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Transportation Engineering I
Objectives
1. Define superelevation runoff length and methods of attainment (for simple and spiral curves) 2. Calculate spiral curve length
http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/oppd/hdm/pdf/chp0200.pdf
Same as point E of GB
Multilane Adjustment
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as defined previously, if NC = 2% Tangent runout for the example is: LT = 2% / 4% * 144 = 72 feet
From previous example, speed = 50 mph, e = 4% From chart runoff = 144 feet, same as from calculation
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Spirals
1. Advantages a. Provides natural, easy to follow, path for drivers (less encroachment, promotes more uniform speeds), lateral force increases and decreases gradually b. Provides location for superelevation runoff (not part on tangent/curve) c. Provides transition in width when horizontal curve is widened d. Aesthetic
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Length of Spiral
o AASHTO also provides recommended spiral length based on driver behavior rather than a specific equation. o Superelevation runoff length is set equal to the spiral curve length when spirals are used. o Design Note: For construction purposes, round your designs to a reasonable values; e.g. round o Ls = 147 feet, to use Ls = 150 feet.
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SPIRAL TERMINOLOGY
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With Spirals
Same as point E of GB
With Spirals
Tangent runout (A to B)
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With Spirals
Removal of crown
With Spirals
Transition of superelevation
Full superelevation
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Transition Example
Given: PI @ station 245+74.24 D = 4 (R = 1,432.4 ft) = 55.417 L = 1385.42 ft
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With no spiral
T = 752.30 ft BC = PI T = 238 +21.94
For: Design Speed = 50 mph superelevation = 0.04 normal crown = 0.02 Runoff length was found to be 144 Tangent runout length = 0.02/ 0.04 * 144 = 72 ft.
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Where to start transition for superelevation? Using 2/3 of Lr on tangent, 1/3 on curve for superelevation runoff: Distance before BC = Lt + 2/3 Lr =72 +2/3 (144) = 168 Start removing crown at: BC station 168 = 238+21.94 - 1+68.00= Station = 236+ 53.94
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Notes
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