Chemistry51

Chapter2

ENERGY&HEAT
Energyisdefinedasthecapacityofmattertodowork. Therearetwotypesofenergy: 1. Potential (stored) 2. Kinetic(moving)

Energypossessesmany forms(chemical,electrical,thermal,etc.), andcanbeconvertedfromoneformintoanother. Inchemistry,energyiscommonlyexpressedasheat.

HeatismeasuredinSIunitsof jouleorthecommonunitof calorie.

(1cal=4.184J) Heatvs.Temperature: Althoughthesameamountof heatisaddedtobothcontainers,thetemperatureincreases moreinthecontainerwiththesmalleramount ofwater.

Heatisaformofenergyassociatedwithparticlesofmatter.Heatisthe totalenergyof allparticlesofmatter. Temperatureisameasureoftheintensityofheatorhowhotorcoldasubstanceis. Temperatureistheaveragekineticenergyofparticlesofmatter.

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Chapter2

TEMPERATURESCALES
Temperatureisthemeasureof howhotorcoldasubstanceis. Thermometerisaninstrumentthatmeasurestemperatureandisbasedon thermometricproperties(i.e.expansionofsolidsorliquids,colorchange,etc.) ofmatter. Threescalesareusedformeasuring temperature: 1. Fahrenheit (32 212) 2. Celsius (0 100) 3. Kelvin(absolute) (273373) Toconvertfromonescaletoanother,the followingrelationshipscanbeused: K= C+273 F=(1.8x C)+32 C=(F32)1.8 oralternately, F=[(C+40)x1.8]40 C=[F+40) 1.8]40 Examples: 1. Themeltingpointofsilveris960.8C.ConverttoKelvin. K= C+273 K=

2. Pureironmeltsatabout1800K.Whatisthistemperaturein C? C=K 273 C=

3. Onawinterdaythetemperatureis5F outside.Whatisthistemperatureonthe Celsiusscale? C=[F+40) 1.8]40= 4. Tomakeicecream,rocksaltisaddedtocrushedicetoreachatemperatureof 11C. WhatisthistemperatureinFahrenheit?

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Chapter2

SPECIFICHEAT
Differentmaterialshavedifferentcapacitiesforstoringheat.

Thespecificheatofasubstanceistheamountofheatrequiredto changethetemperatureof 1g ofthatsubstanceby1C.

UnitsofspecificheatareJ/gC orcal/gC.

Shownbelowarethespecificheatofsomesubstances: Substance Aluminum Copper Iron Ammonia Ethanol Water (cal/gC) 0.214 0.0920 0.0308 0.488 0.588 1.00 (J/gC) 0.897 0.385 0.129 2.04 2.46 4.184

Whenheated,substanceswith lowspecificheatgethotfasterwhilesubstanceswith high specificheatgethotataslowerrate. Whencooled,substanceswith lowspecificheatgetcool fasterwhilesubstanceswith high specificheatcool ataslowerrate. Theamountofheatlostorgainedbyasystemisdeterminedbythefollowing equation:
massof Heat= substance Q=(m)x specificheat ofsubstance changein temperature

(s)x(DT)

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Chapter2

Examples: 1. Determinetheamountofheatneededtoraisethetemperatureof200.gofwaterby10.0 C.(Specificheatofwateris4.184J/gC) m= s= DT= Q= 2. Calculatethespecificheatofasolidif1638Jofheatraisesthetemperatureof125gofthe solidfrom25.0to52.6 C. m= s= DT= Q=

3. Ethanolhasaspecificheatof2.46J/gC.When655Jareaddedtoasampleofethanol,its temperaturerisesfrom18.2Cto32.8C.Whatisthemassingramsoftheethanolsample? m= s= DT= Q=

Chemistry51

Chapter2

ENERGY&NUTRITION
Thefoodsweeatprovideenergyforourbodies.Vitaminsandmineralsare necessaryforhealthbuthavelittleenergyvalue. Carbohydratesarethemainsourceoffuelforthebody,butwhentheirreserves areexhausted,fatsandthenproteinscanbeusedfor energy. Inthefieldofnutrition,theenergyfromfoodismeasuredinunitsof Calories(Cal). OneCalorieisequalto1000caloriesor1kilocalorie(kcal). Inthelaboratory,foodsareburnedinacalorimetertodeterminetheirenergy.A sampleoffoodisburnedinthecalorimeter,andtheenergyreleasedisabsorbedby watersurroundingthecalorimeter.Theenergyofthefoodcanbecalculatedfromthe massofthefoodandthetemperatureincreaseofthewater. Examples: 1. A2ozservingofpastaprovides200Cal.WhatistheenergyvalueofpastainCal/g? Step1: Given 200Cal/2oz
English English factor

Need Cal/g
Metric English factor

Step2:

oz

lb

Step3:

16oz 1lb

and

454g 1lb

Step4:

200Cal 16oz 1lb x x =4Cal/g 2oz 1lb 454g

2. A2.3gsampleofbutterisplacedinacalorimetercontaining1900gofwaterata temperatureof17C.Afterthecompletecombustionofthebutter,thewaterhasa temperatureof28C.WhatistheenergyvalueofbutterinCal/g? m= s= DT= Q=

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Chapter2

ENERGYCONTENTOFFOOD
Theenergyvalueoffoodsarethekilocaloriesorkilojoulesobtainedfromthecomplete combustionof1gofacarbohydrate,fatorprotein. FoodType Carbohydrate Fat Protein kJ/g 17 38 17 kcal/g 4 9 4

Example: 1. Whatistheenergyvalue(inCal)forapieceofchocolatecakethatcontains34gof carbohydrate,10goffatand5gofprotein?(Calculateanswerto2sigfigs.)

2. A1oz(28g)servingofoatbranhotcerealwithhalfacupofwholemilkcontains22gof carbohydrate,7goffat,and10gofprotein.Ifyoueattwoservingsoftheoatbranfor breakfast,howmanykilocalorieswillyouobtain?(Calculateanswerto2sigfigs)

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Chapter2

CLASSIFICATIONOFMATTER
Matterisanythingthathasmass,andoccupiesspace. Mattercanbeclassifiedbyitsphysicalstateassolid,liquid orgas.

Solid: Denselypackedmatterwith definiteshapeandvolume. Particleshavestrongforcesofattractiontowardseachother. Solidsarenotverycompressible Liquid: Looselypackedmatterwith definitevolumebutindefiniteshape. Particleshavemoderateforcesofattractiontowardseachotherandaremobile. Liquidsareslightlycompressible. Gas: Verylooselypackedmatter with nodefiniteshape orvolume. Particleshavelittleornoforcesofattraction towardseachother. Gasesareverycompressible.

SUMMARYOFPROPERTIESOFMATTER
State Solid Liquid Gas Shape Definite Indefinite Indefinite Volume Definite Definite Indefinite Particles Densely packed Mobile Farapart Compressibility Veryslight Slight High

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Chapter2

CLASSIFICATIONOFMATTER
Mattercanalsobeclassifiedbyitscompositionas puresubstanceor mixture.

Element: Puresubstancethatismadeupofonly onetypeofatom. Examplesinclude:gold,copper,hydrogen. Compound: Puresubstancethatismadeupof twoormoreelementschemically combinedtogether. Propertiesareuniquecomparedtoitscomponents. Smallestparticleisamolecule. Examplesinclude:water,salt,aspirin. Classifyeachofthefollowingsubstancesaselement,compoundormixture.

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Chapter2

MIXTURES
Mixture: Twoormoresubstancesphysicallycombinedtogether. Propertiesaresimilartothoseofitscomponents. Canbeseparatedeasilybyaphysicalprocess. Twotypes:heterogeneousandhomogeneous.

Heterogeneous: Mixture thatisnonuniformincomposition. Examplesinclude:vegetablesoup,cement,saladdressing. Homogeneous: Mixturethatisuniformincomposition. Commonlyreferredtoassolution. Examplesinclude:gasoline,sodapop,saltsolution.

Separationofamixturethroughphysicalmethods

Separationofacompound throughchemicalmethods

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Chapter2

PHYSICAL&CHEMICALPROPERTIES
Thecharacteristicsofasubstancearecalleditsproperties. Physicalpropertiesarethosethatdescribethematter without changingits composition.Examplesaredensity,color,meltingandboilingpoints,andelectrical conductivity. Chemicalpropertiesarethosethatdescribehowmatterbehavesincombinationwith othermatter,andinvolvechangeinitscomposition. Examplesareflammability, corrosion,andreactivitywithacids.

Examples: Identifyeachofthefollowingpropertiesasphysicalorchemical: 1. Oxygenisagas

2.

Heliumisunreactive

3.

Waterhashighspecificheat

4.

Gasolineisflammable

5.

Sodiumissoft&shiny

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Chapter2

PHYSICAL&CHEMICALCHANGES
Changesinphysicalpropertiesofmatterthatdo notinvolvechangeinitscompositionarecalled physicalchanges. Examplesaremelting,evaporationandotherphase changes.Physicalchangesareeasilyreversible.

Achangethataltersthechemicalcomposition of matter,andformsnewsubstanceiscalleda chemicalchange.

Examplesareburning,rusting,andreactionwithacids. Chemicalchangesarenoteasilyreversible,andarecommonlycalledchemicalreactions. Examples: Identifyeachofthefollowingchangesasphysicalorchemical: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Cookingfood Mixingsugarintea Carvingwood Burninggas Foodmolding

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Chemistry51

Chapter2

CHANGEOFSTATE
Whenmatter releasesorabsorbsenergywithoutachangeintemperature,phasechange occurs(e.g.melting,evaporation). Thecommonphasechangesareasfollows:

liquid solid freezing

on evaporati liquid gas condensation

fusion m elt ing

soli d gas deposit io n

sublimati o n

Phasechangesthatinvolveabsorptionofheatarecoolingprocesses. Phasechangesthatinvolvereleaseofheatarewarmingprocesses.

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Chemistry51

Chapter2

HEAT&COOLINGCURVES
Whenheatisadded toice,it absorbstheheat without achangeintemperature,causingaphasechange. Similarly,whenheatisadded tohotwater,a phasechange occurswithoutanincreaseintemperature.

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Chemistry51

Chapter2

HEATOFFUSION&VAPORIZATION

HeatofFusion (Hf) Thequantityofheat requiredtomelt1gofsolid

HeatofVaporization (Hv) Thequantityofheatrequired toevaporate1gofliquid

Foranysubstancetheheatofvaporizationisgreaterthantheheatoffusion.

Theamountof heat,releasedorabsorbedduringphasechange,dependsontheamount of substanceandtheheatofvaporization orheatoffusion. Q=massxheatoffusion Q=massxheatofvaporization

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Chemistry51

Chapter2

Examples: 1. Howmuchheatisrequiredtomelt50goficeat0C?Heatoffusionforiceis80cal/g. m= Hf = Q=???

2. Howmuchheatisrequiredtovaporize50.0gofwaterat100C?Heatofvaporizationfor wateris540cal/g. m= Hv= Q=???

3. Calculatetheamountofheatrequiredtochange25goficeat0Ctowaterat30.0C.

30C

0C solidliquid

Q total=Qmeltice+QchangeT Q meltice =mxHf = Q changeT =mxsxDT= Q total=

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