PERIODONTAL DISEASE

Healthy gums are characterized by pink color and a dimpled surface called stippling that represents a tight attachment of the gums to the underlying bone. At the point where the tooth root begins healthy gum tissue is tightly attached to the root surface by a structure known as the junctional epithelium or gingival attachment. This important structure keeps oral fluids, bacteria and food debris from communicating with the underlying bone. The very shallow distance between the edge of the gum tissue and the gingival attachment is known as a sulcus. In the presence of disease the sulcus deepens and then becomes known as a periodontal pocket. Periodontal disease is permanently destructive and progressive in nature. This means that, left untreated, the disease gradually gets worse and that the tissues loss to the disease process can not be regenerated. Periodontal disease is not hereditary or contagious. While certain systemic illnesses such as diabetes and physical conditions such as pregnancy may exacerbate and accelerate the course of the disease, they do not directly cause periodontal deterioration. It is estimated that from 80-90% of the population suffers to some degree from periodontal disease. The earliest noticeable symptoms of the disease are red and inflamed gingiva that bleeds easily and the consistent presence of a foul mouth odor. In the mildest form of periodontal disease, known as gingivitis, only the gingiva is affected. Although gingivitis is often distinguished from periodontal disease because it does not involve the underlying bone, gingivitis is merely an early manifestation of the same disease process. Once accumulated bacterial enzymes have broken through the attached tissue barrier the disease begins to gradually disintegrate the bone of the alveolus. As the disease begins to involve the bone of the alveolus the destruction progresses in a direction from the alveolar crest toward the apex of the tooth so that more and more of the tooth root becomes uncovered. Once the disease has progressed to it's most severe state, the bone of the alveolus has disintegrated to the point where the teeth become loose in their sockets. Alhough gingivitis is somewhat reversible, it often causes premature recession of the gum tissue and exposed temperature sensitive root surfaces. Osseous (bone) destruction is permanent, and a "cure" for the disease is defined only in terms of arresting the diseases progression. Even osseous grafting, which we will discuss later, can not restore the height of the bone that has been lost. The following table shows the various stages of the progression of periodontal disease.

Periodontal Health

Type I Periodontal Disease (Gingivitis) No bone loss Inflammation, Bleeding and /or suppuration, Loss of stippling, Reddened gingiva

Type II Periodontal Disease

Type III Periodontal Disease

Type IV Periodontal Disease

Pink appearance with stippling and "knife edge" gingival margins. No bleeding

Slight bone loss (< 10%) without furcation involvement

Moderate to severe bone loss (10 - 40 %) with beginning furcation involvement

Severe bone loss (> 40%), "through and through" furcation involvement

with rolled margins 1- 2 mm sulcus depths "Apparent" or inflammatory pocketing only 0 mobility 3-4 mm pocketing 5-6 mm pocketing 7+ mm pocketing

0 mobility

+1 & +2 mobility

+3 & +4 mobility

It should be noted that an additional ADA classification (Type V) is reserved to identify patients suffering from juvenile or refractory periodontitis. Type V patients experience severe gingival inflammation and unusually rapid bone loss that is highly resistant to conventional treatment protocols. Often, type V periodontitis appears secondarily to undiagnosed systemic diseases such as leukemia, osteoporosis and AIDS. Radiation therapy and certain oncologic drugs may also trigger type V periodontal conditions. Due to the nature and severity of this type of periodontitis, these patients are best treated and monitored by a periodontal specialist.

Radiology Questions
Dental Radiology

What is the unit of time used to measure xrays exposure

A diagnostic film is produced using 10 mA and .5 second. What exposure time is needed to produce the same film at 20 mA? A threshold curve plotted on a graph best demonstrates: A. No response is seen below a certain level B. Response is proportional to dose with response all along the curve C. Response is seen at any dose Identify which of the following is used to make a collimator: A. aluminum B. copper C. lead D. tungsten Identify one use for the occlusal radiograph: a. localize foreign bodies b. diagnose dental caries c. evaluate periodontal conditions which of the following describes the use of a filter in a dental x-ray tubehead? a. a filter reduces the size and shape of the beam b. a filter removes low-energy x-rays c. a filter removes the dose or radiation to the thyroid gland d. a filter decreases the mean energy of the beam

Impulses

.25 seconds

A. No response is seen below a certain level

c. lead

a. localize foreign bodies

b. a filter removes low-energy x-rays

which of the following is MOST radioapaque? a. amalgam b. porcelain c. composite d. acrylic when viewed on a light source, a dental radiograph that demonstrates many shades of gray is said to have: a. high contrast b. low contrast c. high density d. low density the premolar bitewing radiograph should be placed to include which of the following anatomical structures? a. all of the crown of the maxillary first premolar b. all of the mandibular canine crown c. the distal half of the maxillary canine crown d. the mesial half of the maxillary first molar crown Identify the maximum permissible dose (MPD) of an occupationally exposed person: a. 0.01 Sv/year b. 0.02 Sv/year c. 0.03 Sv/year d. 0.05 Sv/year Image magnification results from decreased: a. target size b. target-film distance c. object-film distance which of the following factors control the quality of the x-ray beam and thus film contrast? a. exposure time b. aluminum filtration c. mA d. distance Identify the recommended positioning of the dental radiographer to the primary beam: a. 60 - 90 degrees b. 90 - 120 degrees c. 90 - 135 degrees d. 135 - 180 degrees identify the cells that are most sensitive to x-radiation: a. nerve cells b. muscle cells c. small lymphocytes d. cardiac cells The standard film size used for adult bitwings and posterior periapicals is number: a. 1 b. 2 c. 4 d. 0 which component of the tubehead aims and shapes the x-ray? a. metal housing b. tubehead seal c. aluminum disks d. position-indicating device

a. amalgam

b. low contrast

c. the distal half of the maxillary canine crown

d. 0.05 Sv/year

b. target-film distance

b. aluminum filtration

c. 90 - 135 degrees

c. small lyphocytes

b. 2

d. position-indicating device

identify the angulation of the central ray when using the bisecting angle technique: a. 90 degrees to the imaginary bisector b. 90 degrees to the film c. 90 degrees to the long axis of the tooth d. 90 degrees to the contact area Identify the x-rays that are most likely absorbed by the skin, thus causing x-ray injury: a. deep, penetrating x-rays b. aluminum-filtered x-rays c. long-wavelength x-rays d. short-wavelenght x-rays the dental x-ray beam consists of photon of many different wavelengths, with the shortest wavelength (quality) photons determined by: a. milliamperage (mA) b. kilovoltage (kVp) c. the timer d. Coefficiency of attenuation identify which of the following is true concerning radiation injury: a. all radiation injuries are evident immediately b. x-ray radiation only injures somatic cells c. acute injury due to dental x-radiation exposure is common d. cumulative effects of x-radiation exposure lead to health problems If the distance from the source to the object is tripled, the intensity of the x-ray beam at the new distance would be: a. one ninth the original distance b. one sixth the original distance c. one third the original distance d. one half the original distance The paralleling technique using the extension cone, compared with the bisecting angle technique, involves a. greater vertical angulation b. greater object-to-film distance c. shorter developing time d. shorter anode-to-film distance e. all the above if the operator wants to change from the long-scale (low contrast) film technique to a short-scale (high contrast) film technique and maintain the same density of the film, what should be done? a. decrease kVp and the mA b. decrease the kVp and increase the mA c. increase the kVp and the mA d. increase the kVp and decrease the mA e. increase the kVp and use the same mA when using the bisecting angle technique, directing the x-ray beam perpendicular to the long axis of the teeth causes a. an overlapping of tooth images b. a reduction of tooth images c. a foreshortening of tooth images d. an elongation of tooth images

a. 90 degrees to the imaginary bisector

c. long-wavelength x-rays

b. kilovoltage (kVp)

d. cumulative effects of x-radiation exposure lead to health problems

a. one ninth the original distance

b. greater object-to-film distance

b. decrease the kVp and increase the mA

d. an elongation of tooth images

e. a decrease in the penumbra formation

image magnification may be mineralized by a. using a long cone b. using a short cone c. placing the film as far away from the tooth as possible d. shortening the exposure time when changing from a beam indicating device (BID) of 6" with an exposure time of 0.5 seconds to a BID of 12", the new exposure time would be how many seconds a. 1 b. 1.5 c. 2 d. 2.5 e. 4.0 which of the following structure is radiolucent a. genial tubercles b. external oblique ridge c. hamular process d. nasal septum e. submandibular fossa Dental x-rays are a. electromagnetic radiations b. particulate radiations c. subatonic radiations d. ultrasonic radiations e. microwave radiations the largest source of ionizing radiation exposure to a population is a. consumer products b. medical and dental examinations c. atmospheric weapons tests d. nuclear energy production e. naturally occurring radionuclides Which of the following would increase the number of electrons flowing through the dental x-ray electrical circuit a. an increase in the milliamperage b. an increase the kilovoltage c. an increase in the PID length A setting of 85 kVp is equal to how many volts? a. 850 b. 8500 c. 85,000 d. 850,000 e. 8,500,000 True / False. True / False voltage is the measurement of the number of electrons flowing in an electrical circuit. Decreasing the voltage decreases the force that moves the electrons along an electrical conductor.

a. using a long cone

c. 2

e. submandibular fossa

a. electromagnetic radiations

e. naturally occuring radionuclides

a. an increase in the milliamperage

c. 85,000

False / True *voltage is the electrical pressure (sometimes called potential difference) between two electrical charges

True / False. True / False The cathode is the electrically negative portion of the vacuum tube, and it is composed of a focusing cup and filament. the kVp control regulates all of the following EXCEPT which one? a. accelerating potential b. attraction between anode and cathode c. penetrating power of the x-ray beam d. heating of the filament which of the following PID lengths BEST decreases radiation exposure to the patient and improves image resolution? a. 8 inches b. 4 inches c. 12 inches d. 16 inches

True / True

d. heating of the filament

d. 16 inches

X-radiation was discovered by _________

A quality radiograph is obtained using a 4 inch PID and an exposure time of 3 impulses. The PID was removed and replaced with a 16 inch PID. What should the new exposure time be to maintain image density? In which of the following conditions would vertical bitewing radiographs be recommended over horizontal bitewing radiograph? a. child with rampant caries b. adolescent with suspected third molar impactions c. adult with mal-aligned teeth d. adult wih periodontal diseases (bone loss) When a patient's head is in the correct position, a _______ vertical angulation is used when exposing maxillary periapicals and a _______ vertical angulation is used when exposing mandibular periapicals a. positive, positive b. negative, negative c. positive, negative d. negative, positive cutting off the root apex portion of the image on a periapical radiograph results from a. excessive horizontal angulation b. inadequate horizontal angulation c. excessive vertical angulation d. inadequate vertical angulation Identify an early clinical sign of excessive acute exposure to radiation: a. jaundice c. erythema d. bleeding e. loss of hair d. all the above

Ruentgen

48 impulses

d. adult with periodontal diseases (bone loss)

c. positive, negative

d. inadequate vertical angulation

c. erythema

Identify the purpose of the radiation film badge a. to reduce the radiation exposure to the patient b. to protect the radiographer from radiation exposure c. to protect the radiology cubicle from overheating d. to monitor the radiation exposure to the radiographer A diagnostic film is produced using 10mA and .45 second. What exposure time is needed to produce the same film at 15 mA? a. 0.25 second b. 0.30 second c. 0.45 second d. 0.50 second During pregnancy a patient: a. should be advised of her legal rights before being irradiated b. should be warned about possible miscarriage. c. should never be irradiated for dental radiographs d. may be irradiated for dental radiographs by taking the necessary precautions Identify the reduction in exposure time when changing from D-speed film to E-speed film: a. reduce by 1/8 b. reduce by 1/4 c. reduce by 1/3 d. reduce by 1/2 Identify the recommended distance between the safelight and work surface: a. minimum of 1 foot b. minimum of 2 feet c. minimum of 7 feet d. minimum of 4 feet The latent effect in radiology is: a. a short-term effect b. is a direct effect c. is the time between exposure to radiation and the finding of clinical signs d. is the accumulative effect The inverese square law is a mathematical theory about a. the production of x-rays and filtration b. the collimation of x-rays c. the length and quality of x-rays d. the distance from the x-ray tube to the object being exposed the size of the x-ray focal spot influences radiographic: a. density b. contrast c. definition d. distortion the first step in film processing is: a. development b. rinsing c. fixation d. washing e. drying

d. to monitor the radiation exposure to the radiographer

b. 0.30 second

d. may be irradiated for dental radiographs by taking the necessary precautions

d. reduce by 1/2

d. minimum of 4 feet

c. is the time between exposure to radiation and the findings of clinical signs

d. the distance from the x-ray tube to the object being exposed

d. distortion

a. development

The optimal temperature for the developer solution in a manual film processing set up is: a. 70 degrees F b. 68 degrees F c. 80 degrees F d. 90 degrees F e. 55 degrees F Identify the film that is used to detect both interproximal caries and crestal bone levels: a. occlusal b. bite-wing c. panoramic d. periapical The purpose of the lead foil sheet in the film packet is: a. to protect the film from primary radiation b. to protect the film from saliva c. to protect the film from back-scattered radiation d. to distinguish between the patient's right and left side The GBX-2 safelight filter by Kodak is recommended for: a. intraoral films only b. extraoral screen films only c. extraoral nonscreen films only d. intraoral and extraoral films A fixing agent found in the fixer is: a. potassium alum b. acetic acid c. sodium thiosulfate Which of the following is the recommended size of the beam at the patient's face? a. 2.75 inches b. 3.25 inches c. 3.50 inches d. 4.00 inches any leaks of white light into the darkroom will cause: a. film fog b. film reticulation c. overdeveloped films d. underexposed films The following must be disclosed to the patient prior to obtaining informed consent: a. the purpose of the procedure and who will perform it b. the potential benefits of receiving the procedure c. the possible risks involved in having the procedure performed, including the risk of not having the procedure performed d. all the above which of the following represents how soon radiation dissipates in a treatment room following a 5 impulse exposure? a. immediately b. within 5 seconds c. within 30 seconds d. within 2 minutes e. never totally

b. 68 degrees F

b. bite-wing

c. to protect the film from the back-scattered radiation

d. intraoral and extraoral films

c. sodium thiosulfate

a. 2.75 inches

c. overdeveloped films

d. all the above

a. immediately

If kilovoltage is decreased with no other variations in exposure factors, the resultant film will a. appear lighter b. appear darker c. remain the same d. either a or b The overall blackness of a film is termed a. contrast b. density c. overexposure d. polychromatic Identify which of the following is true concerning labial mounting: a. the patient's left is on your left b. the patient's left is on your right c. the teeth are mounted in reverse anatomic order d. the radiographs are viewed as if the operator were inside the patient's mouth looking out Ionization occurs: a. when atoms lose electrons; they become deficient in negative charges and therefore behave as positively charged atoms. b. when atoms gain electrons; they become positively charged c. when an atom loses its nucleus d. only whn K-orbit electron is ejected and replaced by an L-orbit Greater beam limitation is achived when the PID is ________ and the diameter of the opening is __________. a. shorter; smaller b. longer; bigger c. shorter; bigger d. longer; smaller which of the following is the location in which thermonic emission occurs? a. positive cathode b. postive anode c. negative cathode d. negative anode the difference in degrees of blackness between adjacent areas on a dental radiograph is termed a. density b. contrast c. subject thickness d. diagnostic quality A variation in the true size and shape of the object being radiographed is termed a. magnification b. distortion c. sharpness d. resolution True/False;True/False Radiation is the emission and propatation of energy through space or a substance in the form of waves or particles. Radioactivity can be defined as the process by which certain unstable atoms or elements undergo

a. appear lighter

b. density

b. the patient's left is on your right

a. when atoms lose electrons; they become deficient in negative charges and therefore behave as postively charged atoms

d. longer; smaller

c. negative cathode

b. contrast

b. distortion

True / True

spontaneous disintegration, or decay, in an effort to attain a more balanced nuclear state Which of the following statements is true of general radation? a. it is also known as braking (bremsstrahlung) radiation b. it is also known as characteristic radiation c. it is the source of the majority of x-rays that are produced d. both a and c A diagnostic film is produced using 10mA and .45 second. What exposure time is needed to produce the same film as 5mA? a. 0.90 second b. 0.30 second c. 0.45 second d. 0.50 second

d. both a and c

a. 0.90 second

What does ALARA stand for?

Which premolar usually has two roots? a. maxillary first b. maxillary second c. mandibular first d. mandibular second When the mouth is opened widely, the articular disk moves a. medially b. laterally c. anteriorly d. none of the above, it does not move which tooth has the longest root? a. mandibular canine b. maxillary first premolar c. maxillary canine d. maxillary central what is the lymph drainage for the tip of the tongue? a. submandibular to facial to deep cervical b. submental to parotid to deep cervical c. submental to submandibular to deep cervical d. submandibular to parotid to deep cervical Where does Stensen's duct open? a. opposite the maxillary second molars b. opposite the mandibular second molars c. under the tongue d. at the lingual foramen The most common artery used for determing pulse rate in the conscious adult is a. radial b. brachial c. femoral d. external carotid e. superficial temporal

As Low As Reasonably Achievable

a. maxillary first

c. anteriorly

c. maxillary canine

c. submental to submandibular to deep cervical

a. opposite the maxillary second molars

a. radial

the mitral valve seperates the a. left atrium from the aorta b. left atrium from the ventricle c. left atrium from the pulmonary vein d. right atrium from the right ventricle which gland secretes serous saliva ONLY? a. parotid b. sublingual c. submandibular the suture between the premaxilla and the palatine process of the maxilla lies between a. central incisors b. central and lateral incisors c. laterla incisor and canine d. canine and first premolar the nasopalatine nerve enters the oral cavity by way of the a. mental foramen b. incisive foramen c. pterygopalatine foramen d. lesser palatine Pain impulses from the periodontal ligament are carried by which of the following cranial nerves? a. I b. III c. V d. VII Which of the following premolars often has three cusps? a. maxillary first b. maxillary second c. mandibular first d. mandibular second Histologically, gingival epithelium most closely resembles epithelium of the: a. hard palate b. soft palate c. vestibular mucosa d. transitional zone of the lips which nerve innervates the mandibular posterior teeth? a. mental b. buccal c. incisive d. inferior alveolar

b. left atrium from the ventricle

a. parotid

c. lateral incisors and canine

b. incisive foramen

C. V

d. mandibular second

a. hard palate

d. inferior alveolar

Name 4 bones of the skull:

the temporalis muscle inserts into the a. zygomatic arch b. medial side of the angle of the mandible c. mandibular molars d. sphenoid bone e. coronoid process of the mandible

Frontal, occipital, parietal, sphenoid, temporal, ethmoid

e. coronoid process of the mandible

Which papilla have no taste buds? a. foliate b. circumvallate c. fungiform d. filiform which bone contains the superior orbital fissure? a. maxilla b. temporal c. occipital d. sphenoid the nasopalatine nerve is a branch of which division of the trigeminal nerve? a. ophthalmic division b. maxillary division c. mandibular division d. occipital division The hypoglossal nerve supplies the a. sublingual gland b. muscles of the tongue c. mucous membrane of the floor of the oral cavity d. mucous membrane of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue Energy production for the cell is accomplished through oxidation of nutrients in the a. cell membrane b. lysosomes c. mitochondria d. endoplasmic reticulum Which of the following is NOT a muscle of facial expression? a. levator labii superioris b. depressor anguli oris c. buccinator d. mentalis e. medial pterygoid

d. filiform

d. sphenoid

b. maxillary division

b. muscles of the tongue

c. mitochondria

e. medial pterygoid

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Unanswered Q.1) An example of particulate radiation is A. Gamma rays B. x-rays C. Cathode rays (Correct Answer) D. none of the above E. all of the above Correct Q.2)

Name the following intraoral radiograph A. Periapical radiograph (Your Answer) B. Bitewing radiograph C. Occlusal radiograph D. Biteblock radiograph E. Pericoronal radiograph Correct Q.3) The cathode and anode are parts of an x-ray tube.

The anode is negatively charged. A. The first statement is correct. The second statement is wrong (Your Answer) B. The first statement is wrong. The second statement is correct C. Both the statements are correct D. Both the statements are wrong Correct Q.4) One of the following types of radiation has high Linear Energy Transfer (LET) and hence the potential for more radiation related tissue damage A. Gamma rays B. X-rays C. Alpha rays (Your Answer) D. Micro waves E. U-V radiation Explanation Alpha rays are particulate radiation, travel slowly and has more LET. This will lead to more radiation damage to the cells Unanswered Q.5)

Identify the intraoral radiograph shown A. periapical radiograph B. bitewing radiograph C. maxillary midline occlusal radiograph D. mandibular floor of the mouth occlusal (Correct Answer) E. lateral cephalometric radiograph Correct

Q.6)

The radiograph shown here is a A. panoramic radiograph (Your Answer) B. occlusal radiograph C. lateral oblique radiograph D. P-A view of the skull E. A-P view of the skull Incorrect Q.7) In the construction of an x-ray tube, the function of a step- down transformer is to A. convert the line current of 110 volts to less than 10 milli ampeares (Correct
Answer)

B. convert the line current of 110 volts to less than 10 volts C. convert the line current of 220 volts to less than 10 volts (Your Answer) D. convert the line current of 110 volts to less than 100 amperes Incorrect Q.8) In the radiographic principle, "SLOB rule, "same side movement of the object is ______ and the oppsite side movement of the object is ______. What are the missing words in the same sequence. A. lateral and buccal (Your Answer) B. lingual and buccal (Correct Answer) C. lingual and both sides D. lateral and both sides Correct Q.9) 70 kilovolts equals A. 70,000 volts (Your Answer) B. 700,000 volts

C. 70,000,000 volts D. 7,000 volts E. 700 volts Explanation 1 kV = 1000 volts, hence 70 kV equals 70,000 volts Incorrect Q.10) The "rotating anode" design in an x-ray tube limits the amount of A. lighting at anode B. heat production at anode (Correct Answer)(Your Answer) C. electron production at cathode (Your Answer) D. speed of electrons from cathode to anode E. x-rays that are produced at the anode Correct Q.11) An example of an electro-magnetic radiation is A. Alpha rays B. Beta rays C. Cathode rays D. Gamma rays (Your Answer) E. None of the above Incorrect Q.12) The sharpness of the image is determined to a large extent by the A. shape of the object B. The focal spot size (Correct Answer) C. the make of the x-ray machine D. the distance between the anode and cathode E. None of the above (Your Answer) Correct Q.13)

The radiograph shown here is frequently used in Orthodontics for study of the growth and development of the head. Name the radiograph A. PA skull

B. AP skull C. Submento vertex view D. Lateral Cephalometric view (Your Answer) E. Panoramic view Correct Q.14) The "p" in kVp stands for A. percentage B. parallel C. punitive D. peak (Your Answer) E. paired Explanation p is the peak of the kilovoltage as it represents the peak energy of the beam. In a 70kVp beam only some of the photons have the energy representative of 70 kV while the rest of the photons have a lower energy ranges. That is why the beam is called "polychromatic beam" Q.15) "Gray" is to rad as _______ is to rem
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Correct Q.1) The surface of the premolar and molar facing the cheek is called
the labial surface the buccal surface (Your the lingual surface the facial surface

A. B. C. D. Correct Q.2)

Answer)

The part of the tooth above the gumline is called A. the enamel B. the crown (Your Answer) C. the dentine D. the pulp Correct

Q.3)

Cementum is the layer covering the root surface to which the periodontal ligament is attached
True (Your False

A. B. Correct Q.4)

Answer)

The periodontium is made up of A. gingiva B. cementum C. alveolar bone D. periodontal ligament E. all of the above (Your Answer) Correct

Q.5) Signs of periodontal disease are A. inflammation of the gingiva B. plaque formation C. gingival recession D. both a) and c)

E. all of the above (Your Answer) Incorrect Q.6) The sulcus is the shallow space between the periodontal ligament and the tooth A. True (Your Answer) B. False (Correct Answer) Incorrect Q.7) Apical closure occurs in most dogs at A. 5 - 7 months B. 7 - 10 months (Correct Answer) C. 12 - 18 months D. birth (Your Answer) Incorrect Q.8) Dogs have 12 more teeth than cats A. True (Correct Answer) B. False (Your Answer) Incorrect Q.9) Animals with both deciduous and permanent teeth are referred to as
duodonts (Your bicipital bifurcate diphyodonts (Correct

A. B. C. D. Incorrect

Answer)

Answer)

Q.10) When there is a moderate loss of attachement and furcation exposure, this is referred to as A. Stage 1 (Your Answer) B. Stage 2 C. Stage 3 (Correct Answer) D. Stage 4 Correct Q.11) When deciduous teeth are found to be retained, these should always be removed A. B. Correct
True (Your False

Answer)

Q.12) The goal for treatment of periodontal disease is A. to halt the progress B. to prevent further tissue destruction C. removal of plaque D. all of the above (Your Answer) Incorrect Q.13) An example of a dolichocephalic dog is A. greyhound (Correct Answer) B. labrador C. boxer D. all of the above (Your Answer) Incorrect Q.14) Gingivitis is inflammation that is not associated with loss of supporting tissue A. True (Correct Answer) B. False (Your Answer) Correct Q.15) Periodontal therapy consists of A. B. C. D. E.
supragingival scaling subgingival scaling root planing polishing all of the above (Your

Answer)
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