LN 7-1

Koko Martono, FMIPA - ITB

MBM 070

Exponential Functions
Exponential Function The equation f (x) = b , b > 0, b 1 defines an exponential function for each different constant b, called the base. The domain of f is the set of real numbers, and the range of f is the set of all positive real numbers.
x
y
y = bx y = bx 0 < b <1 1 b >1

Basic Properties of the Exponential Graph All graphs will pass through the point (0,1), b0 = 1 for any permissible base b. All graphs are continuous curves on \ , with no hole or jumps. The x-axis is a horizontal asymptote. If b > 1, then y = bx increases as x increase. x If 0 < b < 1, then y = b decreases as x increases.

Properties of the Exponential Function For a, b > 0, and a, b 1 we have Exponent laws:

a x a y = a x+ y ,
ax = a y x = y ,

ax ay

= a x - y , (a x ) y = a x y , (ab) x = a x b x ,

()

a x b

ax bx

ax = bx a = b .

Base e Exponential Function

e = lim 1 + n
n

( )

1 n

= lim 1 +
x

( )

1 x x

= lim (1 + x )
x0

1/ x

= 2.718 281 828 459

Exponential function with base e is defined by y = ex. The graph is increases.

LN 7- 2 MBM071 Exponential Function and Related Rates

Simple Interest and Continuous Compound Interest Simple Interest If a principal P is borrowed at an annual rate of r, then after t years at the simple interest the borrower will owe the lender an amount A, where A = P + Prt = P(1 + rt) Compound Interest If a principal P is borrowed at an interest is compounded n times a year, then the borrower will owe the lender at amount A given by

A = P 1+ n where r/n is the interest rate per compounding period and nt is the number of compounding period. Continuous Compound Interest From compound interest formula, keeping P, r, and t fixed and compute limit of this function for n . The result is
n

( r)

nt

lim P 1 +

( )

r nt n

= P lim 1 +
n

( )

n r r rt n

= P lim (1 + s )
s0

1/ s rt

= Pe rt

Formula for Continuous Compound Interest: A = Pert , where P = principal, r = annual nominal interest rate compound continuously, t = time in years, and A = amount at time t.

Example 7.1
If P = $100, r = 0.06 = 6%, and t = 2 years, then the borrower at the simple interest will owe the lender an amount A = 100(1 + 0.062) = 1001.12 = $112. If P = $100, r = 0.06 = 6%, t = 2 years, and n = 4, then the borrower at the compound interest will owe the lender an amount

A = 100 1 +

If P = $100, r = 0.06 = 6%, t = 2 years, and n = 4, then the borrower at the continuous compound interest will owe the lender an amount (0.06) (2) 0.12 A = 100 e = 100 e = $112.75.
Logarithmic Function

0.06 42 4

= 100 (1.015)8 = $112.65.

The inverse of an exponential function is called a logarithmic function y b y = log x x = b , b > 0 and b 1 y We write y = log x if b = 10; y = log x x = 10 , x > 0 and y \ . y We write y = ln x (natural logarithmic) if b = e; y = ln x x = e . y y ln x From y = ln x x = e we have ln e = y, y \ and e = x, x > 0; ln e = 1.

LN 7- 3 MBM072 Exponential Function and Related Rates

Example 7.2

(a) How long will it take an investment of $ 5,000 to grow to $8,000 if it is invested at 5% compound continuously? (b) How long will it take money to double if it is invested at 6.5% compound continuously?

Solution
(a) Starting with formula A = Pe , we must solve 8,000 = 5,000e for t. From 0.05 t this equation we have e = 1.6. Take the natural logarithm of both side and
rt

0.05 t

solved for t, we have ln e0.05t = ln1.6 , then 0.05t = ln 1.6. Thus t =

ln1.6
0.05

9.4

years (use calculator!)

(b) Starting with formula A = Pe , we must solve 2 P = Pe for t. From this 0.065 t equation we have e = 2. Take the natural logarithm of both side and solved
rt

0.065 t

for t, we have ln e (use calculator!)

0.065 t

= ln 2, then 0.065t = ln 2. Thus t =

ln 2
0.05

10.66 years.

Derivative Formula for Natural Logarithmic and Exponential

Theorem

d 1 ln x = x , x > 0 dx

and

d x e = ex , x \ . dx

Proof
y y=x

y = ex y = ln x y=e
x

d ln ( x + h ) - ln x 1 x +h ln x = lim = lim h ln x dx h h 0 h 0

= lim x h ln 1 + x = x lim ln 1 + x h 0 h 0 =x
x

1 0 1

1 1

( ) ln lim (1 + ) =
1 x h
h 0

( )

h x/h

h x/h x

1/ s 1 ln lim 1 + s ) x s 0(

= x ln e = x Use the fact lim

y = ln x

eh - 1 = 1 (use calculator or table, h0 h

without proof), then

d x e x+h - e x e x (eh - 1) e = lim = lim dx h h h 0 h 0

= e x lim

eh - 1 = e x 1 = e x h h 0

LN 7- 4 MBM073 Exponential Function and Related Rates

Student Work-sheet
I.N Name Signature Problems An investor bought stock for $20,000. Five year later, the stock was sold for $30.000, If interest is compound continuously, what annual nominal rate of interest did the original $20,000 investment earn? Solution

Problems Show that the doubling time t in years at an annual rate r compounded continuously is given by t = r . If 0.02 r 0.30, explain why these restrictions on r reasonable. Solution
ln 2

LN 7- 5 MBM074 Exponential Function and Related Rates

Student Work-sheet
I.N Name Signature Problems If f ( x) = x + ln x and f ( x) = 1 + e2 x , find f (x) and g (x). Solution

Problems Find the absolute extreme value of f (x) = x (2 ln x) and g(x) = e / x .

2 x 2

Solution

LN 7- 6 MBM075 Exponential Function and Related Rates

Student Work-sheet
I.N Name
2

Signature

Problems Given the function f ( x) = e -0.5 x , - < x < . (a) Find the interval where f (x) is increasing, is decreasing, and the local/absolute extreme. (b) Find the interval where f (x) is concave upward, is concave downward, and the point of inflection. (c) Sketch the graph of f. Solution

LN 7- 7 MBM076 Exponential Function and Related Rates

Student Work-sheet
I.N Name Signature Problems Drug concentration The concentration of a drug in the bloodstream t hours after injection is given approximately by C (t ) = 4.35 e - t , 0 t 5 . What is the rate of change of concentration after 1 hour and after 4 hours? Solution

Problems Blood pressure The mathematical model relating systolic blood pressure and age is given approximately by P ( x) = 40 + 25ln ( x + 1), 0 x 65 , where P(x) is pressure measured in mmHg and x is age in years. What is the rate of change of pressure at the end of 10 years? Solution

LN 7- 8 MBM077 Exponential Function and Related Rates

Implicit Differentiation Implicit Differentiation If F(x,y) = 0 defines y as differentiable function of x,

we can find the derivative of y with respect to x by process implicit differentiation. If u = u ( y ) and y = y ( x) , the chain rule gives dx = dy dx . Thus the derivative dx can find by differentiate each side of F(x,y) = 0 respect to x and simplify.
du du dy dy

Example 7.3 Find y from the equation xy 2 - y = x 2 + 1 and find the equation
of tangent line to its graph at the points where x = 1.
du dy Solution If u = y 2 , then u = du = dy dx = 2 y y = 2 y y , so that dx d 2 y = 2 y y . dx

Differentiating xy 2 - y = x 2 + 1 implicitly, we have

x 2 yy + y 2 - y = 2 x y (2 xy - 1) = 2 x - y 2 y = 2 xy - 1
2 x - y2

Find y when x = 1. From xy 2 - y = x 2 + 1 with x = 1 we obtain 1 y 2 - y = 12 + 1 y2 - y - 2 = 0 ( y + 1)( y - 2) = 0 y = -1 or y = 2 Therefore, the tangent point at the graph of function is (1,1) and (1,2). Find the slope of tangent line,
y (1, -1) = 21 ( -1) - 1 = -3 = - 3
2 1 - ( -1)2 1 1 2 1 - (2)2 -2 2

and y (1, 2) = 21 2 - 1 = 3 = - 3

Equation of tangent line at (1,1) is

Equation of tangent line at (1,2) is y - 2 = - 3 ( x - 1) 3 y - 6 = -2 x + 2 2 x + 3 y - 8 = 0.

2

y - ( -1) = - 3 ( x - 1) 3y + 3 = -x +1 x + 3 y + 2 = 0.

LN 7- 9 MBM078 Exponential Function and Related Rates

Student Work-sheet
I.N Name Signature
2 3 2

Problems If the function x = x(t) defined implicitly by equation x + t = t x 11, show that the graph of function through (2,1) and find x(2,1). Solution

Problems Biophysics In biophysics, the fundamental equation of muscle contraction is given by (L + m) (V + n) = k where m, n, k are constants, V is the velocity of the shortening of muscle

fibers for a muscle subjected to a load of L. Find dV and dL by using implicit differentiation.
Solution

dL

dV

LN 7-10 MBM079 Exponential Function and Related Rates

Related Rates
In related rates problem, we have two variables, say x and y, are both function of a third variable t though this function are given implicitly. An equation connecting x and y can be found. If we know dt , then we can find dt .
Suggestions for Solving Related Rates Problems Sketch a figure if helpful. Identity all relevant variables, including those whose rate are given and to be found; express these rates as derivatives. Find an equation connecting these variables and implicitly differentiate. Solve for the derivative that will give the unknown rate.
dx dy

Example 7.4

Suppose that two motorboats leave from the same point at the same time. If one travels north at 15 miles per hour and the other travels east at 20 miles per hour, how fast will distance between them be changing after 2 hours?
N

Solution Draw a picture as shown in left figure. In

z

this problem, all variable x, y, and z are changing with time; x = x(t), y = y(t), and z = z(t) given implicitly. It now makes sense to take derivatives of each variable with respect to time. From the Pythagorean theorem we have 2 2 2 z =x +y
dy

We also know that dt = 20 miles per hour and dt = 15 miles per hour. We would dz like to find dt at the end of 2 hours; that is when x = 40 miles and y = 30 miles. When x = 40, y = 30, then z =
402 + 302 = 2500 = 50 miles.
2 2 2

dx

We differentiate both side equation z = x + y with respect to t and solve for dt . 2z dt = 2x dt + 2y dt

dz dz dx dy

dz

2(50) dt = 2(40)(20) + 2(30)(15)

dz = 25 dt

Thus, the boat will be separating at a rate of 25 miles per hours.

LN 7-11 MBM080 Exponential Function and Related Rates

Example Related Rates in Business Example 7.5

Suppose that for a company manufacturing transistor radios, 2 equation of the cost is C = 5,000 + 2x, the revenue is R = 10 x 0.001x , and the profit is P = R C, where the production output in 1 week is x radios. If production is increasing at the rate 500 radios per week when production is 2000 radios, find the rate of increase in cost, revenue, and profit.

Solution If production x is a function of time (it must be since it is changing

with respect to time), then C, R, and P must also be function of time and given implicitly. Letting t represent time in weeks, we differentiate both side of each of the three equations with respect to t, and substitute x = 2000 and dt = 500 to find the desired rates.
Increase of cost:
dx

C = 5,000 + 2x, C = C(t), and x = x(t).

dC d d = dt (5,000) + dt (2 x) dt dC dx = 2 dt = 2 500 = 1000 dt

Cost increasing at a rate of $1,000 per week.

Increase of revenue:

R = 10x 0.001x , R = R(t), and x = x(t).

2

dR d d = dt (10 x) - dt (0.001x 2 ) dt dR dx dx dx = 10 dt - 0.002 x dt = (10 - 0.002 x) dt dt

= (10 - 0.002 (2000)) 500 = 3,000 Revenue increasing at a rate of $3,000 per week.
Increase of profit:

P = R-C
dP dR dC = dt - dt dt

= 3,000 - 1,000 = 2,000 Thus, the profit increasing at a rate of $2,000 per week.

LN 7-12 MBM081 Exponential Function and Related Rates

Student Work-sheet
I.N Name Signature Problems A point is moving on the graph of xy = 36. When the point is at (4,9), its x coordinate is increasing at 4 units per second. How fast is the y coordinate changing at the moment? Solution

Problems The diameter of a spherical balloon is increasing at the rate of 3 centimeters per minute. How fast is the volume changing when the diameter is 20 centimeters? Solution

Problems Advertising A retail store estimates that weekly sales $s and weekly advertising cost $x are related by s = 60, 000 - 40, 000e -0.0005 x . The current weekly advertising cost are $2,000 and these cost are increasing at the rate $300 per week. Find the current rate of change of sales. Solution

LN 7-13 MBM082 Exponential Function and Related Rates

Exercise 7
1. How long will it take money to triple if it is invested at 8% compounded continuously? 2. A family paid $40,000 cash for a house. Fifteen years later, that sold the house for $100,000. If interest is compounded continuously, what annual nominal rate of interest did the original $40,000 investment earn? 3. A student claims that the tangent line to the graph of f (x) = e at x = 3 pass through the point (2,0). Are the tangent lines at x = 4 will pass through the point (3,0)? Explain.
x

4. Find the absolute extreme value of f ( x) = 4 x ln x - 7 x and g ( x) = x3e - x . 5. If f (x) = x ln x, find the interval where f is increasing, is decreasing, local extreme, interval where f is concave upward, is concave downward, and sketch the graph of f. 6. If the cost of producing x units of a product is given by C ( x) = 600 + 100 x - 100ln x , x 1 find the minimum average cost. 7. Learning psychology A mathematical model for the average of a group of people learning to type is given by N (t ) = 10 + 6ln t , t 1 where N(t) is the number of words per minute typed after t hour of instruction and practice 2 hours per day, 5 days per week. What is the rate of learning after 10 hours? 8. Find the equations of tangent lines to the graph y xy = 6 at the points where x = 1.
2

9. Price-demand The price p in dollars and demand x for a product are related by 2 x 2 + 5 xp + 50 p 2 = 80,000 (a) If the price increasing at a rate of $ 2 per month when the price is $ 30, find the rate of change of the demand. (b) If the demand is decreasing at a rate of 6 units per month when the demand is 150 units, find the rate of change of the price.
The universe cannot be read until we have learnt the language and become familiar with the characters in which it is written. It was written in mathematical language, and the letters are triangle, circle, and other geometrical figure, without which means it is humanly impossible to comprehend a single word. Gottlob Frege (1848 1925)

Math Quote