heating Value (mmmf) Btu/lb Coal Quality Proximate Analyses (in percent) Annual Production 2009-2010 (tonnes) 1,038,926 19,936 1,058,862

30

Field

Seam Thickness Range (Meters)

Total

Measured

Lakhra Sonda-Thatta Jherruk Ongar Indus East Meting-Jhumpir Badin Thar Sub Total

0.3-3.3 0.3-1.5 0.3-6.2 0.3-1.5 0.3-2.5 0.3-1.0 0.55-3.1 0.2-22.81

1,328 3,700 1,823 312 1,777 161 850 175,506 185,457

244 60 106 18 51 10 150 2,700 3,339

0.3-2.3

76

13

Khost-Shahrig-HarnaiZardalu Sor Range-Deghari-Sinjdi Duki Mach Abegum Pir Ismail Ziarat Chamalong-Bala Dhaka Sub Total

0.3-1.3 0.2-2.3 0.6-1.3 0.4-0.7 0.3-2.0

50 50 23 12 6 217

15 14 9 2 1 54

Salt Range

0.15-1.2

213

50

Makarwal Sub Total

0.3-2.0

22 235

5 55

Hangu/Orakzai

0.43-0.6

81.5

1.0

Cherat/Gulla Khel Sub Total

0.8-1.2

8.5 90

0.5 1.5

Kotli Total

0.25-1.0

9 9

1 1

TOTAL

186,008

34,505

hvAb =high volatile A bituminous coal Sub A =Sub bituminous A coal Sub C = Sub bituminous C coal Btu = British Thermal Unit hvBb =high volatile B bituminous coal Sub B = Sub bituminous B coal lig B = Lignite B coal ASTM = American Society For Testing and Materials hvb =high volatile C bituminous coal Sub B = Sub bituminous B coal mmmf = moist mineral matter free Kg =kilogram Mineable Reserves = 60 % of the proved reserves Measured Reserves: having a high degree of geological assurance, coal lies within a radius of 0.4 km from a point of coal measurement. Indicated Reserves: having a moderate degree of geological assurance, coal lies within a radius of 0.4 to 1.2 km. from a point of coal measurement. Inferred Reserves: having a low degree of geological assurance, coal lies within a radius of 1.2 to 4.8 km from a point of coal measurement. Hypothetical Resources: undiscovered coal resources and are generally extension of inferred reserves in which coal lies beyond 4.8 km from a point of coal measurement. To convert Btu to Kcal/Kg multiply by 0.556. To convert Kcal/Kg to Btu/lb multiply by 1.798 Source: 1. Ahmad and others, (1986), Coal Resources of Pakistan, GSP, Rec. Vol. 73 2. Kazmi and Siddiqui, (1990). Significance of the Coal Resources of Pakistan, GSP/USGS Pub. 3. Jaleel and others, (2002), Coal Resources of Four Block of Thar, Sindh, Pakistan,GSP, Rec. Vol.115. 4. Javed & others (2000), Coal Resources of Eastern Salt Range, Pakistan (unpublished)

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