26.electron & Photon

/
Electron and Photon

Chapter Overview
Discovery of Cathode Rays (Eiedron)
Positive Rays
" Photoelectric Effect
Planck's Quantum Theory
Compton Effect
" Dual Character of Radiation
t> Discovery of Cathode Rays (Electron)
Sir William Crooks studied various gases in a gas discharge tube
(a glass tube with a very high potential applied to its ends) at low
pressures. If the pressure in the tube is lowered to about 10-4 atm, glass
begins to fluoresce (glow) faintly. It was established that the glow was
due to bombardment of the glass by a certain kind of rays emerging from
cathode (negative electrode) which travel in a straight line until they
strike the anode (positive electrode). These rays were called as cathode
rays.
Sir J J Thomson demonstrated that when cathode rays were deflected
on to an electrometer, it acquired negative charge. He also showed that
the rays were deflected on application of an electric field. The cathode ray
beam was deflected away from the negatively charged plate. These results
were found to be identical, irrespective of the gas taken in the discharge
tube. He concluded that the cathode rays were a stream of fast moving
negatively charged particles called electrons (named by stoney). He also
calculated the velocity and specific charge for an electron. The specific
charge is the ratio of charge to the mass of an electron, denoted as elm
ratio. The el m ratio was found to be same for all gases. This led to the
conclusion that the electron must be a fundamental or universal particle
common t o all kinds of the atoms.
988 Chapter 26 Electron and Photon
Properties of Cathode Rays
(i) Cathode rays travel in straight lines.
(ii) The cathode rays are independent of the nature of the
gas or electrodes employed to produce them in the
discharge tube. Therefore, .::_ for cathode rays is a
m
universal constant equal to 1. 7592 x 10
11
C kg-
1
.
(iii) They can be deflected by electric and magnetic fields.
(iv) They have penetrating power and can penetrate through
small thickness of matter.
(v) On striking the target of high atomic weight and high
point, they produce X-rays.
(vi) They produce fluorescence and phosphorescence in
certain substances and hence affect photographic plate.
(vii) They have small ionising power and ionise the gas
through which they pass.
(viii) They travel in straight line with high velocity, momentum
and energy and cast shadow of objects placed in their
path.
(ix) They emerge normally from surface of cathode and can
therefore be brought to focus by using a concave cathode.
(x) They heat up the material on which they fall.
(xi) They exerts mechanical pressure, so they can rotate a
small paddle wheel.
(xii) They can produce physical and chemical change.
(xiii) They can exhibit interference and diffraction
phenomena under suitable arrangements. they
may behave as waves.
r> Positive Rays
Positive rays were discovered by Goldstein. Positive rays are
moving positive ions of the gas filled in the discharge tube. The mass
of these particles is nearly equal to the mass of the atoms of gas.
Properties of Positive Rays
(i) These consist of fast moving positively charged particles.
(ii) These rays are deflected in magnetic field.
(iii) These rays are deflected in electric field.
(iv) These rays travel in straight line.
. (v) Speed of positive rays is less than that of cathode rays.
(vi) These rays can affect the photographic plate.
(vii) These rays penetrate through the thin aluminium foil.
(viii) These rays can produce fluorescence and phosphorescence.
tt> Photoelectric Effect
The phenomenon of
ejection of electrons from
a metal surface, when light
of sufficient high frequency
falls on it, is known as the
photoelectric effect.
The figure given below
shows the experimental set up
to study photoelectric effect.
When a suitable
radiation is incident on the
p
A

electrode P, electrons are
ejer::ted from it. The electrons
whi'cf.. ' ilave sufficient kinetic
the Q, ( its negative polarity).
,
The potential difference between the two electrodes acts as
the retarding potential.
As electrons reach on electrode Q, so it becomes more and
more negative, so fewer and fewer electrons reach on electrode
Q and photo electric current recorded by ammeter falls. The
particular potential difference V
0
(say) at which no electron
reach on electrode Q, is called stopping potential. In this case;
the work done by stopping potential is equal to the maximum
kinetic energy of the electrons.
ie,
laws of Photoelectric Effect
Following are the laws of photoelectric effect
(i) For each emitting metal, there is a certain mirumum
frequency v
0
( or maximum wavelength /..
0
) , called the
threshold frequency of the incident radiation, below
which no emission of photoelectron takes place, no
matter how great is the intensity. The value of v
0
(or /..
0
)
is different for different emitting surfaces:
(ii) The process of emission of photoelectrons is an
instantaneous process. There is no time lag ( <10-8 s)
between the incidence of radiation and the emission of
photoelectrons.
(iii) The maximum kinetic energy of the electrons emitted
depends on the frequency of the incident light. It does
not depend on the intensity of incident light.
(iv) The number of electrons emitted depends on the
intensity of incident light and it does not depend on its
frequency.
(v) The velocities (or the energies) of the emitted
photoelectrons vary between zero and a definite
maximum Cvmax) . The proportion of photoelectrons
having a particular velocity is independent of the light
intensity.
Explanation of laws of Photoelectric Effect
The photoelectric effect could not be explained by the wave
theory of light which were later explained by Einstein's photon
theory.
According to this theory, the energy of electromagnetic
radiation is not continuously distributed over wavefront like the
energy of water waves but remains concentrated in packets of
energy content hv, where v is frequency of radiations and h is
universal Planck's constant(= 6.625 x 10-
34
J-s).
Each packet of energy moves with the speed of light. The
assumptions of Einstein's photon theory are
(i) The photoelectric effect is the result of collision of two
particles, one of which is a photon of incident light and
the other is an electron of photo-metal.
(ii) The electron of photo-metal is bound with the nucleus
by Coulomb attractive forces. The minimum. energy
required to free an electron from its bondage is called
work = hv
0
)
(iii) The incident photon interacts with a single electron and
loses its energy in two parts
(a) Firstly, in getting the electron released from the
bondage of the nucleus.
(b) Secondly, to impart kinetic energy to emitted electron.

(iv) The efficiency of photoelectric effect is less than 1% ie,
number of photons less than 1% are capable of ejecting
photoelectrons.
Thus, energy imparted by the photon = maximum kinetic
energy of the emitted electron + work function of the metal.
or
1 2
hv =
2
mvmax +
or
!mv
2
= hv-"'
2
max 'I'
... (i)
If the energy of the incident photcm is just equal to the work
function of the metallic surface, the kinetic energy of the metal
surface is zero.
Eq. (i) is referred as Einstein's photoelectric equation.
Substituting = hv
0
in Eq. (i)
1 2
2
mvmax = hv- hv
0
he he
or
A. A.
0
Illustration 1 A metal has a work function of2.0 e V. It is illuminated
by monochromatic light of wavelength 500 nm. Calculate (a) the
threshold wavelength, (b) the maximum energy of photoelectrons, (c)
the stopping potential. (Given, Planck's constant, h = 6.6 x 10-
34
Js,
charge on electron, e = 1.6 x 10-
19
C and 1 eV = 1.6 x 10-
19
J) .
Solution Here, h = 6.6 x 10-
34
Js, e = 1.6 x 10-
19
c,
1 eV = 1.6 X 10-
19
J
= 2.0 eV = 2.0 X 1.6 X 10-
19
= 3.2 X 10-
19
J,
A.= 500 run= 500x 10-
9
m
(a) If A.
0
is the threshold then
<1>= he
Ao
Ao =he= 6.6xl0-
34
x3x10
8
 3.2x 10-
19
or
= 618.75x 10-
9
m= 618.75 run
(b) The maximum energy of the photoelectrons,
1
2
he
-zmvmax = hv - =T-<1>
6.6x10-
34
x3xl0
8
_
3
.
2
x
10
_
19
SOOxl0\
9
= 3.96 X 10-
19
-3.2 X 10-
19
= 0.76 X 10-
19
J
(c)"The stopping potential is given by
1 2 -19
eV
0
=2mvmax =0.76xl0
or
v. = 0.76 x l0-
19
= 0.76xl0-
19
=0.4
75
v
0
e 1.6x10-
19
Characteristics of Photoelectric Effect
(i) Effect of intensity Figure shows graph of photocurrent
as a function of potential difference for light of constant frequency
and two different intensities. When potential difference V is
sufficiently large and positive, the current becomes constant. The
stopping potential difference V
0
needed to reduce the current to
zero is shown. For a given frequency if the intensity of light is
increased (or we can say that number of photons incident per unit
area per unit time is increased) the.photoelectric current increases
or viee-vers ; but the stopping potential remains the same.
Current
(1)
Chapter 26 Electron and Photon 989
21
v =constant
--f.,--!:,---------+Potential
0 difference (V)
(ii) Effect of frequency Figure shows the current as a
function of potential difference for two different frequencies
with the same intensity in each case.
Current
(1)
(+)V
If the frequency is decreased, the stopping potenti&l
decreases and at a particular frequency of incident
light, the stopping potential becomes zero. This value
of frequency of incident light for which the stopping
potential is zero is called threshold frequency v
0
If
the frequency of incident light (v) is less than the
threshold frequency (v
0
), no photoelectric emission
takes place.
(iii) Effect of photo-metal When frequency and intensity
of incident light are kept fixed and photo-metal is changed, we
observe that stopping potential (V
5
) versus frequency (v) graphs
are parallel straight lines, cutting frequency axis at different
points. This shows that threshold frequency is different for
different metals, the slope (:) for all the metals is same and
hence universal constant.
Metal1
' '
Figure shows that threshold freql,lency and workfunctiOJ.l
are greater for metal 2 as compared to me tall. . ,
>(-10 Note
The negative potential applied to the

electrons reaching the collector (ie, to red'uce1he

zero) is kirown as stop'pingpOteOti'al . l ;r .. "1: ,;;r ... : {.1 '_)A:.X.'- . s
Important Features
Three major features of the photoelectric effect could not be
explained by the wave theory of light which were later explained
by Einstein's photon theory.
(a) Wave theory suggests that the kinetic energy of the
photoelectrons should increase with the increase in
intensity of light. However, Kmax = eV
0
suggests that it
is independent of the intensity of light.
(b) According to wave theory, the photoelectric effect
should occur for any frequency of the light, provided
that the light is intense enough. However, E ;::: <j> or
v 2:': v
0
or A. $ /..
0
suggest that photo mission is possible
only when frequency of incident light is either greater
than or equal to the threshold frequency ,.
0
.
The electrons will be emitted from metal surface only if the frequency of
incident light is greater than threshold frequency v
0
.
The are emitted instantaneously. The interaction between
photons and electrons is one to one. So, weak incident light very few
photons arrive per unit time, but each one has enough energy to eject an
electron instantaneously.
The work . and threshold frequency \'o varies from metal to
metal.
The frequency\' and wavelength A, are related as ,. = c/'A..The energy of
photon = hv = he
A,'
For a given intensity I = nhv greater the frequency lesser will be number
of photons. Hence, lesser will be photoelectric current ie, p_hotocurrent
0<.!.0< A. .
v
Instance 1 Photoelectric threshold of silver is A. = 3800 A.
Ultraviolet light of A. = 2600 A is incident on silver surface. What will
be the value of work function? .
(a) 5.23 x w-
19
J (b) 6.5 x w-
18
J
(c) 6.5 x w-
19
J (d) 5.5 x w-
10
J
Interpret Here A.
0
= 3800 A
Work function

or W = hv
0
=
A.o
6.63 X 10-
34
X 3 X 10
8
3800x 10-
10
= 5.23 x 10-
19
J (3.2 eV)
Instance 2 In the above instance, what will be the maximum
kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons?
Car 2.5 eV (b) 1 eV
(c) 1.51 eV (d) 3.51 eV
Interpret Incident wavelength A. = 2600 A
. . d fr c 3x10
8
:. , . = mc1 ent equency =- = Hz
A 2600 X 10-
10
Then KEmax = hv - <Jb
6.63 X 10-
34
X 3 X 10
8
hv=
10
=7.6Sx10-
19
J=4.78eV
2600x10-
KEmax = hv -% = 4.78eV- 3.27 eV = 1.51eV (2.42X 10-
19
J)
Instance 3 In the above instance; what will be the maximum
velocity of the photoelectrons? (Mass of the electron= 9.11 x w-
31
kg}
(a) .1 m x, 6 ms-
1
. . (b). 1.5 ms-
1
. ,
(c) 0.7289 x 10
6
ms-
1
(d) q,56 x
.. .
Interpret KEmax =
V = =
max m
2 X 2.42 X 10-
19
9.llx1o-
31
= 0.7289 x 10
6
ms-
1
Planck's Quantum Theory
When a black body is heated, it emits thermal radiations of
different wavelengths or frequency. To explain these relations,
Max Planck put forward a theory known as Planck's quantum
theory. The main points of quantum theory are
(i) Substance radiate or absorb energy discontinuosly in
the form of small packets or bundles of energy.
(ii) The smallest packets of energy is called quantum. In
case of light the quantum is known as photon.
(iii) The energy of a quantum is directly proportional to the
frequency of the radiation. E oc v (orE = hv =
where v is the frequency of radiation and
h(6.626 x 10-
34
J-s) is Planck's constant and
c (3 x 10
8
ms-
1
) is velocity of light
hv h
Momentum of photon p = - = -
Rest mass of photon = 0 c A.
D
. ki. fh hv h
ynarruc or net1c mass o p oton, m = - = -
c
2
cA.
(iv) A body can radiate or absorb energy in whole number
multiples of a quantum hv, 2hv, 3hv ... nhv where n is
the positive integer.
Compton Effect
When a monochromatic beam of X-falls on a target containing
free electrons, it is scattered. As a result, the electrons recoil and
the scattered radiation has wavelength longer than incident one.
This effect is called Compton effect.
(i) A.' - A. = D.A. = Compton shift
h
D./..= -[1- cos <j>]
m
0
c
where m
0
is rest mass
Incident
of an electron and
c is the speed of light
hjm
0
c = Compton shift X-ray photon
D.A is maxinlum when (wavelength )
= 180 .
(ii) Kinetic energy of recoil electron
he he
Ek
(iii) Direction of recoil electron
tan El = /..sin 
A. '-: /..cos <j>
(iv) Compton wavelength of electron
h 0
=-=0.024A
mbc
(v) Maximum Compton shift
2h 0
(D./..)max =-':" 0.048 A
m
0
c
Scattered
X-rays
Carbon target
llltext Questions 26.1
(i) Db Xcrays show phenomenon of photoelectric effect?
(ii) It is harder to a free electron frgm copper than from sodium? Which metal has greater work function? Which has higher

ejEcts electrons a Srrtain photosensitive surface, yellow light does not. Will (a) red light (a) violet light eject
from the same substance ?
(iv) A photon and an electron have same wavelength. Which particle is moving faster?
Dual Character of Radiation
In case of light some phenomenon like diffraction and
interference can be explained on the basis of its wave character.
However, the certain other phenomenon such as black body
radiation and photoelectric effect can be explained only on
the basis of its particle nature. Thus light is said to have a dual
character. Such studies on light wave were made by Einstein in
1905. Louis-de-Broglie, in 1942 extended the idea of photons to
material particles such as electron and he proposed that matter
also has a dual character as wave and as particles .
De-Broglie Relation
According to de-Broglie a wave is associated with energy
moving particle. These waves are called de-Broglie waves or
matter waves.
According to quantum theory, energy of photon
E = h ... (i)
If mass of the photon is taken as m, then as per Einstein's
equation
E = mc
2
(ii)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii)
h\' = mc
2
h = mc
2
, where A. = wavelength of photon.
A. h
A. =--
me
de-Broglie asserted that the above equation is completely
a general function and applies to photon as well as all other
moving particles.
A-!!__ =-h-
So,
- mv .J2mE
where m is mass of particle and v is its velocity.
(i) -de-Broglie wavelength associated with charged particle
h
- p - .JzmE -
(ii) de-Broglie wavelength of a gas molecule
A = __ h_ where T absolute temperature
.J3mkT
k = Boltzmann's constant = 1.38 x 10-
23
J/K
(iii) Ratio of wavelength of photon and electron. The
) wavelength of photon of energy E is given by A = he
P E
'while the wavelength of an electron of kinetic energy K
is given by A. = b . Therefore for same energy, the
c -v2mK
ratio
AP = .:._.JzmK =

, Ae E . E
2
Instance 4 Calculate the de-Broglie wavelength of neutrons whose
energy is 1 eV (Given mass of electrons= 1.67 x 10-
27
kg)
Interpret We know that
h
A= .J2mE
6.6 x 10-
34
X 1.67 X 10-
27
X 1.6 X

= 0.2857 X 10-lQ
= 0.2857 A.
Davisson and Germer Experiment
The wave nature of the material particles as predicted by
de-Broglie was confirmed by Davisson and Genner (1927) in
United States and by G P Thomson (1928) in Scotland.
Experimental arrangement used by Davisson and Germer is
as shown in figure. Electrons from hot tungsten cathode (C) are
accelerated by a potential difference V between the cathode and
anode (A). A narrow hole in the anode renders the electrons into
a fine beam of electrons and allows it to strike the nickel crystal.
The electrons are scattered in all directions by the atoms in the
crystal. The intensity of the electron beam scattered in a given
direction is found by the use of a detector. By rotating the detector
about an axis through the point 0, the intensity of the scattered
beam can be measured for different values the angle between
incident and the scattered direction of electron beam.
OJ
CD
w
3
A
Electron
gun
..
Detector
Davisson and Germer, found that the intensity of scattered
beam of electrons was not the same but different at different
angles of scattering. It is maximum for diffracting angle' 60 at
54 volt potential difference.
54V
If the de-Broglie waves exist for electrons then these
should be diffracted as X-rays. Using the Bragg's formula
2d sine = n A, we can determine the wavelength of these waves.
Where d = distance between diffracting planes e = (ISO- ) =
glancing angle for incident beam= Bragg's angle. 2
The distance between diffracting planes in Ni-crystal for this
experiment is d = 0.91 A and the Bragg's angle = 65. This gives
for n = 1, A = 2 x 0.91 x 10-lo sin 65 = 1.65
(9
,,
9}0
. 0 ... ..,:.___,_ ______ _
....
planes
the
Now de-Broglie wavelength can also be determined by using
C l 1 _ 12.27 _ 12.27 _
1 67
Ao
!OrillU a "- rv - .JS4 -- 0 0 Thus the de-Broglie
hypothesis is verified.
lntext Questions 26.2
,
tic energy; which of the following has smallest de-Broglie }Vavelength, electron, proton, a-particle?
''nature of lnatter not apparent to our daily observations ? ... .
wavelength pf a photon of an electromagnetic radiation of the radiatip:;?> ,, . '> .
pn needs to be the environment, before it can be used for neutron W:4y?
,
kinetic energy with which an "'""''-w.vu
einitted from a metal surface is independent of the
f the light and depends upon its frequency.
The number of photoelectrons emitted ,is mctep,en,aeJlt
the frequency of th cident llght
its intensity.
: Einstem's equation of photoelectric effect .
1 2
2mvmax
1 2
2mvrriax
bove relation is
the wave
ve1enl'lll of particle.
16. de-Broglie wavelength of
llluSlrative
Example 1 What is frequency and energy of a photon of wavelength
6000 A? (Given h = 6.6 x 10-
34
Js, c = 3 x 10
8
ms-
1
)
(a) 15 x 10
4
Hz and 3.3x 1o-
10
J
(b) 6 x 10
10
Hz and 4.4X 10-
19
J
(c) 5 x 10
12
Hz and 3.3 x 10-
19
J
(d) 5 x 10
14
Hz and 3.3 x 10-
19
J
. e 3x 10
8
SolutiOn Frequency v =-;;- =
10
= 5 x 10
14
Hz
11, 6000xl0-
and energy= hv = 6.6 x 10-
34
x 5 x 1014 = 3.3 x 10-
19
J
Example 2 The work function of sodium is 2.3 eV. Calculate the
maximum wavelength for the light that will cause photoelectrons to be
emitted from the sodium.
(aJ 64oo A (bJ 5ooo A
(c) 54oo A (d) 5200 A
Solution KEmax = hv - <1b = he - q>
0
A.
he
T- q>
0
> 0 energy is always +ve)
A-<.0._
q>o
A. = eh = 3x10
8
x 6.62 x 10-
34
=
5400
A
max q>
0
2.3 X 1.6 X 10-
19
Example 3 In an experiment on photoelectric effect it was observed
that for incident light of wavelength 1. 98 X 10-
7
m, stopping potential
is 2.5 V. is the energy of photoelectrons with maximum speed,
workfunction

and threshold frequency?
(a) 6.25 eV, 3.75 eV, 9.10 x 10
14
Hz
(b) 3.75eV, 6.25 eV, 9.10x10
14
Hz
(c) 4.75 eV, 6.25 eV,8.10x10
14
Hz
(d) None of the above
Solution I<Emax = eV = 2.5 eV
Energy of the incident light
E =he= 6.6x10-
34
x3x10
8
A. 1.98 x 10-
7
6.6 X 10-34 X 3 X 108 eV = 6.25 eV
1.98x1o-
7
x1. 6x1o-
19
Now, work function
=E-KE =3.75 eV
Moreover
= hvo
o
Yo=h
3.75xl.6x1o-I9 =9.10x1014Hz
Yo 6.6 x10-
34
,
Example 4 Find the ratio of de-Broglie wavelength of proton and
a-partide which has been accelerated through the same potential
difference.
(a) 3J2
(c) 2.)3
(b) 2J2
(d) zJS
Solution
A.- h AP _ 2maqa.V
- 'A.a. - 2mPqP V
As mP =_!_and qa = 3_
ma 4 qp 1
!J__ = )4 X 2 =2J2
A a.
Example 5 The anode voltage of a photocell is kept fixed. The
wavelength A. of the light falling on the cathode is gradually changed.
The plate current i of the photocell varies as follows.

(c) l_l (d) lL
A. A.
Solution On increasing wavelength of light the photoelectric
current decreases and at a certain wavelength (cut-off) above
which photoelectric current stops. Hence graph (a) is correct.
Example 6 The ratio of de-Broglie wavelengths of molecules
of hydrogen and helium which are at temperature 27C and 12TC
respectively is
(a) 1
2
(c) JI
Solution
(b) )!
(d) 1
h
Wavelength A. = - -
mvrms
4(273 + 127)
2(273 + 27)
Chapter Practice
Exercise I
Cathode and Positive Rays
1. Doubly ionised helium atom and hydrogen ions are
accelerated, from rest, through the same potential
difference. The ratio of final velocities of helium and
hydrogen is
(a) 1 : ../2
(c) 1 : 2
(b)../2 : 1
(d) 2 : 1
2. In Thomson's mass spectrographs, when an electric field
of 2 X 10
4
Vm-
1
is applied then the deflection produced
on the screen is 20 mm. If the length of the plates is 5 em
and the distance of the screen from plates is 21 em and
the velocity of positive ions is 10
6
ms-
1
, then their specific
charge will be
(a) 10
7
Ckg-
1
(c) 5.9 X 10
7
Ckg-
1
(b) 2.59 X 10
7
Ckg-
1
(d) 9.52 X 10
7
Ckg-l
3. The working principle the mass spectrograph is that
for a given combination of accelerating potential and
magnetic field, the ion beam (with charge q and mass M)
to be collected at different positions of ion collectors will
depend upon the value of
(a) M
(c) q/ M
(b) (q/ M)2
(d) qM
4. The mass of a proton is 1836 times that of an electron.
An electron and a proton are projected into a uniform
electric field in a direction perpendicular to the field with
equal initial kinetic energies. Then
(a) the electron trajectory is less curved than the proton
trajectory
(b) the proton trajectory is less curved than the electron
trajectory
(c) Both trajectories are equally curved
(d) Both trajectories will be straight
5. An ionisation chamber, with parallel conducting plates as
anode and cathodes has 5 x 10
7
cm-
3
electrons and the
same number of singly charged positive ions per cm
3
. The
electrons are moving toward the ar:ode with velocity 0.4
ms-
1
. The current density from anode to cathode is 4J,!Am-
2
.
The velocity of positive ions moving towards cathode is
(a) 0.1 ms-
1
(b) 0.4 ms-
1
(c) zero (d) 1.6 ms-
1
6. In Thomson mass spectrograph, singly and doubly ionised
particles from similar parabola corresponding to magnetic
fields of 0.8 T and 1.2 T for a constant electric field. The
ratio of masses of ionised particles will be
,
(a) 3 : 8
(c) 8 : 3
(b) 2: 9
(d) 9 : 2
7. In an ionisation experiment it is found that a doubly
ionised particle enters a magnetic field of 1 T and
moves in a circular path of radius 1 m with a speed of
1.6 x 10
7
ms-
1
. The particle must be
(a) c++ (b) Be++
(c) Li++ (d) He++
8. An a-particle of mass 6.65 x 10-
27
kg travels at right
angles to a magnetic field of 0.2 T with a speed of
6 x 10
5
ms-
1
. The acceleration of a-particle will be
(a) 5.77 x 10
11
ms-
2
(b) 7.55 x 10
11
ms-
2
(c) 5.77x 10
12
ms-
2
(d) 7.55 x 10
12
ms-
2
9. Cathode rays of velocity 10
6
ms-
1
describe an
approximate circular path of radius 1 m in an electric
field of 500 V cm-
1
. If the velocity of cathode rays is
doubled, the value of electric field needed so that the
rays describe the same circular path is
(a) 1000 V cm-
1
(b) 1500 V cm-
1
(c) 2000 V cm-
1
(d) 500 V cm-
1
10. An oil drop with charge q is held stationary between two.
plates with an external potential difference of 400 V. If
the size of the drop is doubled without any change of
charge, the potential difference required to keep the drop
stationary will be
(a) 400 V
(c) 3200 V
(b) 1600 v
(d) 4000 v
11. Air becomes conducting when the pressure ranges
between
(a) 76 em and 10 em (b) 10 em and 1 em
(c) 1 em and 10-
3
em (d) 10--4 em and 10-
7
em
12. An electron of mass m and charge q is accelerated from
rest in a uniform electric field of strength E. The velocity
acquired by it as it travels a distance l is
(a)
(b)
(c) ql
(d)
13. A proton of mass 1.67 x 10-
27
kg enters a uniform
magnetic field of 1 Tat point A as shown in figure, with a
speed of 10
7
ms-
1
. The magnetic field is directed normal
to the plane of paper downwards. The proton emerges
out of the magnetic field at point C, then the distance AC
and the value of angle 8 will respectively be
X X X X
45
---7
B
X X X X
A
X X X X
c
X X X X
X X X X
(a) 0.7 m, 45 (b) 0.7 m, 90
(c) 0.14 m, 90 (d) 0.14 m, 45
14. An oil drop of mass 50 mg and of charge -5 J.!C is just balanced
in air against the force of gravity. Calculate the strength of
the electric field required to balance is, (g = 9.8 rns-
2
)
(a) 98 Nc-
1
upwards
(b) 98 Nc-
1
downwards
(c) 9.8 Nc -
1
towards north
(d) 9.8 Nc -
1
towards south
15. A charged particle is moving in the presence of electric
~ ~ ----t --7
field E and magnetic field B. The directions of E and B
are such that the charged particle moves in a straight line
--> -->
and its speed increases. The relations amongst E , B and
-->
velocity v must be such that
-->--> -->
(a) E B = 0, v is arbitrary
(b)
(c)
(d)
-->--> -->
E, B and v are all parallel to each other.
--7 ---? --t --7 ---? ---?
E v = 0; B v = 0 but E B ,t 0
--> --> -->
v is parallel to E and perpendicular to B
16. An electron with (rest ma:;s m
0
) moves with a speed of
0.8 c. Its mass when it moves with this speed is
(a) m
0
(b) m
0
/ 6
(c) 5m
0
/3 (d) 3m
0
/5
17. A charged dust particle of radius 5 x 10-
7
m is located
in a horizontal electric field having an intensity of
6.28 x 10
5
vm-
1
. The surrounding medium in air with
coefficient of viscosity 11 = 1.6 x 10-
15
Nsm-
2
. Ifthis particle
moves with a uniform horizontal speed of 0.01 ms-
1
, the
number of electrons on it will be
(a) 20 (b) 15
(c) 25 (d) 30
18. The momentum of a charged particle moving in a
perpendicular magnetic field depends on
(a) its charge
(b) the strength of magnetic field
(c) radius of its path
(d) All of the above
19. If in a Thomson's mass spectrograph, the ratio of the
electric fields and magnetic fields, in order to obtain
coincident parabola of singly ionised and doubly ionised
positive ions are 1 : 2 and 3 : 2 respectively, then the ratio
of masses of particles will be
(a) 3 : 1 (b) 2 : 1
(c) 9 : 4 (d) 9 : 2
20. The specific charge for positive rays is much less than that
for cathode rays. This is because
(a) masses of positive rays are much larger
(b) charge on positive ray is less
(c) pGJsitive rays are positively charged
(d) experimental method is wrong
21. If a cathode ray tube has a potential difference V volt
between the cathode and anode, then the speed v of
cathode rays is given by
(a) v oc V
2
(b) v oc JV
(c) v oc v-
1
(d) v ~ v
22. An electric field of intensity 6 X 10
4
Vm-l is applied
perpendicular to the direction of motion of the electron.
A magnetic field of induction 8 x 10-
2
wm-
2
is applied
perpendicular to both the electric field and direction of
motion of the electron. What is the velocity of the electron
if it passes undeflected?
(a) 7.5 x 10
5
ms-
1
(c) 48 X 10-
2
ms-
1
(b) 7.5 x 10-
5
ms-
1
(d) It is never possible
23. The mean free path of the electrons in a discharge tube is
20 em. The length of the tube is 15 em only. Then length
of Crooke's dark space is
(a) 5 em (b) 20 em
(c) 15 em (d) 2S em
24. The mass of a particle is 400 times than that of an electron
and charge is double . The particle is acce'lerated by SV.
Initially the particle remained in rest, then its final kinetic
energy will be
(a) 5 eV (b) 10 eV
(c) 100 eV (d) 200 eV
25. A charged particle is moving in a uniform magnetic
field in a circular path. The energy of the particle is
tripled. If the initial radius of the circular path was R,
the radius of the new circular path after the energy is
tripled will be
(a) ~ (b) ../3R
3
(c) 3 R (d) R/ ../3
26. An electron moving with a variable linear velocity v in a
variable magnetic field B will remain rotating in a circle
of constant radius r only when
(a) B is held constant
(b) vis held constant
(c) Both v and Bare constant
(d) None ofthe above
27. el m ratio of anode rays produced in a discharge tube,
depends on the
(a) nature of the gas filled in the tube
(b) nature of the material of anode
(c) nature of the material of cathode
28. A positively charged particle enters a magnetic field of
value BJ with a velocity vk. The particle will move
along
(a) +X axis
(c) + Z axis
(b) -X axis
(d) -Z axis
29. In a mass spectrograph, an ion X of mass number 24 and
charge +e and another ion Y o[ mass number 22 and
charge + 2 e enter in a perpendicular magnetic field with
the same velocity. The ratio of the radii of the circular
path in the field will be
(a) 11/22 (b) 11/ 2
(c) 22/ 11 (d) 24/ 11
30. A beam of electrons of velocity 3 x 10
7
ms-
1
is deflected
1.5 mm is passing 10 em through an electric field of
1800 vm-
1
perpendicular to their path. The value of elm
for electron is
(a) 1.78 x 10
11
C kg-
1
(c) 1.5 X 10
11
Ckg-
1
Particle Nature' ofLight
(b) 2 X 10
11
Ckg-
1
(d) 3.5 X 10
11
Ckg-
1
31. Planck's constant has the dimensions of
(a) energy (b) mass
(c) frequency (d) angular momentum
32. The wavelength of a 1 keV photon is 1.24 x 10-
9
m. What
is the frequency of 1 MeV photon?
(a) 2.4 X 10
15
Hz (b) 2.4 X 10
20
Hz
(c) 1.24 x 10
15
Hz (d) 1.24 x 10
20
Hz
33. A parallel beam of light is incident normally on a plane
surface absorbing 40% of the light and reflecting the rest.
If the incident beam carries 60 W of power, the force
exerted by it on the surface is
(a) 3.2 X 10-
8
N (b) 3.2 X 10-
7
N
(c) 5.12 X 10-
7
N (d) 5.12 X 10-
8
N
34. Calculate the energy of a photon with momentum
3.3 x 10-
13
kg-ms-
1
, given Planck's constant to be
6.6 x 10-
34
Js
(a) 7.3 x 10
4
J
(c) 1.3 x 10
5
J
35. Momentum of a
wavelength is
(a) hi/P
(c) ph
(b) 9.9 X 10-
5
J
(d) 8.1 X 10
3
J
photon is p. The corresponding
(b) plh
(d) hlp
36. Which of the following statement about photon 1s
incorrect?
(a) Photons exert no pressure
(b) Momentum of photon is h\'lc
(c) Photon's rest mass is zero
(d) Photon's energy ish\'
37. A photon in motion has a mass equal to
(a) clh\' (b) hi'A
(c} h\' (d) hvlc
2
38. Momentum of a photon of wavelength A. is
(a) hi'A (b) h A;c
2
(c) hAle (d) zero
39. A photon will have less energy, if its
(a) amplitude is higher (b) frequency is higher
(c) wavelength is longer (d) wavelength is shorter
40. An important spectral emission line has a wavelength
of 21 em. The corresponding photon energy is
( h= 6.62 x 10-
34
Js and c = 3 x 10
8
ms-
1
)
(a) 5.9 X 10-8 eV (b) 5.9 X 10-4 eV
(c) 5.9 X 10-6 eV (d) 11.8 X 10-6 eV
41. The energy of a photon of green light of wavelength
50000 A is
(a) 3.459 X 10-
19
J (b) 3.973 X 10-
1
9 J
(c) 4.132 X 10-
19
J (d) 8453 X 10-
1
9 J
42. What will be the number of photons emitted per second
by a 10 W sodium vapour lamp assuming that 90% of the
consumed energy is convei,ted into light? Wavelength of
sodium light is 590 nm, h = 6.63 x 10-
34
J-s.
(a) 0.267 x 10
18
(c) 0.267 x 10
20
(b) 0.267 X 10
19
(d) 0.267 X 10
17
43. If the energy of photons corresponding to the wavelength
of 6000A is 3.2 x 10-
19
J, the photon energy for a
wavelength of 4000 A will be
(a) 1.11 X 10-
19
J (b) 2.22 X 10-
19
J
(c) 4.40 x 10-
19
J (d) 4.80 x 1o-
19
J
44. A radio transmitter operates at a frequency 880 kHz and
a power of 10 kW. The number of P;hotons emitted per
second is 1
(a) 1.72 X 10
31
(b) 1.327 X 10
25
(c) 1.327 x1o
37
(d) 1.327 x1o
45
Emission of Electrons and Photoelectric Effect
45. The photoelectric threshold of Tungsten is 2300 A. The
energy of the electrons ejected from the surface by
ultraviolet light of wavelength 1800 A is
(h = 6.6 x 10-
34
J-s)
(a) 0.15 eV
(c) 15 eV
(b) 1.5 eV
(d) 150 eV
46. A light of wavelength 4000 A iS" allowed to fall on a metal
surface having work function 2 eV. The maximum velocity
of the emitted electrons is (R = 6.6 x 10-
34
Js)
(a) 1.35 X 10
5
ms-
1
(b) 2.7 X 10
5
ms-
1
(c) 6.2 x 10
5
ms-
1
(d) 8.1 x 10
5
ms-
1
47. Ultraviolet radiation of 6.2eV falls on an aluminium
surface (work function 4.2eV). The kinetic energy in joule
of the fastest electron emitted is approximately
(a) 3 X 10-
21
(b) 3.2 X 10-
1
9
(c) 3 X 10-
17
(d) 3 X 10-
15
48. Radiations of two photon's energy, twice and ten times
the work function of metal are incident on the metal
surface successively. The ratio of maximum velocites of
photoelectrons emitted in two cases is
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 1 : 3
(c) 1 : 4 (d) 1 : 1
49. The variation of photoelectric current given by the
photocell, with the intensity of light, is given by a graph,
which is a straight line with
(a) +ve slope with intercept on current axis
(b) -ve slope with intercept of current axis
(c) +ve slope passing through origin
(d) - ve slope passing through origin
50. When the photons of energy hv fall on a photosensitive
metallic surface (work function h\'
0
) electrons are emitted
from the metallic surface. The electrons coming out of
the surface have some kinetic energy. The most energetic
ones have the kinetic energy equal to
(a) less
(c) equal
Vs
A B
(b) more
(d) Nothing can be said
I
51. When the photons of energy hv fall on a photosensitive
metallic surface (work function h\'
0
), electrons are
emitted from the metallic surface. The electrons coming
out of the surface have some kinetic energy. The most
energetic ones have the kinetic energy equal to
(a) hv
0
(b) h
(c) h- hv
0
(d) hv + h' o
52. For a certain metal ,. = 2 v
0
and the electrons come out
with a maximum velocity of 4 x 10
6
ms-
1
. If the value of
v = 5 v
0
, then maximum velocity of photoelectrons will be
(a) 2 x 10
7
ms-
1
(b) 8 x 10
6
ms-
1
(c) 2 x 10
6
ms-
1
(d) 8 x 10
5
ms-
1
53. The wavelength of the photoelectric threshold for silver is
!..
0
. The energy of the electron ejected from the surface of
silver by an incident light of wavelength A(A < A
0
) will
be
(a) hc(A
0
- A)
(c) !!._(.!_ _ _!___]
c A A
0
54. A metal surface is illuminated by a lig4t of given intensity
and frequency to cause photoemission. If the intensity
of illumination is reduced to one-fourth of its original
value, then the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted
photoelectrons would become
(a) four times the original value
(b) twice the original value
(c) l/6th of the original
(d) unchanged
55. The work function of a metal is leV. Light of wavelength
3000 A. is incident on this metal surface. The velocity of
emitted photoelectons will be
(a) 10 ms-
1
(b) 10
3
ms-
1
(c) 10
4
ms-
1
(d) 10
6
ms-
1
56. In the photoelectric effect the velocity of ejected electrons
depends upon the nature of the target and
. (a) the of the incident light
(b) the polarisation of the incident light
(c) the time for which the light has been incident
(d) the intensity of the incident light
57. Light of wavelength 4000 A. is incident on a metal plate
whose work function is 2 eV. The maximum KE of the
emitted photoelectron would be
(a) 0.5 eV (b) 1.1 eV
(c) 1.5 eV (d) 2.0 eV
58. A photon of energy 3.4 eV is incident on a metal having
work function 2 eV. The maximum KE of photoelectrons
is equal to
(a) 1.4 eV
(c) 5.4 eV
(b) 1.7 eV
(d) 6.8 eV
59. The frequency of the incident light falling on a
photosensitive metal plate is doubled, the kinetic energy
of the emitted photoelectron is
(a) double the earlier value
(b) unchanged
(c) more than doubled
(d) less tham doubled
60. A metal surface of work function 1.07 eV is irradiated
with light of wavelength 332 nm. The retarding potential
required to stop the escape of photoelectrons is
(a) 1.07 eV (b) 2.66 eV
(c) 3.7 eV (d) 4.81 eV
61. If the work function for a certain metal is 3.2 x 10-
1
9 J and
it is illuminated with light of frequency v = 8 x 10
14
Hz,
the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectron would
be
(a) 2.1 X 10-
19
J (b) 3.2 X 10-
1
9 J
(c) 5.3 x lo-
19
J (d) 8.5 x 10-
1
9 J
62. Ultraviolet radiations of 6.2 eV falls on an
aluminium surface. KE of fastest electron emitted is
(work function = 4.2 eV)
(a) 3.2 x 10-
21
J
(c) 7 x 10-
25
J
(b) 3.2 X 10-
19
J
(d) 9 x lo-
32
J
63. Ultraviolet light of wavelength 300 nm and intensity
1.0 wm-
2
falls on the surface of a photosensitive
material. If one percent of the incident photons produce
photoelectrons, then the number of photoelectrons
emitted from an area of 1.0 cm
2
of the surface is nearly
(a) 9.61 x 10
14
s-
1
(b) 4.12 x 10
13
s-
1
(c) 1.51 x 10
12
s-
1
(d) 2.13 x 10
11
s-
1
64. The photoelectric threshold wavelength for a metal
surface is 6600 A.. The work function for this metal is
(a) 0.87 eV (b) 1.87 eV
(c) 18.7 eV (d) 0.18 eV
65. Light of wavelength 4000 A. incident on a sodium surface
for the threshold wavelength of photoelectrons is
5420 A. The work function of sodium is
(a) 0.57 eV (b) 1.14 eV
(c) 2.29 eV (d) 4.58 eV
66. The difference between kinetic energies of photoelectrons
emitted from a surface by light of wavelengths 2500 A.
and 5000 A. will be
(a) 1.61 eV (b) 2.47 eV
(c) 3.96 eV (d) 3.96 x 1o-
1
9 eV
67. When a point source oflight is 1 m away photoelectric
cell, the photoelectric current is found to be I rnA. If the
same source is placed at 4 m from the same photoelectric
cells, the photoelectric current (in rnA) will be
(a) l/16 (b) l/ 4
(c) 41 (d) 161
Wave Nature ofParticle
68. An electron and photon have same wavelength. If E is
the energy of photon and p is the momentum of electron,
then the magnitude of E/p in SI unit is
(a) 3.33 x 10-
9
(b) 3.0 x 10
8
(c) 1.1 X 10-
19
(d) 9 X 10
16
69. The wavelength of de-Broglie wave associated with a
thermal neutron of mass m at absolute temperature T is
given by (Here, k is the Boltzmann constant)
h h
(a) (b)
(c) h

(d) h

70. The de-Broglie wavelength of a neutron at 927C is A.
What will be its wavelength at 27C?
(a) A./2 (b) A./4
(c) 4 A (d) 2 A
71. What should be the velocity of an electron so that
its momentum becomes equal to that of a photon of
wavelength 5200 A?
(a) 700 ms-
1
(b) 1000 ms-
1
(c) 1400 ms-
1
(d) 2800 ms-
1
n. If the mass of neutral 1.7 x 10-
27
kg, then the
de-Broglie wavelength of neutral of energy 3eV is
(h = 6.6 x 10-
34
J-s)
(a) 1.6 x 10-
16
m
(c) 1.4 x 10-
10
m
(b) 1.6 x 10-
11
m
(d) 1.4 x 10-
11
m
73. A particle with rest mass m
0
is moving with speed of light
c. The de-Broglie wavelength associated with it will be
(a) infinite (b) zero
(c) m
0
cl h (d) hvlm
0
c
74. An electron of mass m and charge e initially at rest gets
accelerated by a constant electric field E. The rate of
change of de-Broglie wavelength of this electron at time t
ignoring relativistic effects is
-h
(a) eEt2
-mh
(c)
eEt
2
-eEt
(b) E
(d) -h
eE
75. What should be the velocity of an electron so that
its momentum becomes f'!qual to that of a photon of
wavelength 5200 A?
(a) 10
3
ms-
1
(c) 1.4 x 10
3
ms-
1
Principle of Uncertainty
(b) 1.2 x 10
3
ms-
1
(d) 2.8 x 10
3
ms-
1
76. The correctness of velocity of an electron moving with
velocity 50 ms-
1
is 0.005%. The accuracy with which its
position can be measured will be
(a) 4634 x 10-
3
m (b) 4634 x 10-
5
m
(c) 4634 x 10-6m (d) 4634 x 10-
8
m
77. If a proton and an electron are confined to the same
region, then uncertaint'y in momentum
(a) for proton is more, as compared to the electron
(b) for electron is more, as compared to the proton
(c) same for both the particles
(d) directly proportional to their masses
78. If the uncertainty in the position of an electron is 10-
10
m,
then the value of uncertainty in its momentum
(in kg-ms-
1
) will be
(a) 3.33 X 10-
24
(b) 1.03 X 10-
24
(c) 6.6 X 10-
24
(d) 6.6 X 10-
2
4
79. The uncertainty in the position of a particle is equal to the
de-Broglie wavelength. The uncertainty in its momentum
will be
(a) lilA (b) 2hi 3A.
(c) 'Alii (d) 3A/2h
80. If the uncertainty in the position of proton is 6 x 10
8
m,
then tl1e minimum uncertainty in its speed will be
(a) 1 cms-
1
(b) 1 ms-
1
(c) 1 mms-
1
(d) 100 ms-
1
Exercise II
Only One Correct Option
1. When radiation is incident on a photoelectron emitter,
the stopping potential is found to be 9 V. If elm for the
electron is 1.8 x 10
11
Ckg-1, the maximum velocity of
ejected electrons is
(a) 6 x 10
5
ms-
1
(b) 8 x 10
5
ms-
1
(c) 10
6
ms-
1
(d) 1.8 x 10
6
ms-
1
2. The intensity of X-rays from a coolidge tube is plcitted
against wavelength A as shown in figure. The minimum
wavelength found is "-c and the wavelength of Ka like is
"-K As the accelerating voltage is increased
(a) A.K- Ac increases
(c) A. J! increases
(b) A.K- "-c decreases
(d) A.K decreases
3. The stopping potential V for photoelectric emission for a
metal surface is plotted along Y-axis and frequency v of
incident light along X-axis. A straight line is obtained as
shown. Planck's constant is given by
(a) slope of the line
(b) product of slope of the line and charge on the electron
(c) intercept along Y-axis divided by charge on the electron
(d) product of intercept along X-axis and mass of the
electron
(e) product of slope and mass of the electron
4. Mixed He+ and 0
2
+ ions (mass of He+ = 4 amu and
that of o
2
+= 16 amu) beam passes a region of constant
perpendicular magnetic field. If kinetic energy of all the
ions is same then
(a) He+ ions will be deflected more than those of o
2
+
(b) He+ ions will be deflected less than that of o
2
+
(c) all the ions will be deflected equally
(d) no ions will be deflected
5. In Millikan's oil drop experiment a drop of charge Q and
radius r is kept constant between two plates of potential
difference of 800 V. Then charge on other drop of radius
2 r which is kept constant with a potential difference of
3200 Vis
(a) Q 12
(c) 4 Q
(b) 2 Q
(d) Ql4
6. An electron and a proton have the same de-Broglie
wavelength. Then the kinetic energy of the electron is
(a) zero
(b) Infinity
(c) equal to kinetic energy of the proton
(d) greater than the kinetic energy of proton
7. Energy required to remove an electron from an aluminium
surface is 4.2 eV. If light of wavelength 2000 A falls on the
surface, the velocity of fastest electrons ejected from the
surface is
(a) 2.5 X 10
18
ms-
1
(c) 6. 7 x 10
18
ms-
1
(b) 2.5 x 10
13
ms-
1
(d) None of these
8. The maximum wavelength of radiation that can produce
photoelectric effect in certain metal is 200 run. The
maximum kinetic energy acquired by electron due to
radiation of wavelength 100 run will be
(a) 12.4 eV (b) 6.2 eV
(c) 100 eV (d) 200 eV
9. Consider the following statements concerning electrons :
I. Electrons are universal constituents of matter.
II. J J Thomson received the very first Nobel prize in
Physics for discovering the electron.
III . The mass of the electron is about 1/2000 of a
neutron.
IV. According to Bohr the linear momentum of the
electron is quantised in the hydrogen atom.
Which of the above statements are not correct?
(a) I (b) II
(c) III (d) IV
10. Electron with energy 80 keV are incident on the tungsten
target of an X-ray tube. K shell electrons of tungsten have
-72.5 keV energy. X-rays emitted by the tube contain only
(a) a continuous X-ray spectrum (Bremsstrahlung) with a
minimum wavelength of- 0.155 A
(b) a continuous X-ray spectrum (Bremsstrahlung) with
all wavelengths
(c) the characteristic X-ray spectrum of tungsten
(d) a continuous X-rays spectrum (Bremsstrahlung)
with a minimum wavelength of -0.155 A and the
characteristic X-ray spectrum of tungsten
11. What is the de-Broglie wavelength (in A) of the a-particle
accelerated through a potential difference V ?
(a) 0.287
-JV
( )
0.101
c .Jv
(b) 12.27
-JV
'
(d) 0.22
-JV
12. An oil drop carrying a charge q has a mass m kg. It is
falling freely in air with terminal speed v. The electric
field required to make the drop move upwards with the
same speed is
(a) mg
q
(c) mgv
7
(b) 2mg
(d)
q
2mgv
q
13. Photons of energy of 6 eV are incident on a metal surface
whose work functionis.4 eV. The minimuin kinetic energy
. ofthe emitted be
(a) Zero
(c) 2 eV
(b) 1 eV
(d) 10 eV
14. The de-Broglie wavelengthL associated with an elementary
particle of linear momentum p is best represented by the
graph
L L
(a) (b)
p p
L L
(c) (d)

p p
15. Maximum velocity of photoelectron emitted is 4.8 ms-
1
.
The e/m ratio of electron is 1. 76 x 10
11
Ckg-1, then
stopping potential is given by
(a) 5 x 10-
10
Jc-
1
(b) 3x10-
7
Jc-
1
(c) 7x10-
11
Jc-
1
(d) 2.5x10-
2
Jc-
1
16. Two identical metal plates shown photoelectric effect by
a light of wavelength leA falls on plate A and 'A
8
on plate
B('AA = 2'A
8
) . The maximum kinetic energy is
(a) 2 KA = K
8
(b) KA < K
8
/2
(c) KA= 2KB (d) KA = K
8
/ 2
17. During X-ray production from coolidge tube if the current
is increased, then
(a) the penetration power increases
(b) the penetration power decreases
(c) the intensity of X-rays increases
(d) the intensity of X- rays decreases
18. Light of wavelength 5000 A falls on a sensitive plate with
photoelectric work fi.mctional of 1. 9 eV. Th kinetic energy
of the photoelectron emitted will be
(a) 0.58 eV (b) 2.48 eV
(c) 1.24 eV (d) 1.16 eV
19. A proton and an a-particle are accelerated through the
same potential difference. The ratio of their de-Broglie
wavelength ('AP!'A
0
) is
(a) 1! 2.fi (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 2.J2
20. The de-Broglie wavelength of a neutron at 27C is A..
What will be its wavelength at 927C?
(a) A/4 (b) A/3
(c) A/2 (d) 3 A/2
21. A potential difference of 10
4
Vis applied across an X-ray
tube. The ratio of the de-Broglie wavelength of X-rays
produced is (!... for electron = 1.8 x 10
11
Ckg-
1
)
1
ra)-
' 20
(c) 1
m
1
(b) 10
1
(d) 100
22. The minimum light intensity that can be perceived by
the eye is about 10-
10
wm-
2
. The number of photons
of wavelength 5.6 x 10-
7
m that must enter the pupil
of area 10-4 m
3
s-
1
, for vision is approximately equal to
(h = 6.6 x 10-
34
J-s)
(a) 3 x 10
2
photons
(c) 3_x 10
4
photons
(b) 3 x 10
3
photons
(d) 3 x 10
5
photons
23. A charged oil drop falls with terminal velocity v
0
in
the absence of electric field. An electric field E keeps it
stationary. The drop acquires charge 3q, it starts moving
upwards with velocity v
0
. The initial charge on the drop
lS
(a) q/2
(c) 3q/2
(b) q
(d) 2q
24. The filament current in the electron gun of a coolidge
tube is increased while the potential difference used to
accelerate the electrons is decreased. As a result, in the
emitted radiation
(a) the intensity increases while the minimum wavelength
decreases
(b) the intensity decreases while the minimum wavelength
increases
(c) the intensity as well as the winimum wavelength
increases
(d) the intensity as well as the minimum wavelength
decreases
25. What is the strength of transverse magnetic field required
to bend all the photoelectrons within a circle of a radius
50 em. When light of wavelength 3800 A is incident on
a barium emitter? (Given that work function of barium
is 2.5 eV; h = 6.63 x 10-
34
J-s; e = 1.6 x 10-
19
C ;
m = 9.1 x 10-
31
kg.)
(a) 6.32 X 10-
4
T (b) 6.32 X 10-
5
T
(c) 6.32 X 10--6 T (d) 6.32 X 10--8 T
26. Given that a photon of light of wavelength 10,000 A has
an energy equal to 1.23 eV. When light of wavelength
5000 A and intensity I
0
falls on a photoelectric cell,
the surface current is 0.40 x 10--D A and the stopping
potential is 1.36 V, then the work function is
(a) 0.43 eV (b) 0.55 eV
(c) 1.10 eV (d) 1.53 eV
2 7. The wavelength of characteristic X-ray Ka. line emitted by
hydrogen like atom is 0.32 A. The wavelength of Kp line
emitted b;r the same element is o
(a) 0.21 A (b) 0.27 A
(c) o.33 A Cd) o.4o A.
28. A photon and electron have same de-Broglie wavelength.
Give that v is the speed of electron and c is the velocity of
light . Ee, EP are the kinetic energy of electron and photon
respectively. Pe Ph are the momentum of electron and
photon respectively. Then which of the following relation
is correct?
(a) ~ =
v
(b)
Ee =
2c
- -
EP
2c
EP
v
~ = ~
(d)
~ =
2c
(c) -
Ph
2v
Ph
v
29. Which one of the following . statements regarding
photo-emission of electrons is correct?
Chapter 26 Electron and Phofon 1001
(a) Kinetic energy of electrons increases with the intensity
of incident light.
(b) Electrons are emitted when the wavelength of the
incident light is above a certain threshold wavelength.
(c) Photoelectric emission is instantaneous with the
incidence of light.
(d) Photoelectrons are emitted whenever a gas is
irradiated with ultraviolet light.
30. A 100 W light bulb is placed at the centre of a spherical
chamber of radius 0.10 m. Assume that 66% of the energy
supplied to the bulb is converted into light and that the
surface of chamber is perfectly absorbing. The pressure
exerted by the light on the surface of the chamber is
(a) 0.87 X 10--6 Pa (b) 1.77 X 10--6 Pa
(c) 3.50 x 10--6 Pa (d) None of these
May have More than One Correct Option
31. When photons of energy 4.25 eV strike the surface of
a metal, the ejected photoelectrons have a maximum
kinetic energy EA eV and de-Broglie wavelength A.A- The
maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons liberated
from another metal B by photons of energy 4.70 eV is
E
3
= (EA -l.SO)eV. If the de-Broglie wavelength of
these photoelectrons is 'AB = 2'AA, then
(a) the work function of A is 2.25 eV
(b) the work function of B is 4.20 eV
(c) EA = 2.0 eV
(d) E
8
= 2.75 eV
32. In Thomson's experiment, if the velocity of electron is
greater than the ratio of electric field (E) and magnetic
field (ie, v > E!B), then
(a) the electron will reach the undeflected spot
(b) the electron will not reach the undeflected spot
(c) the electron will move to a spot above the undeflected
position
(d) the electron will move to a spot below the undeflected
position
33. When photon of energy 4.0 eV strikes the surface of a
metal A, the ejected photoelectrons heyve maximum
kinetic energy TA eV and de-Broglie wavelength A.A.
The maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons liberated
from another metal B by photon of energy 4.50 eV is T
8
= (TA - 150) eV. If the de-Broglie wavelength of these
photoelectrons 'AB = 2'AA, then
(a) the work function of A is 1.50 eV
(b) the work function of B is 4.0 eV
(c) TA = 2.00 eV
34. Electric conduction takes place in a discharge tube due to
movement of
(a) positive ions (b) negative ions
(c) electrons (d) photons
35. The maximum KE of photoelectrons ejected from a
photometer when it is irradiated of wavelength 400 nm is
1 eV. If the threshold energy of the surface is 0.9 eV
(a) the maximum KE of photoelectrons when it is
irradiated with 500 nm photons will be 0.42 eV
(b) the maximum KE in case (a) will be 1.425 eV
(c) the longest wavelength which will eject the
photoelectrons from the surface is nearly 650 nm
(d) maximum KE will increase if the intensity of radiation
is increased.
I
Comprehension Based Questions
Passage I
According to Einstein, when a photon or light of frequency
v or wavelength A is incident on photosensitive metal
surface of work function <j>
0
, where <Po < hv (here h is
Planck's constant), then the emission of photoelectrons
takes place. The maximum kinetic energy of the emitted
photoelectrons is given by Km,; = hv- <j>
0
If the frequency
of the incident light is v
0
(called threshold frequency),
the photoelectrons are emitted from metal without any
kinetic energy. So hv
0
=<Po
36. Stopping potential of emitted photoelectron is given by
(a) hv-<Po (b) hv-<Po
e
hv
(c)
(d) <Po+hv
e e
37. The variation of maximum kinetic energy CKmax) of the
emitted photoelectrons with frequency (v) of the incident
radiations can be represented by
Kmax Kmax
( a ) ~ '
(b)
Kmax
Kmax
(c) (d)
Passage II
Acco-rding to de-Broglie, a moving material particle
exhibits dual nature (ie, a particle as well as a wave).
He also predicted that a wave is associated with every
moving material particle (which controls the particle)
called matter wave and its wavelength is called de-Broglie
wavelength given by
A= h!mv
where h is Planck's constant, m is the mass of the particle
moving with velocity v.
The existence of matter waves was firstly experimentally
verified by Davisson and Germer using slow moving
electrons which were accelerated with moderate
accelerating potential.
38. An electron is accelerated under a potential difference of
64 V, the de-Broglie wavelength associated with electron
is (use charge of electron 1.6 x 10-
19
C, mass of electron
9.1 x 10-
31
kg; h = 6.623 x 10-
34
J-s) .
(a) 1.53 A Cb) 2.53 A
Cc) 3.35 A Cd) 4.54 A
39. If a-pa ide and proton have same momenta, the ratio of
de-Broglie wavelength of a,particle and proton is
(a) 2
(c) l/2
(b) 1
(d) 1/4
40. If a-particle and proton are accelerated through the
same potential difference, then the rati,o of de-Broglie
wavelength of a-particle and proton is
(a) J2 (b) 2J2
1
(c)-
2J2
Assertion and Reason
1
(d) J2
Directions Question No. 41 to 50 are Assertion-Reason
type. Each of these contains two Statements: Statement I
(Assertion), Statement II (Reason) . Each of these questions
also has four alternative choice, only one of which is correct.
You have to select the correct choices from the codes (a), (b),
(c) and (d) given below:
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and the Reason is
correct explanation of the Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not
correct explanation of the Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) If Assertion is false but the Reason is true.
41. Assertion The cathode of a photoelectric cell is changed
such that the work function changes from W
1
to W
2
(W
2
> W
1
). If current before and after change are 1
1
and
1
2
all other conditions remaining unchanged (assuming
hv > W
2
) then 1
1
< 1
2
.
Reason In above case 1
1
= 1
2
.
42. Assertion Work function of copper is greater than the
work function of sodium, but both have same value of
threshold frequency and threshold wavelength.
Reason The frequency is inversely proportional to
wavelength.
43. Assertion Photocells are used in cinematography.
Reason A photocell converts electrical energy into light
energy.
44. Assertion A tube light emits white light.
Reason Emission of light in a tube takes place on a very
high temperature.
45. Assertion The de-Broglie wavelength of a molecule varies
inversely as the square root oftemperature.
Reason The root mean square velocity of the molecule
depends on the temperature.
46. Assertion Stopping potential is a measure of KE of
photoelectron.
1
Reason W = eV
5
= -mv
2
= KE
2
47. Assertion The graph of stopping potential (VJ versus
frequency (v) of incident radiation is a straight line nor
passing through the origin.
Reason According to Einstein's photoelectric equation
the slope of the graph between V
5
and ,. is !!:_.
e
48. Assertion A photon has no rest mass, yet it carries definite
momentum.
Reason Momentum of photon is due to energy hence its
equivalent mass.
49. Assertion The relative velocity of two photons travelling
in opposite direction is the velocity of light.
Reason The rest mass of photon is zero.
50. Assertion Photoelectric effect demonstrates the particle
nature of light.
Reason The number of photoelectrons is proportional to
the frequency of light.
Previous Year's Questions .
51. Light of wavelength A. falls on a metal having work
function he . Photoelectric effect will take place only if
Ao (DCE 2009)
(a) A
0
(c) A $; A
0
(b) 2"-
0
(d) A.=4A
0
52. The surface of the metal is illuminated with the light of
400 nm. The kinetic energy of the ejected photoelectrons
was found to be 1.68 eV. The work function of metal is
(AIEEE 2009)
(a) 1.42 eV
(c) 1.68 eV
(b) 1.51 eV
(d) 3.0 eV
53. A radiation is incident on a metal surface of work function
2.3 eV. The wavelength of incident radiation is 600 nm.
If the total energy of incident radiation is 23 J, then the
number of photoelectron is
(UP SEE 2009)
(a) zero (b) >10
4
(c) =10
4
, (d) None of these
54. In a cathode ray oscillograph, the focusing of beam on the
screen is achieved by (UP SEE 2008)
(a) convex lenses (b) magnetic field
(c) electric potential (d) All of these
55. A wrong argument for the particle nature of cathode rays
is that they (UP SEE 2008)
(a) produce fluorescence
(b) travel through vacuum
(c) get deflected by electric and magnetic fields
(d) cast shadow
56. An X-ray tube produces a continuous spectrum of radiation
with its shortest wavelength of 45 x 10-
2
A. The maximum
energy of a photon in the radiation in eV is
(h = 6.62 x to-
34
J-s, c = 3 x 10
8
ms-
1
)
(Karnataka CET 2008)
(a) 27, 500
(c) 17, 500
(b) 22, 500
(d) 12, 500
57. Millikan's oil drop experiment estabilish that
{Kerala CET 2008)
(a) electric charge depends on velocity
(b) electron has wave nature
(c) electric charge is quantised
(d) electron has particle nature
(e) electron has wave nature
58. Which phenomenon best supports the theory that matter
has a wave nature? {VIT EEE 2008)
(a) Electron momentum
(b) Electron diffraction
(c) Photon momentum
(d) Photon diffraction
59. Which one of the following statements is wrong in the
context of X- rays generated from a X- rays tube?
{liT JEE 2008)
(a) Wavelength of characteristic X-rays decreases when
the atomic number of the target increases
(b) Cut -off wavelength of the continuous X-rays depends
on the atomic number of the target
(c) Intensity of the characteristic X-rays depends on the
electrical power given to the X-rays tube
(d) Cut-off wavelength of the continuous X-rays depends
on the energy of the electrons in the X-ray tube.
60. Out of a photon and an electron the equation E = pc, is
valid for (BVP Engg. 2008)
(a) both (b) neither
(c) photon only (d) electron only
61. A and B are two metals with threshold frequencies
1.8 x 10
14
Hz and 2.2 x 10
14
Hz. Two identical photons
of energy 0.825 eV each are incident on them. Then
photoelectrons are emitted in (Take h = 6.6 x to-
34
J-s)
CET 2007)
(a) B alone (b) A alone
(c) Neither A nor B (d) Both A and B
62. When a point source of light is at a distance of 50 em from
a photoelectric cell, the stopping voltage is found to be
V
0
. If the same source is placed at a distance of 1 m from
the cell, the stopping voltage will be
63.
(a) 2 V
0
(c) V
0
!2
(b) V
0
(d) V
0
/4
(Gujarat CET 2007)
Electrons with de-Broglie wavelength A. fall on the target
in anX-raytube. The cut-off wavelength A.
0
of the emitted
X-rays is {liT JEE 2007)
,
0
= 2mcA.
2
2h
(a) A (b) "-o =-
h me
(d) A.
0
=A
64. Light of frequency v falls on material of threshold
frequency ,
0
. Maximum kinetic energy of emitted electron
is proportional to (UP SEE 2009)
(a) v- ,.
0
(b) ,.
(c)

(d) ''o
65. A metallic surface is irradiated by a monochromatic light
of frequency ,.
1
and stopping potential is found to be V
1
.
If the light of frequency v
2
irradiates the surface, the
stopping potential will be {Kerala PET 2006)
h h
(a) V
1
+-(V
1
+V
2
) (b) V
1
+-(Vz -V
1
)
e e
e h
(c) V
1
+ h(v
2
- v
1
) (d) V
1
+ -;Cv
1
- v
2
)
e
(e) V
1
-h(v
2
-v
1
)
66. Maximum velocity of the photoelectrons emitted by a
metal surface is 1.2 x 10
6
ms-
1
. Assuming the specific
charge of the electron to be 1.8 x 10
11
Ckg-1, the value
of the stopping potential in volt will be
(a) 2
(c) 4
(b) 3
(d) 6
(Karnataka CET 2006)
1 004 I Chapter 26 Electron and Photon
67. Monochromatic light incident on a metal surface emits
electrons with kinetic energies from zero to 2.6 eV. What
is the least energy of the incident photon, if the tightly
bound electron needs 4.2 eV to remove?
(a) 1.6 V
(c) 6.8 eV
(BHU 2005)
(b) From 1.6 eV to 6.8 eV
(d) More than 6.8 eV
68. An element with atomic number Z= 11 emits Ka X-ray
of wavelength A.. The atomic number of element which
~ m i t s Ka-X-ray of wavelength 4/c (liT Screening 2006)
(a) 6 (b) 4
(c) 11 (d) 44
69. If the kinetic energy of a free electron doubles, its
de-Broglie wavelength changes by the factor
Exercise I
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (a)
11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (d) 14. (b) 15. (b)
21. (b) 22. (a) 23. (c) 24. (b) 25. (b)
31. (d) 32. (b) 33. (b) 34. (b) 35. (d)
41. (b) 42. (c) 43. (d) 44. (a) 45. (b)
51. (c) 52. (b) 53. (d) 54. (d) 55. (d)
(b) 63,:c%, 6c:)
'
(b) 61. (a) 62. 64. 65. (c)
71. (c) 72. (b) 73." (b) 74. (a) 75. (c)
Exercise II
1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5.
11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15.
21. (b) 22. (c) 23. (c) 24. (c) 25.
31. (a,b,c) 32. (b,d) 33. (b,c) , 34. (a,b,c) 35.
41. (d) 42. (d) 43. (b) 44. (c) 45.
51. (c) 52. (a) 53. (d) 54. (c) 55.
61. (b) 62. (b) 63. (a) 64. (a) 65.
'j .ll
. \1 ) ..-_i\
,
(a) J2
1
(b) J2
(c) 2 (d) ..!.
2
(AIEEE 2005)
70. A photocell is illuminated by a small bright source placed
6.
16.
26.
36.
46.
56.
66.
76.
(b)
(c)
(c)
(a,c)
(b)
(c)
(b)
1 m away. When the same source of light is placed ..!. m
2
away, the number of electrons emitted by photocathode
would (AIEEE 20\15)
(a) increase by a factor of 2
(b) decrease by a factor of 2
(c) increase by a factor of 4
(d) decrease by a factor of 4
Answers
(b) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (c)
(c) 17. (b) 18. (d) 19. (c) 20. (a)
(c) 27. (a) 28. (b) 29. (d) 30. (c)
(a) 37. (d) 38. (a) 39. (c) 40. (c)
(c) 47. (b) 48. (b) 49. (c) 50. (a)
(a) 57. (b) 58. (a) 59. (c) 60. (b)
(b) 67. (a) 68. (b) 69. (c) 70. (d)
(b) 77. (c) 78. (b) 79. (a) 80. (b)
6. (d) 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (d)
16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (a) 19. (d) 20. (c)
26. (c) 27. (b) 28. (a) 29. (c) 30. (b)
36. (a) 37. (c) 38. (a) 39. (b) 40. (c)
46. (c) 47. (a) 48. (a) 49, (b) 50. (c)
56. (a) 57. (c) 58. (b) 59. (b) 60. (c)
66. (c) 67. (c) 68. (a) 69. (b) 70. (c)
Hints & Solutions
Exercise I
1. qV = .!mv
2
or v =

2 m
ie v oc {q . vHe = 'q-He_x_m_H_ - 1
' 'lj-; . . VH qH mHe - 'lj--; "t;; - .fi
DEql
2. Here, x = --
2
-
mv
or
!1._ = X v
2
0.02 X (10
6
)
2
m DEl 0.21 x (2 x 10
4
) x (5 x 10-
2
)
= 9.52 X 10
7
Ckg-
1
. Mv
2
3. In mass spectrograph, --= q v B
1
r
E
and qE = B q v or v = -
B
Mv M (E) ME
or r = wq = B I q B = qBB I
so r is related with ( qiM) .
4. E=.!mv
2
orv2 = 2Eim;'
2
If E' is the intensity of electric field applied then
E'q = m V21r
or r = m v2 IE' q
m(2E lm) 2 E
or r =
E
1
q q E
1
ie, roc 1 I q.
so .
5. Here, No. of electrons
n. = 5 x 10
7
cm-
3
= 5 x 10
7
x 10
6
m-
3
No. of positive ions, np = 5 x 10
7
x 10
6
= 5 x 10
13
m-
3
v = 0.4 ms-
1
; J = 4 x 10-6 Am-
2
; vp = ? Use the relation
J = nee ve + np e vp and solve it for vp
4Xl0-6= (5x10
13
X 1.6 X 10-
19
X 0.4)
+ (5 X 10
13
X 1.6 X 10-
19
Xvp)
_4xlo-
6
-3.2 x lo-
6
0.8xl0-
6
_
01
-1
vP-
6 6
-.ms
8.0xlo- 8xlo-
B21D q
6. For similar parabola; y
2
= - --x, will be same for
E m
B2q
two particles. It means --= a constant for these two
particles. m
,
m1 = B{q
1
= (0.8)
2
=
m
2

1.2 2e 9
7. Asq vB = mV21r
qBr (2xl.6xl0-
19
)xlxl
or m - ---..::.._ ____ ...;,_ ____
- v - 1.6 x l0
7
=2 xlo-26k = 2xl026 =12
g 1.66 x to-
27
Therefore, particle must be c + +.
1
. F qvB
8. Acce erat10n, a = - = --
m m
2xl.6xl0-
19
x 6x10
5
x0.2
6.65 x10-
27
= 5.77 x 10
12
ms-
2
9. eV = mv
2
l r; so V oc v
2
;
. (v
2
J
2
(2v)
2
_
1
.. V
2
= V
1
= 500 --;- = 2000Vcm
4 qV
10. mg=qE or -nr
3
pg=- or Vocr
3
3 d
V2 = V1 ( J = 400 x ( f J = 3200 V
11. When pressure in a tube is reduced in the range 1 em and
10-
3
em; the mean free path of moving electron in the
discharge tube increases. As a result of which the electron
gets higher KE while moving towards anode and then
cause ionisation of the atoms with which it will collide on
12.
its ways causing excitation phenomenon.
Here, u = O,a = qEim;s = l and v =?
As v
2
=u
2
+2as;
or
qEl
so v
2
= 0+2--
m
13. From the symmetry of figure, the angle 8 = 45. The path
of moving proton in a normal magnetic field is circular. If
r is the radius of the circular path, then from the figure,
AC=2rcos45= 2rx .,1=.fir ... (i)
mv
2
mv
As B q V = -- or r = -
r Bq
AC = .fi mv =.fix 1.67 x 10-
27
x 10
7
= O.l
4
m
Bq l xl.6x lo-
19
14. qE = mg
or E = mg = (SOx 10-6) x 9.8 = 98 Nc-1
q Sx lo-
6
Since the force due to electric field on charged particle
should be opposite to the gravity pull and charge on the
drop is negative, hence the electric field must act vertically
downwards.
15. A charged particle moves along a straight line with
acceleration, hence electric field should be parallel to
the direction of motion of charged particle and no force
should act on charged particle due to magnetic field. It
will be so if charged particle is moving parallel to the
direction of magnetic field.
16. m- mo - mo
- v
2
/e
2
- (0.8e)
2
/e
2
Sm
0
3
- 17.
6n11rv
neE= 6n11rv or n = ---
eE
6 X 3.14 X 1.6 X 10-
5
X 5 X 10-
7
X 0.01 =
15
1.6 X 10-
19
X 6.28 X 10
5
18. q v B = mV.;r or mv = q r B.
. '1 b 1
82
l Dq b c b h h
19. For s1rru ar para o a, --- must e same 10r ot t e
Em
ions.
So,
:: = ( !: J X ( ::J X !: = (% J X n J X ( i J =
20. Specific charge = charge/mass. The positive rays are
stream of positive ions. The mass of positive ion is much
more than that of electrons, hence specific charge of
positive ions is less.
21. qV = _!_mv
2
or v = /m ie, v oc .J1i
2
22. V = E/8 = 6 X 10
4
/8 X 10-
2
= 7.5 X 10
5
ms-
1
23. The length of Crooke's dark space will be equal to the
length of tube ie, 15 em.
24. Gained in KE = q V = 2 x 5 = 10 eV
1 q2 82 r2 .
25. Ek = te, r oc .JE,;
2 m
r----
So, r
2
=

= R-./3 = -J3 R
26. For a charged particle in magnetic field B, r = m v/qB.
The radius can be fixed for a charged particle if v and B
both are fixed.
27. elm of the anode rays depend on the nature of the gas
filled in the discharge tube.
28. Force on the charged particle in magnetic field is
" 1\ " " 1\
F = q(vk x Bj) = qv B(k xj) = qvB(-i)
29. r = m v ie, roc m/q
qB
30.
So,
r
1
m
1
q
2
24x2e 24
-=-X-=---=-
r2 m
2
q
1
22xe 11
1
2
1 e E x
2
e 2 y v
2
y=-at =---or-=--
2 2 m v
2
m Ex
2
2xl.Sx10-
3
x(3x10
7
f
1800 X (0.1)
2
= 1.5 X 10
11
Ckg-
1
31. Planck's constant,
h = E/v = [ML
2
r
2
;r
1
] = [ML
2
r
1
]
Angular momentum, L =I w,;, [ML
2
r
1
]
32. he I A.= 10
3
eV ... (i)
h\- = 10
6
eV ... (ii)
Dividing Eq. (ii) by Eq. (i) we get, v = 10
3
e I A.
= 10
3
x 3 x 10
8
I 1.24 x 10-
9
= 2.4.x 10
20
Hz
33. Momentum of incident light per second
E 60 -7
P1 =- = ---= 2x10
e 3x 10
8
Momentum of reflected light per second.
60 E 60 -7
p
2
=-X-=---
8
=1.2x10
100 e 3x10
Force on the surface = change in momentum per second
= P2 -(-p1) = P
2
+ P
1
= (2+1.2)x10-
7
= 3.2 x 10-
7
N
34. Given E/e = 3.3 x 10-
13
kg ms-
1
;
So, E = 3.3 X 10-
13
X e = 3.3 X 10-
13
X 3 X 10
8
= 9.9 X 10-
5
J
35. E = hv =he I A.= me
2
, hence A.= hI me= hlp
36. Photons move with velocity of light and have energy hv.
Therefore, they also exert pressure.
37. E = h\' = me
2
or m = h"!e
2
he
2
38. Energy of photon E = - = me ;
A.
momentum of photon = me = h!A.
39. Energy of a photon E = he; E is less if A. is longer.
A.
40. E = hv !A.= he (ineV)
eA.
6.6 X 10-
34
X 3 X 10
8
-------oc,---- = 5.9 X 10-6 eV
1.6 X 10-
19
X 0.21
41. E =he/A.= 6.6 x 10-
34
x 3 x 10
8
15000 x 10-
19
= 3.973 X 10-
19
J
42. Energy of photon
E = he = 6.63 X 10-
34
X 3 X 10
8
= _6 .63 X 3 X
10
_
18
A. 590x1o-
9
59
Light energy produced per second =
90
x 10 = 9W
100
:. Number of photons emitted per sec
9x59
18 = 2.67 X 10
19
6.63x3x10
43. E = he I A. or E oc l I A.; so E
2
= E
1
x /...
1
I /...
2
= 3.2 X 10-
19
X 6000/ 4000 = 4.8 X 10-
19
J
44. Number of photons emitted per sec,
Power P
n=------
Energy of photon hv
10000 = 1. 72 X 1031
6.6 X 10-
34
X 880 X 10
3
45. Ek =he (.!. _ _!_)cineV)
e A. /...
0
= 6.6 X 10-
34
X 3 X 10
8
( 10
10
_ 10
10
J = l.S eV
1.6 x Io-
19
I8oo 2300
1
2
he .
46.
2
mv =T-o (meV)
v
6.6 X 10-
34
X 3 X 10
8

4000 X 10-
10
X 1.6 X 10-
19
= 3.1-2 = 1.1eV = 1.1 x l.6 x 1o-
19
J
=1.76 x 10-
19
J
1.76x1o-
19
x 2
9 X 10-
13
= 6.2 x 10
5
ms-
1
47. Ek =E-<j>
0
=6.2-4.2=2.0eV
= 2.0 X 1.6 X 10-
19
= 3.2 X 10-
19
J.
48.
1 2 1 2
-mv
1
=2<!>
0
- <!>
0
=<!>
0
and -mv
2
=10<j>
0
-<j>
0
=9<j>
0
.
2 2
. v
1
[k_ 1
.. V
2

49. Photoelectric current oc intensity of incident light.
Therefore, the graph is a straight line having positive
slope passing through origin.
50. The value of threshold frequency v
0
for A is less than that
forB, hence A < <j>
8
.
51. Maximum KE of the emitted photoelectrons = hv -h\-
0
.
1 2
52.
2
m v
1
= 2hv
0
- hv
0
= hv
0
and
So,
1 2
2
mv
2
= 5hv
0
- hv
0
.= 4 hv
0
1 2 1 2
- mv
2
=4 x -mv
1
2 2
or
v
2
= 2v
1
= 2x4 x 10
6
= 8 x 10
6
ms-
1
54. The maximum KE of the emitted photoelectrons is
independent of the intensity of the incident light but
depends upon the frequency of the incident light.
55.
1
2
he
-zmv = T-o
6.63 X 10-
34
X 3 X 10
8
(3 X 10-
7
) X 1.6 X 10-
19
= 4.14- 1 = 3.14 eV
1
2x3.14xl.6x10-
19
106
-1
= ms
9.1 x 10-
31
or
V=
56. The velocity of photoelectrons depends upon the
frequency of the incident light.
57. Maximum KE =he - <l>o
A
6.6x10-
34
x3x10
8
1
_:_ ___ - 2 = 1.1 eV
400 X 10-
10
1.6 X 10-
19
58. MaximumKE' = E-<j>
0
=3.4-2.=1.4eV
t
59. Let
1
and E
2
be the KE of photoelectrons for incident
light of frequency v and 2v respectively.
Then hv =
1
+ <l>o and h 2 v =
2
+ <j>
0
So, 2(
1
+<1>
0
) = E
2
+ <1>
0
or E
2
= 2
1
+ <!>
0
It means the KE of photoelectron becomes more than
double.
60. Retarding potential,
v 1240 x 1o-
9
-l.0
7
s Ae e 330 x 10-
9
= 3.73-1.07 = 2.66 v
61. Maximum KE = hv - <l>o
= 6.63 X 10-
34
X 8 X 10
14
- 3.2 X 10-
19
= 2.1 x 10-
1
9 J
62. KE of fastest electron
= E - <1>
0
= 6.2-4.2 = 2.0eV
= 2 X 1.6 X 10-
19
= 3.2 X 10-
19
J
63. Energy incident over 1 cm
2
= 1.0 x 10-4 J ;
Energy required to produce photoelectrons
= 1.0 X 10-4 X 10-
2
= 10-6 J .
Number of photoelectrons ejected = number of photons
which can produce photoelectrons = energy required for
producing electron/ energy of photon.
10-
6
10-
6
X 300 X 10-
9
= --- = -------
he / A 6.6 x 10-
34
x 3 x 10
8
=1.51 x 10
12
s-
1
64. <l>o = ..!!:__ (in eV) = 6.6 x 10-34 x 3 x 108 = 1.87 eV
eAo . 6600 x 10-
10
x1. 6 x 10-
19
65. <1>
0
= he I A
0
(in eV)
66.
67.
6.62x10-
34
x 3 x 10
8
- -----,-.,..----= = 2.29 eV
5420 X 10-
10
X 1.6 X 10-
19
till = he(A
2
- A
1
) .
A1 A2 A1A2 (m eV)
_ 6.62 X 10-
34
X 3 X 10
8
X (5000- 2500) X 10-
10
- 2500 X 5000 X 10-
20
X 1. 6 X 10-
19
= 2.47 eV
Photoelectric current (J) oc Intensity of incident light and
. . 1
mtens1ty oc ----
(distance)2
1 (1]
2
I
So, I oc Hence I' = I - = -
(distance)
2
4 16
h he
68. For electron, p = -; and for photon, E = -
A A
:. _=he/ A. =e=3 x 10
8
ms-
1
p h/ A
69. KE of thermal neutron, .!mv
2
=
2 2
or So,
p 3kmT \
1 008 Chapter 26 Electron and Photon
h
70. We know that, A=
-y2mkT
1
So, Aoc-
,[f
A27 = 927+273 =
2
A927 27 +273
or
A27 = 2An7 = 2A
71. Momentum, p = m v = h/A
h 6.62 x w-
34
or v--- ----;:::--------;:;-
- mA- 9.1x10-
31
x5.2x1o-
7
= 1.4 X 10
3
ms-
1
=1400 ms-
1
72. E = 3eV = 3xl.6x1o-
19
J
A=-h-
--
6.6 X 10-
34
r======::::======:== = 1.65 x w-
11
m

x 3 x l.6x10-
19
h h)1-v
2
/ c
2
73. A=-= =0.
mv m
0
v
eE
74. Here, u = 0; a= - ; v = ?;t = t
m
eE
v = u+at = 0+-t
m
de-Broglie wavelength,
A=!!_= h
h
mv m(eEt!m) eEt
(: v =c)
75.
76.
78.
79.
Rate of change of de-Broglie wavelength
dA h ( 1) -h
dt = eE -t2 = eEt
2
h
mv=-
A
h
or v=-
mA
6.6x 10-
34
9.1 X 10-
31
X 5200 X 1Q-
1
0
=1.4 X 10
3
ms-
1
Here, L'>v =
0
005
x
50
= 0.0025ms-
1
100
&=-h-
mf>v
1.034 x 10-
34
= 4634 x 10-
5
m
9.1 X 10-
31
X 0.0025
t>p = !!___ = 1.034 x w-
34
& w-w
= 1.034 x 10-
24
kg-ms-1
n. h
op=-=-
& A
h
80. L'>p=mf>v=-
&
or
n. 1.034 x w-
34
L'>v = --= ------::c=-------c-
m& 1.67x10-
27
x6x1o-s
Exercise II
1
1 2
. eV =-mv
. 2
or
=)2x(l.8x10
11
)x9 =1.8 x10
6
ms-
1
2. As accelerating voltage V across X-rays tube increases,
the value of minimum wavelength of X- rays, A =
c eV
decreases ; so the separation between A.K and 'Ac
increases.
3. Ek = eV = hv-<!>
0
or V =
e e
Slope of straight line between V and v is
h = e x slope of straight line. e
4. E = .!.mv
2
2
or v=J
or
,
mv
2
qvB=-
r
r= mv =_!!:_X {2E =
qB qB {;- qB
rm
or roc-
r1 = r2
QV 4
3
5. ---nr pg
l 3
q
Q'V' 4
and --=-n(2r)
3
pg
l 3
Q'V'
So, --=8
QV
Q I = 8 QV = 8Q X 800 = 2Q
V' 3200
or
6. As EK = .!.mv
2
or mv =
2
As per question;
or
mpvp = meve
or
mp E KP = )r:-2-m_e_E_K_,
EK mP
__ , =->1
EK me
p
or
EK >EK
e P
or
1
2
he .
7.
2
mv =

6.6 X 10-
34
X 3 X 10
8
2000 X 10-lO X 1.6 X 10-
19
= 2eV = 2x1.6x10-
19
J
4.2
V = X 2 X 1.6 X 10-
19
/9.1 X 10-
31
= ..}6.4/9.1 = 10
6
ms-
1
.
8. Here, A
0
= 200nm; A= 100nm;
he/e = 1240eVnm
M
. KE he he (. V)
ax1mum =--- me
A.e A
0
e
= :e(i- :J
= 1240(-
1
- - -
1
-)
100 200
= 6.2 eV
9. The mass of electron is about -
1
- times that of a neutron
1836
and angular momentum of electron is quantised in the
hydrogen atoms but not the li11ear momentum of electron.
10. Since the energy of incident electron, E = 80 keV. The
minimum wavelength of X- rays produced is
A.=he= 6.6x10-
34
x 3x10
8
E 80 X 1000 X 1.6 X 10-
19
= 0.155 x 10-
10
m = 0.155 A
Since the energy of K-shell electron is -72.5 keV, so
the incident electron of energy 80 keV will not only
produce continuous spectrum of minimum wavelength
0.155 A but shell also knock electron of K shell out of
atom, emission of characteristics X- rays.
h h
11. A.=-=-r===
mv
6.6 X 10'--
34
X (4 X 1.66 X 10-
27
) X (2 X 1.6 X 10-
19
) XV
0.101
=..;v
12. When the oil drop is falling freely under the effect of
gravity is a viscous medium with terminal speed v, then
mg = 6nytr v ... (i)
To move the oil drop upward with terminal velocity v if E
is the electric field intensity applied, the
Eq = mg + 6n11rv = mg + mg = 2mg
So E = 2 mg/q
1 2
13. -mv = hv-<jl
0
= hv-hv
0
2
For minimum kinetic energy of emitted photoelectron,
v = v
0
.
1 . 2
-{TIV = 0
2
h h 1
14. A=- or L =- ie, L oc -. The curve (d) is correct.
p p p
15. V 1 2 or V = mv; = v;;,
e s=-zmvm s 2e 2(e/m)
( 4.8)2 = 7 X 1011 JC1
2x17.6x10
11
he he
KA = - - <P
0
and Ks = --<P
0
AA As
16.
he
KA 2As 1
- = --<- or KA < K
8
/2
K
8
2
As
17. When current in X-ray tube is increased, then the number
of electrons striking the anticathode increases which in
turn increases the intensity of X-rays.
18. Ek = -<jl
0
(ineV)
19.
20.
21.
22.
6.6x10-
34
x3x10
8
_
19
5000 X 10- lO X 1.6 X 10-
19
.
= 2.48 -1.9 = 0.58 eV
h
Ap = =2-fi
Aa V
Kinetic energy of a particle at temperature TK is E = :.ikT
2
The de-Broglie wavelength associated with it is
ie,
or
h h
A.= = J2mx%kT
1
Aoc -
Jf
A
927
= 27 + 373
A
27
927 + 273
= J 1
3
2o
0
o =
A
27
A
A927 =-=-
2 2
de-Broglie wavelength, A
1
= k
2meV
he
X-ray wavelength, A
2
=-
eV
A1 _ eV _1
A
2
2;
=--
1
-Px1.8x10
11
x10
4
=_:!__
3x10
8
2 10
Light intensity = 10-
10
W m-
2
. So energy falling on area
of point to be perceived
or
=10-
10
x10-4 =nhe /A
n = w-14 x5.6 x 1o-7 = 3x 104
6.6 X 10-
34
X 3 X 10
8
,'
23. When drop is stationary, then
q
1
E'=6n:11rv
0
or q
1
=6n:11rv
0
/ E
When drop moves upwards, then
3q = = 2x 2ql
3
q] =2.q
24. When filament current is increased, ::-;:nre electrons are
emitted from electron gun. pne to which the intensity of
electrons increases.
he
As Amin =-, so as V decreases, Amin increases.
eV
25. = l J or -
27.
Now,
2
9:ix10.::
31
x[ 6.63 X 10-
34
X; X 10
8
_
2
.
5
X 1.
6
X lO 19]
3.8xlo-
= 27. 12 x 10
10
m
2
s
2
B = !_71Vmax =

eRmax 1.6xl0-
19
x0.5
'-' 6.32 X 10-
0
T
1 L
Now, hv-

= 2 mvmax = eV
5
or

= hv
2
- eV
5
=- E
2
- eV
5
= 2.46 - 1.36 = 1. 10 eV
-
1
- = R(Z- b )
2
[_!_- ]__]
A 1
2
2
2
K"
-
1
- = R(Z - b)
2
(I_ __ !)
A 1
2
3
2

(3/4) 3 9 27
--=--=-X-=-
AKa (8/9) 4 8 32
27 27 0
or A-K =-x AK =- x 0.32 = 0.27 A.
32 " 32
28. E =..!. mv
2
=..!_(mv)v=.:!.(I
1
)v
e 2 2 2 A
and
he
E- = - .
,,, A '
s._ = _:!__
EP 2e
h
Pe = mv = h! A- and Ph= I
..&= 1.
p,.
29. KE of photoelectrons increases with increase m frequency
of the incident light and is independent of the intensity of
incid1nt light.
I'llOtDelectror.s are emitted if the wavelength of the
light is less than threshold wavelength, as
he
= --.
},{)
Phc,LOelectric erruss10n is an instantaneous process
photoelectrons may not be emitted from a gas \ITith
u:traviolet light if the work function of that gas is large
than the energy W light.
30. I ight falling per second on tb.e surf'l.ce of sphere
. 66 6.
E '"'- )<1 00 = b W
100
MnmPmmll uf rhe light falling per second on the surface
c
Momentum of the rdlert1,d light = 0; as the light is
completely
l b 1 F.. E 0 E
Force exene( . y 1ght, '- ---- =-
e e
F E!e
Pressurro on sl!rtiwf', P '- --?"' ---
4n:r- 4n:r
2

-
061
(
3

. -- 1.75 x 10-
6
Pa
4 / (2217) '< (0.1
31. As A
,r
4
b
1
4 2;:,--100= 2.25eV;
1)
8
1 70 0.50 == 'J. .20eV.
J2. As v > E!B C') trrce on electron due to electric field is
greater than tllat due to magnetic field. Due to which
the electron will not reach to the 1mdef!ected spot ou
srreen but gers deviated in the direction opposit e to that
of elerrnc field and meets the screen to a spot below the
undeflerted position.
33. E = t . 4 -=- <JlA + 7/, .. . (i)
and 4.5 = <Pn t {1'
11
1.5)
or 6 o(p
8
+T
4
(ii)
(1) and (ii), 4>1l <!1
11
=-2 ... (iii)
Accordmg to de-Brogbe hypothesis
h h ' . h
A
4
-=

and
,_
_-, = (1- r
2
I j )2
l2 .
t.S
1- ---
J/,
On s"lving, T
1
2.0 eV
.p
11
= 4- 'f/, = 4 - 2 = 2.0 eV
11
""6-'1
11
eV
. '
34. In a discharge tube electric conduction takes place due to
movement of positive ions, negative ions and electrons.
E -1eV_hY -<\> - he -<\>
max- - A
0
- 400x10-9
0
As <Po= 1.9eV,
Hence, he = 400 x 1 o-
9
x (1 + 1. 9)
E = 400 x 10-
9
x 2.9 eV -1.
9
eV
max 500 X 10-
9
'
= 2.32eV - 1.9eV = 0.42 eV
A =hc=6.6x10-
34
x3x10
8
max <Po 1.9x1.6x1o-l9
= 65G x 10-
9
m = 650 nm.
36. Maximum kinetic energy
Kmax = hY-<\lo=eV
:. V=hY-%
e
37. Kmax=hY-<\>
0
, When Y=Y
0
,Kmax=O
0 = hY
0
- <Po or <Po = hY
0
If Y < Y
0
, then Kmax is negative, ie, no photoelectric
emission takes place. Thus, graph (c) is possible.
38. J.. =
12
"% 'A =
1
:;;; = 1.534 A.
v -v64
h
39. As, A=- and Pa = Pp, so' "-a= AP
p
40. As qV = .!.mv
2
or mv =
2
"-=!!.__= h
mv
1
or A oc--
j{im
_ _ __ 1_
AP - qama - 2 4 - 2.J2
41. The work function has no effect on photoelectric
current so long ash, > W
2
The photoelectric current is
proportional to the intensity of incident light. Since, there
is no change in intensity of light. Hence, 1
1
=1
2
.
Therefore, reason is true but assertion is false.
42. When work function of copper is greater than the work
function of sodium, then
<\leu > Na
c
But we know that Y
0
=-::;:
0
Hence Eq. (i) becomes
... (i)
Chap,er 26 Electron and Photon 1011
43. It is true that photocells are utilised to reproduce sound
in cinematography and also in camera l'nd television for
scanning and telecasting the scene. Now, the photocell
is such a device in which light energy is convetted into
electrical energy.
44. A tube light is a gas discharge tube which can emit light
of different colours. This colour mainly depends upon the
nature of the gas inside the tube and the nature of the
glass. The light emitted is due to fluorescence emission
of light when argon is filled in tube. It takes place at low
pressure but not at high temperature.
45. de-Broglie wavelength associated with gas raolecules
46.
47.
varies as
1
Aoc-
.JT
Also root mean square velocity of gas molecules is
Vrms =

It is fact that, greater is KE of photoelectron, greater is the
potential required to stop it. Hence, stopping potential is
a measure of KE of photoelectron. It ce.n be understood
from the relation eV
5
= KE
or V, = KE(ineV)
Einstein's photoelectric equation is
or
1 2
-mv = eV
5
= hY -<\>
0
2
V = hY- <Po
s e e
This is the equation of a straight line, hence the graph
between ,. and V
5
is a straight line which is not passing
through origin. Also, from the resulting equation. Slope
of the graph is hie, where his Planck's constant.
48. Equivalent mass of photon (m) is given by
2 hY
E =me = hv => m =-
c2
Therefore, momentum of photon
hY ,Jzy
=mc= -xc =-
c2 c
Thus, photon possessed momentum due to its equivalent
mass even its rest mass is zero.
49. Velocity of first photon = u = c
Velocity of second photon = v = - c
Now, relative velocity of first photon with respect to
second photon
u-v
1- uv
c2
2c
c2
1+ -
c2
2c
1+1
2c
=-=c
2
c - (- c)
- - - -
1-
c2
Also the rest mass of photon is zero.
1012 Chapter 26 : Electron and Photon
50. Photoelectric effect is based upon quantum theory of light
or particle nature of light.
The number of photoelectrons emitted is proportional to
intensity of incident light. It does not depend on frequency
of light.
he he
51. Ek =----
A. Ao
Ek is positive, ie, photoelectric emission will take place if
he he
A,::; A-
0
.
A. A.
0
52
"' =he -E = 1240eVnm
1
_
6
SeV
'I'O A. k 400nm
= 3.1-1.68 = 1.42eV
53. The energy of each incident photon is
E = he =
1242
eV = 2.07eV
0
A. 600
54. In a cathode ray oscillograph the focusing of beam on
the screen is achieved by electric potential. There are two
plates X andY. X plates consists two plates X
1
and X2 in
vertical plane while Y plates also consist two plates Y
1
and
Y
2
in a horizontal plane. An electric is applied between
the X and Y plates by an external source.
55. A charge pmticle is deflected by electric and magnetic fields.
If the cathode rays is deflected by electric and magnetic
fields then this is the strong argument for the particle
nature of cathode rays.
he (6.62x10-
34
)x(3x10
8
)
56. Energy= hv = -eV = _
Ae ( 45 X 10-
2
X 10-
10
) X (1.6 X 10-
19
)
= 27500 eV
57. Milhkan's oil-drop experiment established that electric
charge is quantised.
58. Matter has a wave nature that is best supported by the
phenomenon of electron diffraction.
59. In X-ray tube, the cut-off wavelength is given by
he
A. n = -. The cut-off wavelength depends on the
m' eV
energy eV of the accelerated electrons and is independent
of the atomic number of target.
60. Relativistic energy is given by
2
E= moe
or
J1--v
2
/e
2
2 4
Ez = moe
1- v
2
/e
2
m2c6
or E
2
=-
0
- -
ez- vz
Momentum is given by
or
,
... (i)
... (ii)
61.
E2 _ pze2 = /
or Ez = p2c2 +
For photon, rest mass m
0
= 0 so E = pc
For electron, m
0
'* 0, so E '* pe
 = hv eV = (6.6x10-
34
)x(l.8x10
14
) =0.?
4
eV
OA e 1.6 X 10-19
(6.6 X 10-
34
) X (2.2 X 10
14
)
<l>os=
19
=0.91eV
1.6 X 10-
Since, the incident energy 0.825 eV is greater than
0. 74 eV and less than 0.91 eV, so photoelectrons are
emitted from metal A only.
62. By changing the position of source of light from
photoelectric cell, there will be a change in the intensity
of light falling on photoelectric cell. As stopping potential
is independent rf the intensity of the incident light, hence
stopping potential remains same, ie, V
0
.
63. Let Ek be the KE of the incident electron. Its linear
momentum, p = J2m Ek '
de-Broglie wavelength related to electron is
h h h
2
'A= -p= or Ek = 2mA.2
The cut-off wavelength of the emitted X- rays is related to
the KE of the incident electron as
he h
2
2meA.
2
- = Ek = -- or A.
0
=
A-
0
2mA.
2
h
64. When light falls on a metallic surface, ejection of
photoelectron results. In this process, conservation of
energy holds.
Thus, from law of conservation of energy, the energy
imparted by the photon
maximum kinetic energy of the emitted
electron + work function of the metal.
or hY = (KE)max +
but <1J = hY
0
, Y
0
being threshold frequency.
(KE)max = hY- hY
0
or (KE)max oc Y- Yo
Photoelectric emission is an instantaneous process without any
apparent time lag (- 10
9
s) even when the incident radiation is
made exceedingly dim.
65. eV
1
= 1Iv
1
-<Po
eV
2
= 1Iv
2
-<!>
0
e(V
1
- V
2
) = h(Y
1
-Y
2
)
or
h
v1- Vz '-=-(v1 -v2)
e
or
1 2
66. eV
5
= zmvmax
mv
2
or V
' 2e
V
2
= V
1
+ !:_(v
2
- Y
1
)
e
2
vmax
2(e/m)
67. Maximum KE = 2.6 eV.
Work function, <Po = 4.2eV
Energy of incident photon = Maximum KE +<Po
= 2.6 + 4.2 = 6.8 eV.
68. According to Moseley's law, Fv = a(Z- b)
or v=a
2
(Z-b)
2
or f=a
2
(Z-b)
2
A
1
_ (Z
2
-1/
A
2
- (Z
1
-1)
2
Here, A
1
= A,A
2
= 4A,Z
1
= 11 and Z2 =?
l (Z
2
-1i 2 _
- = ------
2
or (Z
2
-1) = 25 or Z
2
- 6.
4A (Z
1
- 1)
,
69. E = I.mv
2
or mv = ~ 2 E m
2
h h 1
A = _ = or A oc ---r;:
mv .j2mE vE
~ : = =)?: = or A
2
= A.
70. Number of electrons emitted depends upon the intensity
(I) of the incident light where, I oc __;.
r ~
!_z_ - rlz or I - !J rlz - I 1 x 1 - 4 I
- z- - - 1
I
1
rf rf (1/2)
Thus, number of photoelectrons will increase by a factor 4.

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