Conduction 1) A double window called thermopane is one in which two layers of glass are used separated by a layer of dry

stagnant air. In a given window, each of the glass layers is 6.35 mm thick separated by a 6.35 mm space of stagnant air. The thermal conductivity of the glass is 0.869 W/m K and that of air is 0.026 over the temperature range used. For a temperature drop of 27.8 K over the system, calculate the heat loss for a window 0.914 m x 1.83 m. 2) Calculate the heat loss per m2 of surface area for an insulating wall composed of 26-mm-thick fiber insulating board, where the inside temperature is 352.7K and the outside temperature is 297.1K. 3) A plane wall is composed of an 20 cm layer of refractory brick (k=1.3 W/mK) and a 5 cm later of insulating material with k for the insulatig material varying linearly as k = 0.034 +0.00018 t where t is the temperature in degree C. The inside surface temperatue of the brick is 1100 degree C and the outside surface temperature of the insulating material is 38oC. Calculate the temperatue at the boundary of the brick and insulation. 4) A large sheet of glass 50 cm thick is initially at 150oC throughout. Is is plunged into a stream of running water having a temperature of 15oC. How long will it take to cool the glass to an average temperature of 38oC? For glass: k=0.70 W/mK; p=2480 kg/m3, Cp= 0.84 kJ/kg.K 5) A long steel rod 0.305 m in diameter is initially at a temperature of 588K. it is immersed in an oil bath maintained at 311K. the surface convective coefficient is 125 W/m2K. Calculate the temperature at the center of the rod after 1h. The average physical properties of the steel are k=38 W/m.K and alpha=0.0381 m2.h. 6) What length of time is required to heat a 2.5 cm diameter, 5 cm long copper cylinder (k=380 W/mK) from 16 deg C to 93 deg C iin a furnace whose temperature is 315 deg C? the value of h at the cylinder surface is 204 Kj/h.m2K and its thermal diffusivity is 0.186 m2/s.

7) A slab of meat 25.4 mm thick originally at a uniform temperature of 10deg C is to be cooked from both sides until the center reaches 121 deg C in an oven at 177 deg C. The convection coefficient can be assumed constant at 25.6 W/m2K. Neglect any latent heat changes and calculate the time required. The thermal conductivity is 0.69 W/m2K and the thermal diffusivity 5.85 x 10-4 m2/h. Use the Heisler Chart. 8) In orange growing areas, the freezing of the oranges on the trees during cold nights is economically important. If the oranges are initially at a temperature of 21.1 deg C, calculate the center temperature of the orange if exposed to air at -3.9 deg C for 6 hours. The oranges are 102 mm in diameter and the convective coefficient is estimated as 11.4 W/m2K. The thermal conductivity k is 0.431 W/mK and a=4.68x 10-4 m2/h. neglect any latent heat effects. 9) A large piece of aluminum that can be considered a semi-infinite solid initially has a uniform temperature of 505.4K. The surface is suddenly exposed to an environment at 338.8K with a surface convection coefficient of 455W/m2K. Calculate the time in hours for the temperature to reach 388.8K at a depth of 25.4 mm. The average physical properties area= 0.340 m2/h and k -208W/mK. 10) A cylindrical steel shaft 10 cm. in diameter and 2.4 m long is heat treated to give it desired physical properties. It is heated to a uniform temperature of 600 deg C and then plunged into an oil bath which maintains the surface temperature at 150 deg C. Calculate the radial temperature profile at 2 min and at 3 min after immersion. 11) A current of 250 A is passing through a stainless steel wire having a diameter of 5.08 mm. The wire is 2.44 m long and has resistance of 0.0843 ohm. The outer surface is held constant at 427.6 K. The thermal conductivity is k 22.5 W/m K. Calculate the center-line temperature at steady state.

Convection 1) A vertical cylinder 76.2 mm in diameter and 121,9 mm high is maintained at 397.1 0K. At its surface. It losses heat by natural convection to air at 294.3 K. Heat is losses from the cylindrical side and the flat circular and at the top. Calculate the heat loss neglecting radiation losses. Use the simplified equation of table 4.7-2 and those equation for the lowest range of NGr Npr, the equivalent L to use for the top flat surface it 0.9 times the diameter. 2) A double window called thermopane is one in which two layers of glass are used separated by a layer of dry stagnant air. In a given window, each of the glass layers is 6.35 mm thick separated by a 6.35 mm space of stagnant air. The thermal conductivity of the glass is 0.869 W/m K and that of air is 0.026 over the temperature range used. For a temperature drop of 27.8 K over the system, calculate the heat loss for a window 0.914 m x 1.83 m. 3) Repeat Problem above for heat loss in the double window. However include a convective coefficient of h=11.35 w/m2K on one outside surface of one side of the window and an h of 11.35 on the other outside surface. Also calculate the overall U. 4) A gas at 450 K is flowing inside a 2-in. steel pipe, schedule 40. The pipe is insulated with 51 mm of lagging having a mean k = 0.0623 W/m K. The convective heat-transfer coefficient of the gas inside the pipe is 30.7 W/m2 K and the convective coefficient on the outside of the lagging is 10.8. The air is at a temperature of 300 K. a. Calculate the heat loss per unit length of 1 m of pipe using resistances. b. Repeat, using the overall Uo based on the outside area Ao. 5) Consider heat flow through a two layer wall as shown in the diagram on the left above in the previous section. Given: T1 = inside wall surface temperature = 250oF; T4 = outside air temerature = 40oF; L1 = 0.8 ft; L2 = 1.2 ft;

h = convection heat transfer coeffient at the outside of the wall = 3 Btu/hrft - F; k1 = 0.70 Btu/hr-ft-oF; and k2 = 1.1 Btu/hr-ft-oF. Calculate the rate of heat flow through the wall per unit area, q/A in Btu/hr-ft2. 6) A large piece of aluminum that can be considered a semi-infinite solid initially has a uniform temperature of 505.4K. The surface is suddenly exposed to an environment at 338.8K with a surface convection coefficient of 455W/m2K. Calculate the time in hours for the temperature to reach 388.8K at a depth of 25.4 mm. The average physical properties are a=0.340 m2/h and k-208W/mK.
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7) A water pipe whose wall temperature is 300K has diameter of 150mm and a length of 10m. It is buried horizontally in the ground at a depth of 0.4m measured to the center line of pipe. The ground surface temperature is 280K and k 0.85 W/m.K. Calculate the loss of heat from the pipe. 8) Water at 50oF flows in a pipe( inner diameter of 0.545 in, length 6.00 ft) at 0.100 gpm. The temperature of the water at the pipe exit is 70oF. The pipe inner wall temperature is 212.0oF for its entire length. What is the value of the heat transfer coefficient in the water? Answer in BTU/ h ft2oF 9) A hydrocarbon oil having the same physical properties as the oil in Example 4.5-5 enters at 1750F inside a pipe having an inside diameter of 0.0303 ft and a length of 15 ft. The inside pipe surface temperature is constant at 3250F. The oil is to be heated to 2500F in the pipe. How many lbm/h oil can be heated? 10) Cold water at -28.90C and 1 atm is recirculate at a velocity of 0.61 m/s over the exposed top flat surface of a piece of frozen meat. The sides and bottom of this rectangular slab of meat are insulated and the top surface is 254 mm by 254 mm square. If the surface of the meat is at -6.o C, predict the average heat transfer coefficient to the surface. As an approximation assume that either Eq. (4.6-2) can be used.

11) Air at a pressure of 101.3 kPa and a temperature of 188.8 k is flowing over a thin, smooth flat plate at 3.05 m/s. The plate length in the direction of flow is 0,305 m and is at 333.2 K. Calculated the heat transfer coefficient assuming laminar flow.

Radiation 1) A piece of paper is left on top of a projector in an air-conditioned room whose wall and air temperatures are at 17C. The paper is 13 by 9 square inches and the heat from the projector is maintaining the papers temperature at 40C. Find the heat transferred by radiation. Assume emissivity does not vary with temperature. 2) A piece of paper is left on top of a projector in an air-conditioned room whose wall and air temperatures are at 17C. The paper is 11 by 8.5 square inches and the heat from the projector is maintaining the papers temperature at 40C. Find the heat transferred by radiation. Assume emissivity does not vary with temperature. 3) A horizontal oxidized steel pipe carrying steam and having an OD of 0.1683 m has a surface temperature of 374.9K and is exposed to air at 297.1K in a large enclosure. Calculate the heat loss for 0.305 m of pipe from natural convective plus radiation. For steel pipe, use E of 0.79. 4) Calculate the net heat transfer by radiation to a loaf of bread in an oven at a uniform temperature of 177C, if the emissivity of the surface of the loaf is 0.85. The total surface area and temperature of the loaf are respectively 0.0645 m2 and 100C 5) A horizontal oxidized steel pipe carrying steam and having an OD of 0.254 m has a surface temperature of 375K and is exposed to air at 299K in a large enclosure. Calculate the heat loss for 0.325 m of pipe from natural convective plus radiation. For steel pipe, use E of 0.79. 6) A small oxidized horizontal metal tube with an OD of 0.3m, 0.8m long, and with a surface temperature at 588K (600oF) is in a very large furnace enclosure with fire-brick walls and the surrounding air at 1088K (1500oF). The emissivity of the metal tube is 0.60 at 1088K and 0.46 at 588K. Calculate the heat transfer to the tube by radiation. 7) A small oxidized horizontal metal tube with an OD of 0.0254m (1 in.), 0.61m (2ft) long, and with a surface temperature at 588K (600oF) is in a very large

furnace enclosure with fire-brick walls and the surrounding air at 1088K (1500oF). The emissivity of the metal tube is 0.60 at 1088K and 0.46 at 588K. Calculate the heat transfer to the tube by radiation using Si and English units. 8) A small oxidized horizontal metal tube with an OD of 0.0508m (2 in.), 1.22m(4ft) long, and with a surface temperature at 588K (600oF) is in a very large furnace enclosure with fire-brick walls and the surrounding air at 1088K (1500oF). The emissivity of the metal tube is 0.60 at 1088K and 0.46 at 588K. Calculate the heat transfer to the tube by radiation using Si and English units. 9) A piece of paper is left on top of a projector in an air-conditioned room whose wall and air temperatures are at 20C. The paper is 15 by 9 square inches and the heat from the projector is maintaining the papers temperature at 39.5C. Find the heat transferred by radiation. Assume emissivity does not vary with temperature. 10) Calculate the net heat transfer by radiation to a loaf of bread in an oven at a uniform temperature of 187C, if the emissivity of the surface of the loaf is 0.85. The total surface area and temperature of the loaf are respectively 0.0645 m2 and 100C